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How the Nervous system connects with the Cardiovascular System 

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How the Nervous system connects with the Cardiovascular System 

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The Nervous system connects with the Cardiovascular System thought to ANS (The autonomic nervous system ). This regulates the blood pressure, heart rate, and pumping blood. This helps regulate the blood flow to the brain which also provides the oxygen needed.

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How the Nervous system connects with the Gastrointestinal system

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How the Nervous system connects with the Gastrointestinal system

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The Nervous system connects with the Gastrointestinal system by sending singles to promote acid or the movement of muscles so that processed food can travel throughout the body.

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(1) Verkhratsky A, Ho MS, Zorec R, Parpura V. The concept of Neuroglia [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2019 [cited 2024 Apr 12]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7188601/#:~:text=Therefore%2C%20neuroglia%20can%20be%20defined,it%20in%20a%20functional%20state.

(2) unkown. Types of neurons [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/types-neurons#:~:text=and%20several%20dendrites.-,Interneurons,forming%20circuits%20of%20various%20complexity.

(3) unkown. Multiple sclerosis [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Multiple-Sclerosis-Information-Page

(4) Dotiwala AK. Anatomy, head and neck: Blood brain barrier [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519556/#:~:text=%5B1%5D%20The%20BBB%20is%20composed,supply%20brain%20tissue%20with%20nutrien

(5) Akinrodoye MA. Neuroanatomy, somatic nervous system [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2022 [cited 2024 Apr 3]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556027/#:~:text=The%20somatic%20nervous%20system%20is,the%20use%20of%20skeletal%20muscles

(6) Waxenbaum JA. Anatomy, autonomic nervous system [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk539845/

(7) Harrow-Mortelliti M. Physiology, Spinal Cord [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544267/

(8) Micheau DrA, Hoa DrD. Intermediolateral nucleus - e-anatomy [Internet]. IMAIOS; 2024 [cited 2024 Apr 10]. Available from: https://www.imaios.com/en/e-anatomy/anatomical-structure/intermediolateral-nucleus-1553806324

(9) professional CC medical. Your heart: Powerhouse of the body [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21704-heart

(10) Gordan R, Gwathmey JK, Xie L-H. Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2015 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404375/

(11) Brittsan AG, Rybkin I, Bers DM, Bugaisky LB, Dimmeler S, Dorn GW, et al. Cardiomyocytes structure, function and associated pathologies [Internet]. Pergamon; 2005 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1357272505001342

(12) SE; M. The mesothelial cell [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14592528/#:~:text=Mesothelial%20cells%20form%20a%20monolayer,non-adhesive%20and%20protective%20surface

(13) unkown. Keratinocyte [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/keratinocyte#:~:text=Keratinocytes%20are%20the%20most%20prominent,four%20layers%20of%20the%20epidermis

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The body gets rid of any unwanted wastes that have been digested through the anus.

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The large intestine has 3 main purposes. The large intestines firstly absorb water and electrolytes, secondly, produce vitamins for the body and thirdly create faeces for unwanted waste to the body.

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Gastric cell inactive pepsinogen. Parietal cell can within the stomach lining this hydrochloric acid can lower the ph of the stomach

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This cell is the primary found inside the four layers epidermis.

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The cells of the Gastrointestinal system

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The cells of the Gastrointestinal system

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The function of the small intestine is the further break down the food and liquids to absorb the nutrients that the body needs. The small intestine affects the immune system as it helps to provide the vitamins and nutrients needed. It also prevents bad bacteria from entering the immune system.

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The stomach is a very important organ to the digestive system as it breaks down the food to be digested.

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The Esophagus is a muscle that allows food and liquid to be taken through after entering the mouth and moving to the stomach. Some of the issues that can be felt include heartburn and chest pains.

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The main purpose of this cell is to make a protective surface inside organs (12), located in the body's cavities and internal organs.

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This cell is responsible for generating contractile force for the heart (11)

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Tthis part of the Cardiovascular system carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. This is very important as the level of carbon dioxide in the body will cause an exhale, which can be measured by the nervous system.

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The ciliate cells help move and carry mucus up and down the respiratory system.

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The Goblet cell can produce mucus to allow health processes and moisture in the respiratory system.

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within the body when oxygen is being used to create energy, the by-product is carbon dioxide.

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There are 2 main cells that are part of the Respiratory system.

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The alveoli are very small balloon-like shapes that are found in the lungs. The alveolitis helps the lungs to process carbon dioxide when exhale happens and allows the exchange of oxygen in the blood.

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Bronchi is part of the path of the Respiratory System. The function of the bronchi that help deliver the air to the alveoli is in the lungs. when inhaling the air is pulling in the bronchioles. In this process, the carbon dioxide is collected by the alveoli.

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The Trachea is part of the respiratory system that helps the air follow to the lungs.

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The pharynx is the muscle that connects the mouth and nose to the larynx and oesophagus. The pharynx is a part of the respiratory system as it allows air to travel through the trachea, and bronchi to the lungs.

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The mouth plays a huge part in the human body as the purposes include, eating drinking, speaking and breathing. The lips, vestibule, mouth cavity, gums, teeth, hard and soft palate, tongue, and salivary glands make up the mouth's anatomy.

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The nose has a number of purposes as part of the respiratory system. The function of the nose is to provide airflow to breathe, the ability to smell and also filter out allergens and dirt.

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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac hormone that regulates blood pressure and salt-water balance by promoting renal sodium and water excretion and stimulating vasodilation. ANP lowers blood pressure systemically and has an independent anti-hypertrophic effect on the heart.

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There are 2 main cells that play a huge part in the functions and system development.

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Arteries is transportation of the blood that is being pumped by the heart. However, this can be affected by the length and the tightening of muscles around the arteries.

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This system is how the oxygen gets into the blood system, by inhaling air can travel down the airways and end up inside the lungs. After that, the human will exhale carbon.

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Image (3)

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is as common as in the USA 1.2% of Americans have it (2). What it is an unprovoked seizure. There are different types of epilepsy. A disorder that causes seizures by affecting the activity of brain nerve cells. Epilepsy can be brought on by a genetic disorder or a brain damage from a trauma or stroke. During a seizure, a person exhibits odd behaviour, symptoms, and sensations; on rare occasions, they may even pass out. There aren't many symptoms in between seizures. The most common method of treating epilepsy is medication; on rare occasions, devices, surgery, or dietary changes are employed.

Cause

There are many reasons why this can happen, such as brain injuries like a stroke and genetic disorders.

Head trauma

Genetic influence

Infections

Injury before birth

Signs and symptoms

Temporary confusion.

A staring spell.

Stiff muscles.

Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs.

Loss of consciousness.

The sign of a possible seizes is a feeling in the stomach, with the unknown reason of fear emotion. With a loss of balance with a high chance of hallucination.  (2) Two main categories:

Focal seizures without loss of consciousness.

Focal seizures with impaired awareness

Frontal lobe seizures - this part of the brain controls movement thus when an unknown reaction happens as the person does not have full control of their muscle.

Occipital lobe seizures - the way that seizures affect this part of the brain is that it can cause hallucinations.

Treatment

The best way for treatment is to avoid triggers. Some triggers are a lack of sleep, physical and emotional stress, caffeine and severe temperature changes. However, some other treatments can affect or even stop seizures. surgery on the area of the brain causing the seizures (1). A ketogenic diet, this type of diet is too low in carbohydrates and high in fats thus making the body turn the fat into ketones (4).

References

1. unknown. Epilepsy [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/epilepsy

2. unknown. Epilepsy [Internet]. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

3. Kiriakopoulos E, Fisher RF. Types of seizures [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 12]. Available from: https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/seizure-types

4. unknown. NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ketogenic-diet

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The lungs allow oxygen in the air to enter the body. It helps it remove any carbon dioxide when exhaling. The lungs are in the diaphragm, when breathing inhale the diaphragm expands and when exhaling the diaphragm retracts back.

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This is the life system as it includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood throughout the body that oxygen travels around the body thus making sure that our muscles have oxygen to make energy.

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Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a quality that affects people typically between 20 and 30 years of age (1) . What happens when multiple sclerosis happens is the myelin. Which typically covers the Cell body of a Neuron Which is found inside the central nervous system. There is a high possibility that the act of themselves is not damaged but can also be damaged by the grain matter that can transform into a problem with transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. That is only one possibility that multiple sclerosis can have on the body as it affects people differently as it grows in different areas of the body (2).

Cause

It is still not fully known how multiple sclerosis happens, however, it occurs when the body's immune system attacks fully functional cells. It targets the myelin sheath around axons, with this being damaged, singles can be slowed or even blocked (2).

Increase risk (1):

Age

Sex

Genetics - Family history

Race

Climate

Vitamin D

Genes

Obesity

Certain autoimmune disease

smoking

Signs and symptoms (1)

A large problem with trying to find clients and symptoms of multiple sclerosis is that it can happen to anyone in many different ways. However, four main ways can see the progression or building up of multiple sclerosis.

1. relapse we were missing this comes from periods of disease inactivity between MS attacks.

2. secondary progressive MS This is where there's an actual history of MS happening to a set person.

3. Primary-progressive, this is less common as it progressively happens however with no singles there was a problem or minor relief from symptoms.

4.- relapsing MS, is rare. This is set apart from others as it slowly gets worse for symptoms but it begins with small relapses that happen over a period of time.

Treatment (2) unfortunately there is no proper treatment, however, there are ways to slow down the effect:

Corticosteroids -  methylprednisolone is an option as it is an anti-inflammatory medicine. This is taken over three to five and also it is taken intravenously and possibly suppresses the immune system. It has been shown to help recovery from MS attacks but does not help for a long time.

Plasma exchange - if the possibility of a reaction to the methylprednisolone. This exchange means replacing plasma. This also removes harmful components within the plasma and replaces them. After that, the blood is given back.

References

1. 1. unknown. Multiple sclerosis [Internet]. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2022 [cited 2024 Apr 12]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269

2. 2. unknown. Multiple sclerosis [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2024 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/multiple-sclerosis

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This part is made up of two main ganglionated plexuses, the myenteric ganglionated plexuses are located between longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the Gastrointestinal tract (6). The submucosal plexus is in the submucosal (6). The submucosal plexus function is to determine the movement of electrolytes and water within the intestinal wall, on the other hand, the myenteric plexus helps contract and control the longitudinal muscle cells of the gut. (6).  - (links to the Gastrointestinal)

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The passageway of the food without the body. Starting with the mouth and reading up at the anus.

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The heart is the primary component of the cardiovascular system. This part is very important to human function, as it pumps the blood around the body so there is energy in the body.  This part of the cardiovascular is connected to the nervous system by the autonomic nervous system, this part of the nervous system monitors and maintains the rhythm (10)

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Found at the exit for cranial nerves. An important role for this system  as it help digestion promote saliva. (6) due to the large amount of parasympathetic nerves around the body it is perfect  For the detection of unknown substances. “Parasympathetic ganglia have been found to express receptors for interleukin-1, a key cytokine in the inflammatory immune response” (6) - (links to the Gastrointestinal)

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This system is primarily found in the intermediolateral  ( where gray matter is found within a column of the spinal cord (8) ) columns, or lateral horns, of the spinal cord (6).  The SNS is the starter for the ‘fight or flight’ response, this is to regulate blood vessels by Vasoconstriction, by making muscle around the blood vessel tighten. Which leads to an increase in heart rate by contractile force. (6) on the other hand when not in a stressful situation it helps with normal respiration by enlarging airways for better airflow (6)

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This system of the PNS, mainly controls blood pressure, respiration, digestion, sexual arousal and heart rate. However, this system is further broken into 3 other parts: the Sympathetic, the Enteric and the Parasympathetic nervous system.

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The primary function of this system is to connect the CNS to organs and striated muscles so that they can contour to function as normal (5). The way this system acts differently from the autonomic nervous system is a single neuron system, another difference is that it has different sizes of nerve fibre thus making conduction velocity different speed capability. This is based on the myelination of a nerve fibre. (5)

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Lateral and anterior corticospinal -  Conscious control of the skeletal muscle.

Vestibulospinal - information from the inner ear, head positioning and modifies muscle tone which means keeping posture and balance.

Rubrospinal - movement of the flexor and extensor muscles

Reticulospinal - it facilitates, influences, and supplements the corticospinal tract.

Laminar I - X -  distribution of neurons in the grey matter, characterized by density and topography.

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Dorsal column - responsible for pressure and vibration sensation

Lateral spinothalamic - carries pain and temperature information

Anterior spinothalamic - carries crude touch and pressure information.

Dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar -  transmit unconscious proprioception sensory information to the cerebellum

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The location is the back of the body. It is made up of grey and white matter (7). Within the grey matter, it made motor and sensory neurons, interneurons, and neuropils. Neuropils are largely unmyelinated axons. Interneurons are the connection between sensory neurons and the spinal motor (2).  The white matter is sorted into two main tracks, ascending tracts of information from sensory receptors to higher parts of the CNS. On the other hand, the descending tract carries information to the periphery (7). The spinal cord is one of two major important matters on the central nervous system, this system is the connection of the peripheral nervous system and the brain stem.

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This barrier is located all around the brain apart from the circumventricular organ. The function protection function of the brain. This barrier project from unknown Toxic (4)

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The Brainstem are important part of the brain located at the top of the spatial cord, this is where the the connection of the spinal cord and brain happens. In this part of the brain the functions are breathing,  blood pressure, heart rate and sleep.

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The Occipital lobe is located at the back of the head Is only used for one thing it is to receive signals from the eyes which are then processed within this area of the brain.

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The temporal lobe sits underneath the parietal and behind the frontal lobe. This part is where processing sensory input happens, as well as Visual and verbal memory, objection recognition, and language recognition.

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The parietal lobe is behind the frontal lobe. This lobe is where identity objects happen. Another part of this lobe Where spatial awareness happens

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This is the end of where the original message is received, this part of the neuron sends the impulse to other nerves.

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After it travels from the axon this part relays to the synaptic terminals.

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The frontal lobe is located at the front, this area of the brain is very vast in the capability of what it does, memory, problem-solving, the control of social behaviour and motor speech.

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Central nervous system and the Peripheral nervous system

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Central nervous system and the Peripheral nervous system

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Central nervous system (CNS) - This is in two parts the brain and the spinal cord.  The primary part of the nervous system is to interpret, reverse and respond to singles throughout the body.

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Support cells, these cells help with homeostatic and also defensive cells. The way that this helps as it remodels itself and then its cells repair, preserve and restore within the brain. If this cell does not work means the possibility of developing neurological disease and damage to the nervous tissue. (1)

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Made up of proteins and fatty parts this part helps with electrical impulses in speed and  efficiently.

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Once the power from the cell body is released it will be sent down this axon.

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After getting a message from the dendrites, this part makes the power so that their power to contour sends down the message.

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Dendrites near the cell body, it receives messages from other nervous and send it to the cell body.

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Communication, this cell specializes in neurotransmitters, which is the act of transmitting information between cells. Thought progress is called action potential.

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The nervous system is The highway of communication throughout the body. This can be broken down into two main areas within the body. This system is the information highway of the body, as it controls all body functions. The brain is the data centre, as it tells and holds most of the information and sends signals to tell other parts of the body what to do. The spinal cord in the cabling system gets messages from another computer or the data centre and uses them to make choices.