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The history that inspired Shakespeare - 

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The history that inspired Shakespeare - 

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Malcolm was succeeded by Duncan upon death but Duncan proved to be a much weaker and ineffectual character. His cousin was Macbeth who had a claim to the throne through his mother’s side and after forming an alliance with his cousin the Earl of Orkney, they defeated Duncan in the battlefield of Elgin.

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It is believed that he wrote the play around 1606 for King James I who was the patron of Shakespeare’s company ‘The King’s Men’.

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The Aristotelean Concept of a Tragic Hero - 

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The Aristotelean Concept of a Tragic Hero - 

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- Perfectly good or utterly wicked people are not suitable to be heroes of tragedies.
- An ideal tragic hero “must be an intermediate kind of person, a man not pre-eminently virtuous and just, whose misfortune, however, is brought upon him not by vice or depravity but by some error of judgment.”
- Hamartia may even be a character-trait, for the hero may have a tendency to commit errors of judgment, and may commit not one, but a series of errors.
- The plot of a tragedy should invoke pathos and contain peripeteia (a sudden reversal of fortune or circumstances), anagnorsis (a change from ignorance to awareness), hubris (extreme pride), and finally catharsis (purgation of emotions and energy).

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 Tracing the tragic elements in the play - 

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 Tracing the tragic elements in the play - 

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- Hamartia - Tragic Flaw - Macbeth's Hamartia is his ambition
- Hubris - Excessive pride and a disrespect for the natural order of things. Macbeth exhibits both. His pride dims his vision of truth and so drunk is he with power and the assurance he derives out of the witches prophecies, that he goes to battle outnumbered and is killed by Macduff,  'not born of a woman'. He puts his faith in the 'unnatural' that leaves him with shame, indignity and finally death.
- Anagnorisis - Anagnorisis is when a character makes a critical discovery both about himself and the person he has become. Macbeth upon killing Duncan realises that there is no going back. It is after the death of his wife that he is compelled to ponder about the insignificance of life. And finally when he learns from Macduff the nature of his birth and embraces death.
- Peripeteia - Peripetia is the reversal of fate that a character experiences due to their actions that lead to the character’s downfall. Macbeth’s peripetia happens profoundly after the murder of Banquo. As he begins seeing Banquo’s ghost, his mind unravels.
- Catharsis - Macbeth's death
- Denouement - Malcolm tells the audience he will restore Scotland to peace after the chaotic and murderous upheaval chronicled in the play.

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Does Macbeth have a choice? Or has he been doomed from the very outset?