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is the contamination of our rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, seas, oceans

cause: human activities (shipping, fishing, oil drilling). Fetiulisers & pesticides, littering

impacts: people lose access to safe, clean drinking water, fish and other animals are killed, food shortages, famine

eg. rivers

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world's 292 large river systems, 2/3 have been changed by dams & reservoirs

causes: dams

impacts: distrup the flow of water, flooding some areas, blocking the water from other areas, ecosystem services

eg. Northern California has excess nutrients

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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inland waters (rivers, lakes & wetlands) are some of the world's most degraded environments

human activities have reduced the quality & quantity of clean fresh water

water used for homes, factories, farms, damming rivers for water supply, flood control & hydroelectricity

aquifers

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world's worst environmental health risk today

causes: traffic exaust, factory & power plant emmisons & fires

impacts: asthma, lung & heart disease

deaths: 3.5 million outdoor pollution, 4.3 million indoor air pollution

eg. air pollution deaths in asia and africa are increasing

half of the world's 40 most polluted cities were in India

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pollutants (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur) are realsed into the atmostphere from transport and factories

ozone layer

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natural ecosystems (forests & streams) can become degraded

causes: loss of vegetation, invasion of alien plant, animal pests or decline in quality of streams & rivers

impacts: soil, stream & river quality, desertification

eg. cattle grazing leads to breakdown in soil structure & loss of plants

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soil is gradually worn away by natural phenomena (rivers, rain, glaciers, wind)

causes: human activities (clearing trees)

impacts: vulnerable to wind erosion, gully erosion & sheet erosion

eg. the Murray-Darling Basin

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loss of fertility of the soil due to chemical change

causes: compacted by large machinery, hard hooved animals (cattle & sheep), acidic

impacts: Australia - build up of salt in the topsoil (salinity)

eg. water erosion

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The loss of productivity and decline in fertility of land based environments as a result of human activities

affects one quarter of the world's total land

38 % of the world farmed areas