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(Aiko Loren Omila, Alyssa Joy D. Fillone)

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URL:  https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/304327/infographic-power-on-and-off-in-mindanao/story/?fbclid=IwAR3d8jabH0ea-g771seMtRjFYor0zPNl2JgfLuvVnrJH0RHPMd7WcihZeRA

TITLE: Infographic: Power on and off in Mindanao

AUTHOR: Siegfried Alegado (Researcher), Analyn Perez (Designer)

DATE PUBLISHED: April 17, 2013

KEY INFO:
Since 2010 when an El Niño dried up the region, Mindanao has experienced recurring power disruptions. The country's southern third receives the majority of its electricity from hydroelectric plants, although their capacity has drastically decreased. As the regional grid struggles with extremely low water levels in dams, which reduce the production of hydro-powered plants, several sections of Mindanao (see list of rotating brownouts here) continue to experience lengthy brownouts. As a result of the summer heat and an increase in commercial and industrial activity in a thriving economy, power generation is weaker and electricity demand is rising. An infographic explaining the Mindanao power situation was created by GMA News Online.

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Three years on, many areas in Mindanao (see list of rotating brownouts here) still suffer long brownouts, as the regional grid grapples with summertim

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(Aiko Loren Omila, Quentin Rafael B. Uy)

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URL: https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=pE8JAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=book+about+the+potential+of+hydropower+in+philippines&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLtbaL2Yr9AhV8s1YBHVYaCyoQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false

TITLE: Hydro-Power: The Use of Water as an Alternative Source of Energy

AUTHOR: Charles Simeons

DATE PUBLISHED: April 24, 2014

KEY INFO: Hydro-Power: The Use of Water as an Alternative Source of Energy deals with the use of water as an alternative source of energy. The principles of the technology involved in the extraction of energy from water for use in some other form are discussed, and some of the projects that are being undertaken in a number of countries are described.

Comprised of 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of global energy consumption and projections for energy demand, along with electricity generation using hydraulic resources and developments in the use of hydroelectric power.

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Hydro-Power: The Use of Water as an Alternative Source of Energy deals with the use of water as an alternative source of energy. The principles of the technology involved in the extraction of energy from water for use in some other form are discussed, and some of the projects that are being undertak…

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URL: https://www.hpnet.org/blog/archives/11-2015

TITLE: Member Profile: Yamog's Holistic Approach to Micro Hydropower in Mindanao, Philippines

AUTHOR: Yamog

DATE PUBLISHED: November 8, 2015

KEY INFO: Yamog Renewable Energy pursued a path anchored on renewable energy as a springboard towards positive, meaningful, and enduring change at the grassroots level to end decades of deprivation. It pioneered utilizing renewable energy not only to lessen the dependence of poor communities on fossil fuels but also to offer it as a vehicle for marginalized communities to become sustainable.

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The 10 poorest provinces of the Philippines are located on the island of Mindanao. As with other marginalized places in our world -- where rural, indigenous populations face social exclusion, frustration, and hopelessness in the face of extractive and inequitable economic and political systems -- portions of the island are controlled by separatist movements, with innocent indigenous communities caught in the crossfire between the government and the rebels. The situation exacerbates efforts to bring infrastructure for basic needs (e.g. potable water and electricity) and magnifies the innate challenges of rural development work in developing contexts.

In March 1993, a small, young, and local group of alternative development professionals came together with the mission to improve the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental well-being in rural Mindanao, by promoting the sustainable utilization and management of appropriate renewable energy sources and other natural resources. Versed in technical, ecological, and social aspects of sustainable rural development, the group was called Yamog, translating as dew drops in the Cebuano language.

Distinct from the conventional community development approaches at the time, the pioneers of the Yamog Renewable Energy Development Group, Inc., pursued a path that was anchored on renewable energy as a springboard towards positive, meaningful and enduring change at the grassroots level, to end decades of deprivation. It pioneered utilizing renewable energy, not only to lessen the dependence of poor communities on fossil fuels, but also to offer it as a vehicle for marginalized communities to become sustainable.

When Yamog was established 20-years ago, nearly half of Mindanao was un-electrified. Even now Mindinao's largest city faces daily blackouts lasting 12 hours. Yet, the nearly 2500 households that have electrified their villages with Yamog's help do not have to rely on the central grid and can access 24/7 electricity. Yamog continues to facilitate other communities in rural Mindanao and Visayas in generating their own electricity from micro hydro or solar power.​

The effectiveness of Yamog's work is rooted its integrated approach to community-based micro hydropower. In each project, Yamog's long-experienced staff of 7 are committed to instilling the environmental, institutional, social, and technical aspects that are critical to the project's life.

Because the output of any micro hydropower unit is dependent on the stream flow, Yamog's implementation process starts with a focus on rehabilitating the source of the stream -- the watershed. Yamog works closely with the community to evaluate, protect, and strengthen the watershed of the proposed micro hydro site. After signs of a robust watershed and the community's will to preserve it emerge, Yamog moves onto installing the micro hydro hardware. Watershed protection and strengthening
​

The process can add an extra year to the project implementation, often with additional communities to facilitate (e.g. where the upstream community managing the watershed is km's away from the micro hydro community downstream). Yet, with increasing climate change impacting not only micro hydro but also the community's access to drinking and irrigation water, prioritizing resilient watersheds is well worth the added effort and time.

﻿Involvement of local government

A key aspect to Yamog's work is facilitating communities to generate support from the leaders of their barangay (the most local administrative unit) for watershed strengthening and micro hydropower implementation. Although challenging, this process has resulted in community hydropower units that have greater vested stake from the local government, and a paved path for the community to reach out to local officials regarding other village development needs. Support from local government can also help establish productive use for community income generation from micro hydropower, e.g. financing of agro processing units such oil mills and rice hullers.​

In parallel to watershed strengthening and micro hydro installation, Yamog facilitates the community to identify its governing strengths and build upon them, in order to develop a unified governance of the new micro hydropower unit. Yamog staff build the capacity of community leaders to manage and lead project implementation from its start. At various stages Yamog holds in-depth technical and institutional training for community members. This has ensured that by the time of commissioning electricity generation, the community's governance structure can independently manage the electricity tariff collection, community fund, technical operation, maintenance, and productive use of the micro hydro system.

Local network of technical experts
​
Since Yamog does not fabricate its own turbines and load controllers, it ensures that the hardware developers commit to delivering high quality systems and local training to community-level technicians. Having implement nearly 30 projects, Yamog has developed a village-to-village network of technical experts for civil works installation and trouble shooting of electro-mechanical components. For example, the village masons from completed projects mentor the masons of new projects, carrying forward technical lessons of earlier projects. This in-turn has led to a local knowledge sharing network that can sustain itself without the involvement of Yamog. In addition, it has helped to diversify the skillsets in indigenous communities, where traditional livelihoods are at risk due to extractive activities of mainstream development.

With a small team, instead of quantity of projects Yamog's work has focused on process and quality to ensure long-term sustainability. Every year the team typically commits to 1-2 projects and implements them with utmost care, focusing on the elements explained above.

While larger organizations, with greater number of staff and funding, can easily implement many projects in parallel, they can be prone to frequent staff turnover and prioritizing targets over processes. In some cases this has led to micro hydropower units that are not long-sustained and soon need rehabilitation. In this context, HPNET takes inspiration from Yamog's steady and process-focused momentum to establish community micro hydropower.
​
To give you a glimpse of the Yamog's work in action, below is a brief case study of Lubo village's micro hydropower project.
​

Case Study: Sustainability of Lubo Micro Hydro Project -- Two Years Later
​
The residents of Sitio Lubo continue to enjoy the benefits of having a 35-kilowatt micro-hydropower system. Since the renewable energy project was handed-over by Yamog to the Lubo Renewable Energy Community Association (LURECDA) in June 2013, the lives of the people in this isolated and marginalized community have steadily changed for the better.

Situated deep in the highlands of Barangay Ned, Lake Sebu in the province of South Cotabato, Sitio Lubo is an off-grid community inhabited by mostly Christian peasant settlers. It is about 65 kilometers from Koronadal City, South Cotabato. It is populated by 150 households who, for many decades, have been resigned to their dismal fate of being deprived of opportunities that would improve their socio-economic situation. No one among them could have imagined that their vast water resource would someday lift them up from their collective sense of hopelessness and helplessness.

At present, 127 households and selected strategic locations of the community are now brightly illuminated at night by energy-saving bulbs. In effect, the 35-kilowatt water-driven renewable energy system has freed the residents of Lubo from decades of heavy dependence on kerosene as the main form of household lighting at night, and as a major source of energy for other community and household activities.

Moreover, about 20 households have engaged in small income generating activities after having procured refrigerators to store locally-made food products (which are kept fresh because of the presence of 24-hour electricity) for sale. Taking advantage of the presence of electricity, both men and women can also engage in income generating activities even at night. Schoolchildren are inspired to work on their nightly home works because of the presence of good lighting within their households. Gone were the days when they had to contend with the unsteady illumination from kerosene lamps which spewed a lot of carbon dioxide that endangered their health.

Two public schools with a total of 560 students are also now enjoying the comfort of having unhampered electricity during classes. For the first time, these students are now able to use computers for learning, while teachers can now also use computers to prepare lesson plans, learning aids, aptitude tests, and reports. Places for important social gatherings that utilize electricity for lighting and sound systems, like the Sitio Hall and local churches, are abuzz with activities.

Early in the course of project implementation three years ago, Yamog invested a lot of effort in addressing the software component - that is social infrastructure building - a very crucial element for project sustainability. Capacity building activities in the field of technical operation and maintenance, financial management, organizational building and strengthening, and watershed management, have been conducted in order for the project beneficiaries to acquire the required knowledge, attitudes and skills that would improve their chances of effectively managing their micro-hydro system over the long term. Now it appears that all those efforts have generated very encouraging results as evidenced by the following:

99% collection rate of monthly operation and maintenance contributions from member-households. LURECDA now has sufficient funds to meet operation and maintenance requirements.

Financial recording is excellent, with internally audited monthly and annual financial reports produced and readily made available to LURECDA members.

The trained power house operators, and weir/intake caretakers are still very active and committed to ensure efficient operation of vital electro-mechanical equipment that make possible the distribution of electricity to the households in the community.

LURECDA leaders (from the Board of Directors to the Operations and Maintenance Personnel) are in very high morale and functioning according to their assigned roles and responsibilities.

Regular recording on the logbook to monitor the daily performance and problems encountered at the power house is being done by the trained operators.

Regular cleaning of the forebay tank and the weir/intake is done every Saturday (at least for 2-hours).

Especially after a heavy rain, the operators are always quick to clean the weir/intake & forebay tank and rid them of any sedimentation and debris, and inspect the whole transmission and distribution lines as part of standard operation and maintenance procedures.

Brimming with enthusiasm, the residents of Sitio Lubo are looking forward to the coming years with a list of more things to do. After two years of operating and maintaining their micro-hydropower system, plans of utilizing the almost unlimited supply of energy at daytime are afoot. Next in the drawing board are the construction of a corn mill, hammer mill (to produce feed stocks using organic raw materials for hog-raising), coffee huller, and other productive end uses of their MHP electricity. All these are aimed at raising family incomes. Fundraising for these spin-off projects would be a big challenge, but they are optimistic that they would achieve these additional facilities that they are aspiring for in the next two years.

​﻿Previously, electricity generation in Bangladesh was mono-fuel dependent due to ample availability of indigenous natural gas. Now, about 80% of generated power in Bangladesh comes from natural gas and the rest from coal and hydropower. The present share of electricity generation from large and small-scale hydropower is nearly 2.5% of total installed capacity. Though, in recent years, due to depleting existing gas reserves and non-exploration of new gas reserves, the Government of Bangladesh has diversified the Power Generation Fuel Mix. Development of renewable energy is one of the important strategies adopted as part of Fuel Diversification Program.

Further, a joint Multilateral Development Bank (MDB) team (including representatives from the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB)) will be conducting a Joint Mission for the Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program in Low Income Countries (SREP). The team has visited Bangladesh to discuss with the Government and the main stakeholders the preparation of the SREP Investment Plan, where possible funding for Bangladesh will be US$75 million. They will have agreed on next steps and a timeline to finalize the plan and submit to the SREP Sub-Committee for approval in November 2015. A consulting firm, DH Infrastructure, in association with Black and Veatch and Prokaushali Sangsad Ltd, was appointed to assist the Government of Bangladesh in preparing this SREP Investment Plan. In this Plan, small-scale-scale hydropower was considered as a potential energy sector for Bangladesh.

​A reliable assessment estimates a generation capacity of 60MW of small-scale hydropower, allowing production of 200 GWh of electricity annually. However, in the final decision making process, grid-connected, small-scale hydropower was not considered for SREP funding, because of the lack of reliable data on sites and because of the social and environmental problems Bangladesh has had in the past with hydropower projects. Hydropower projects will, however, be studied further for possible inclusion in the Phase 2 investment plan.

A 2014 study by Stream Tech (a US-based engineering firm) for The Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources identified potential hydropower sites at different locations along the Sangu, Matamuhuri, and Bakkhali Rivers, as well as the Banshkhali Eco-park stream. Much of the small-scale-scale hydropower potential of Bangladesh remains unused due to the lack of reliable hydrological data, proper policy and planning. However, steps can be taken to remedy the situation through dissemination of reliable data that can inform policy development and energy planning, as well as guide investors in entering renewable energy markets.
Recommendations and Possible Contribution Areas for HPNET
Regional knowledge exchange can assist Bangladesh in initiating small-scale hydropower planning and policy. The government is not considering hydropower as eligible technologies for Feed-in Tariff (FIT) regulation as well. As in the SREP Investment Plan, possible funding for Bangladesh will be US$75 million, government should take this opportunity to scale up renewable energy technologies specially small-scale-scale hydropower in the country and consider hydropower in the FIT regulation to encourage private sector investors. As HPNET is working for the advancement and advocacy of resilient micro hydropower towards equitable and sustainable development of rural communities in South and Southeast Asia, an advocacy project can be designed to influence the experts, policy makers and government people for considering small-scale hydropower in FIT regulation. It would be a good opportunity for HPNET to highlight regional capabilities and reach out to policy makers and resource persons of Bangladesh. The SREP investment plan is also considering small-scale hydropower as one of the renewable energy technologies which will be scaled up. HPNET members could potentially contribute to the SREP joint mission for planning the development of small-scale hydropower in Bangladesh in the near future. HPNET could help coordinate the various development organizations (e.g. Practical Action, Bangladesh) for facilitating these advocacy processes in Bangladesh.

The full report of the above excerpt can be found here.

By HPNET Member Md. Sayeed-Ur-Rahim Mahadi, Practical Action, Bangladesh

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The 10 poorest provinces of the Philippines are located on the island of Mindanao. As with other marginalized places in our world -- where rural, indigenous populations face social exclusion, frustration, and hopelessness in the face of extractive and inequitable economic and political systems -- portions of the island are controlled by separatist movements, with innocent indigenous communities caught in the crossfire between the government and the rebels.

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URL:  https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/02/15/govt-ensures-continued-power-supply/

TITLE:  Government to improve Mindanao power situation

AUTHOR: No Author Cited

PUBLISHER: GOVPH

DATE PUBLISHED:  February 15, 2016

KEY INFO: The Inter-Agency Task Force on Securing Energy Facilities is fast-tracking the resolution of the right-of-way issues to the restoration of transmission Tower No. 25, which remains isolated since the rehabilitation crew is being denied access by the claimants/landowners

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

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The Inter-Agency Task Force on Securing Energy Facilities is fast-tracking the resolution of the right-of-way issues to the restoration of transmission Tower No. 25, which remains isolated since the rehabilitation crew is being denied access by the claimants/landowners. The situation has impeded Agus Hydroelectric Plant Units 1 & 2 from supplying about 80 megawatts of cheaper power to Mindanao consumers and providing reliable power supply reducing, if not eliminating, rotating brownouts.
Apart from the provision of inexpensive power from hydro, the IATFSEF [1] is exhausting all means to immediately return the benefits of host communities from the sale of the electricity from Agus 1 & 2. Under the Energy Regulations 1-94, host communities of power generating facilities are granted a share of P0.01/kWh of electricity sales to be used for projects that will uplift the living conditions of the communities.

If the transmission tower remains unrepaired, this will result in unutilized electric power generated from Agus 1 & 2, depriving people in affected areas to undertake projects, such as electrification, livelihood, health (i.e., ambulance, clinic equipment), social infrastructures (i.e., roads, sports court), and reforestation, among others.

Recognizing the significant benefits that the Mindanaoans are losing, the government calls on all concerned individuals and local government units for their utmost cooperation for the speedy rehabilitation of the damaged transmission tower and vigilance in preventing activities that threaten the security of energy facilities across the country, especially with the nearing national and local elections.

-From the Department of Energy

[1] The IATFSEF is composed of the Department of Energy, as lead agency, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the Department of the Interior and Local Government, the Department of Justice, the Department of National Defense, the Department of Public Works and Highways, Presidential Communications Operations Office, Armed Forces of the Philippines, Land Registration Authority, National Electrification Administration, National Intelligence Coordinating Agency, National Power Corporation, National Security Council, National Transmission Corporation, Philippine Information Agency, Philippine National Police, Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation, National Grid Corporation of the Philippines, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, and Mindanao Development Authority.

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Government to improve Mindanao power situation | GOVPH

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The Inter-Agency Task Force on Securing Energy Facilities is fast-tracking the resolution of the right-of-way issues to the restoration of transmission Tower No. 25, which remains isolated since the rehabilitation crew is being denied access by the claimants/landowners.

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URL: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TC99.pdf

TITLE: BUILDING LOW EMISSION ALTERNATIVES TO DEVELOP ECONOMIC RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY (B-LEADERS) PROJECT: MINDANAO WATER-ENERGY NEXUS STUDY

AUTHOR: United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

DATE PUBLISHED: November 2017

KEY INFO: The B-LEADERS Mindanao Water-Energy Nexus Study analyzed potential impacts of climate change on hydropower in Mindanao and implications for the region’s electricity system and energy policy.

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URL: https://www.napocor.gov.ph/index.php/services/mindanao-generation/mindanao-generation-plants/34-mingen/213-pulangi-iv-hydroelectric-plant

TITLE: Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Plant

AUTHOR: National Power Corporation

DATE PUBLISHED: May 25, 2018

KEY INFO: In Maramag, Bukidnon, there is a 255 MW hydroelectric power project known as Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Plant. The Pulangi IV HEP is a run-off the river type of power plant that uses the most cutting-edge hydro electric power technology. It has three (3) producing units. On December 21, 1985, it began operating for profit, and since then, it has produced more than 24,742,534 MWH.

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(Quentin Rafael B. Uy, Micaela Natalie L. Limbo)

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URL: https://facebook.com/devbankphl/posts/pfbid02q24gBpTJMHkt8BoM1ynLuVohMQZeFpKDAhQUsDxPLW9cUeySchvmKW6XqvafHMBNl

TITLE: DBP-funded P1.1-B hydroelectric plant supports energy reliability in Mindanao

AUTHOR: Development Bank of the Philippines

DATE PUBLISHED: September 13, 2019

KEY INFO: The Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) is extending a P1.1-billion term loan to Liangan Power Corporation (LPC) to construct its 11.9 MW hydroelectric power plant that will help improve energy supply in Mindanao, a top official of the state-owned bank said.

DBP President and Chief Executive Officer Emmanuel G. Herbosa said the DBP-funded power plant further supports the National Government's continuing efforts to promote reliable and environment-friendly sources of energy in line with the inclusive growth initiatives in the region.

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We are lending P1.1-billion for the construction of a 11.9 MW hydroelectric power plant to help improve the energy supply in Mindanao. This is in support of the National Government’s  efforts to...

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URL: https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hydro-news-asia/philippines

TITLE: Philippines - Good prospects for green energy

AUTHOR: Mario Barbosa & Albin Königshofer

DATE PUBLISHED: April 4, 2020

KEY INFO: With more than 70 plants in operation, the Philippines has a total installed hydropower capacity of about 3,701 MW. That represents about 16% of the national total. Of this, around 566 MW are run-of-river and 3,135 MW are dam-type plants, including one 728 MW pumped storage complex.

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With its rapidly growing economy, the Philippines was ranked third* in 2019 among the best countries to invest in. Over the last five years, annual GDP growth hit up to 6.8%.

With more than 70 plants in operation, the Philippines has a total installed hydropower capacity of about 3,701 MW. That represents about 16% of the national total. Of this, around 566 MW are run-of-river and 3,135 MW are dam-type plants, including one 728 MW pumped storage complex. Only about 24 plants (34%) have a capacity larger than 10 MW, but they provide around 96% of the total hydropower generation. The estimated technical and economic hydropower potential is about 20,334 GWh per year, 17% of which has already been exploited. About 275 MW of the existing hydro capacity comprises units more than 40 years old.

Under the National Renewable Energy Program, the Philippines envisions tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030, requiring an additional 14,900 MW, including 8,700 MW of hydropower. In addition, power transmission system upgrades are also in line. Demand for conventional and pumped storage hydro development is projected to increase, in particular to provide grid stability services.

The Philippines envisions tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030.

About 90 MW of hydropower is currently under construction, some interesting future projects are also planned, including the 100 MW pumped storage plant in Nueva Ecija and the 390 MW project in Ifugao. Numerous pumped storage schemes are also at various stages of development. However, there are also interesting development opportunities for small hydro. Small hydropower plants totaling around 250 MW are already listed as indicative power projects and this does not include all the projects being built.

ANDRITZ Hydro in the Philippines

From the first delivery of equipment back in 1930 to the recently commissioned small hydropower plant at Catuiran, ANDRITZ has been providing high quality electro-mechanical equipment to the Philippines since the earliest days of national hydropower development. In 2009, when ANDRITZ received some large rehabilitation orders for Ambuklao, Magat, and Pantabangan, an office was established in Manila to support the growing market. Since then, ANDRITZ has been providing technical services, training and spare parts to existing plants, as well as providing technical assistance for developing new ones. In the last five years, ANDRITZ has also received orders for small hydro projects. In total, the company has installed or rehabilitated more than 50 units in the country, with a combined capacity of about 1,600 MW.

Catuiran (8 MW): In 2014, Sta. Clara International Corp. awarded ANDRITZ with a contract for the supply and installation of two horizontal Francis turbines, generators, electrical and mechanical auxiliary systems, including switchyard components. In 2018, it was successfully put into commercial operation providing reliable power to Occidental and Oriental Mindoro and curbing rotational brownouts in these provinces.

Manolo Fortich 1 and 2 (44 MW / 26 MW): In 2014, Hedcor Inc. awarded ANDRITZ the contract for the engineering, design, supply, installation and commissioning of six small Francis and two small Pelton turbines, including hydraulic governors, synchronous generators, intake valves, and an extensive electrical package with the complete control systems and medium voltage switchgear. Both plants were successfully put into commercial operation in mid- and late 2018, respectively, and generate about 360 GWh annually.

Liangan, Lanao del Norte (11 MW): In 2018, ANDRITZ won the contract award for the supply of a complete electro-mechanical "from water-to-wire" package from Guangxi Hydroelectric Construction Bureau Co. Ltd. Philippines Corp (GHCB).

Upper Maladugao, Bukidnon (9 MW): In 2018; United Holding Power Corporation awarded ANDRITZ a contract for a "from water-to-wire" package with three small Francis units, including installation infrastructure, manpower and commissioning services.

Author: Mario Barbosa, Albin Königshofer

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Philippines - Good prospects for green energy

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With its rapidly growing economy, the Philippines was ranked third* in 2019 among the best countries to invest in. Over the last five years, annual GDP growth hit up to 6.8%. With more than 70 plants in operation, the Philippines has a total installed hydropower capacity of about 3,701 MW.

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URL:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dT-PoDhT0pg&ab_channel=MinDAgovphOfficial

TITLE: Episode 14 - Maria Cristina Waterfalls

AUTHOR: MinDAgovphOfficial

DATE PUBLISHED: July 20, 2020

KEY INFO: Unbeknownst to many, Mindanao gets almost half of its current electricity needs from the enormous Lake Lanao, the second-largest inland body of water in the nation with a total area of 34,000 hectares. Through the National Power Corporation, the government erected six more hydropower generation facilities along the Agus River, making it the single largest power-producing river in the nation, in response to the rising need for electricity brought on by Mindanao's growth and development.

Although Mindanao will require more electricity in the future, the focus is on renewable energy as increased environmental and natural resource protection consciousness drives growth initiatives. The design of future power generation facilities using renewable and sustainable sources is currently being actively pursued by the Mindanao Development Authority (MinDA).

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URL: https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1911160/davao/feature/a-long-road-for-renewable-energy-in-mindanao

TITLE: A long road for renewable energy in Mindanao

AUTHOR: Reuel John F. Lumawag

DATE PUBLISHED: October 24, 2021

KEY INFO:
During the Philippines' Sustainable Finance Roadmap and Guiding Principles launch on October 20, 2021, Department of Finance Secretary Carlos G. Dominguez said the government is 'exploring a financing mechanism that will improve the generating capacity of the Agus-Pulangi hydropower plant in Mindanao.' Also, the National Power Corporation (NPC) 'is currently in the preparatory stage for the implementation of the Agus-Pulangi Rehabilitation Project (APRP)' with the involvement of the Department of Finance, Department of Energy, and the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation.

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[Editor's note: This is the second part of the story "Powered up' Mindanao" that came out on October 18, 2021].

DURING the launch of the Philippines' Sustainable Finance Roadmap and Guiding Principles on October 20, 2021, Department of Finance Secretary Carlos G. Dominguez said the Philippine government is "committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 75 percent over the next decade."

Among the strategies the government is leaning towards more is increasing the share of renewable energy in the overall power supply mix of the country. At present, the country is relying on non-renewable resources like oil and coal to sustain its energy demands. The same can be said for the current power situation in Mindanao, which used to see a higher share of renewable energy sources in the power supply mix around a decade ago.

Following the entry of more coal-fired power plants in 2014 and 2015, the share of coal-fired power plants has steadily increased. The entry of these large baseload power plants, with a single unit of the power plant being able to supply the grid with around 100 MW to 150 MW, filled the gaps of Mindanao's energy demand. This in turn led to more investments and a better business climate for the island.

Based on the daily power monitoring of the Department of Energy in Mindanao (DOE-Mindanao), as of October 17, 2021, the total rated capacity of all power plants in Mindanao is 4,463.13 megawatts (MW) while total generation is at 260,356-megawatt hour (MWh).

Of Mindanao's total capacity mix, coal-fired power plants account for 2,263 MW or 51 percent of Mindanao's capacity mix. It is followed by hydroelectric plants (1,158.17 MW or 26 percent), oil-based power plants (771.20 MW or 17 percent), geothermal (104.48 MW or 2 percent), solar (79.98 MW or 2 percent), and biomass (66.30 MW or 2 percent).

In terms of generation mix, coal-fired power plants are generating 162,842.04 MWh. This is around 62 percent of the total power being generated by the power plants in Mindanao. Coal plants are followed by hydroelectric plants (80,881.92 MWh), geothermal (9,726.66 MWh), oil-based power plants (3,121.05 MWh), biomass (1,949.37 MWh), and solar (1,838.43 MWh).

However, in a bid to meet its commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the government is looking into the possibility of slowly retiring the coal-fired power plants in Mindanao.

"As we improve our renewable energy sources, we will retire coal-fired plants in the region. This landmark project will be launched at the COP26 meeting in Glasgow. This could serve as a model for coal-dependent emerging economies to gradually shift from fossil fuels to more sustainable and greener energy sources," Dominguez said during the launch of the Sustainable Finance Roadmap and its Guiding Principles on October 20, 2021.

He added that the government is "exploring a financing mechanism that will improve the generating capacity of the Agus-Pulangi hydropower plant in Mindanao." The hydroelectric power plants have a combined installed capacity of 1,001 MW. However, due to several factors, including its aging equipment, the average available capacity is only around 600 MW to 700 MW. This further drops during the dry season or El Niño.

According to the recently released Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) 2020-2040, the National Power Corporation (NPC) "is currently in the preparatory stage for the implementation of the Agus-Pulangi Rehabilitation Project (APRP)" with the involvement of Department of Finance, Department of Energy, and the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (Psalm).

"The project aims to restore the original combined capacity of about 1001 MW and extend their economic life to another 30 years," DOE said in its report.

According to the Project Information Document (PID) of the APRP that was submitted to the World Bank, the project seeks "to enhance the reliability of clean energy generation in Mindanao."

The rehabilitation of the Agus-Pulangi hydropower plants is seen to lessen Mindanao's reliance on non-renewable energy resources.
Future renewable energy projects
Aside from the planned rehabilitation of the Agus-Pulangi hydropower plants, the private sector is also heeding the call of the government to establish renewable energy plants in Mindanao.

Based on the list of committed power projects in Mindanao as of May 31, 2021, there are a total of 13 renewable projects with a combined installed capacity of 102.03 MW. Based on the description of the Electric Power Industry Management Bureau, committed power projects are those "that have secured financial closure."

The largest of the committed renewable power projects in Mindanao is the 25 MW Lake Mainit Hydroelectric Power Plant of the Agusan Power Corporation in Jabonga, Agusan del Norte.

Meanwhile, the Alsons Power Group has announced that it will be venturing into renewable energy. It announced in 2018 that it will be investing P4.25 billion for the 15.1 MW run-of-river hydroelectric power project (HEPP) at the Siguil River basin in Maasim, Sarangani Province. The project is currently listed among the committed power projects in Mindanao as of May 31, 2021. According to the data from DOE, the project's target commercial operation is December 2021.

During the webinar titled "Mindanao as the energy hub in the country, Davao as a world-class energy corridor" on September 23, 2021, Aboitiz Power Corporation Distribution Utilities chief operating officer Anton Perdices said as the company increases its portfolio to 9,200 MW in the next ten years, 50 percent of the portfolio or 4,600 MW will be renewable energy.

AboitizPower, which operates solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric power plants in the country through different subsidiaries, will be investing around P190 million in the next decade for renewable energy.

"As of August 2021, we have already identified 2,900MW of new renewable projects across the country in all varying stages of development. This part of the additional 3,700 MW of Cleanergy that we are targeting to develop until 2030," Perdices said. Some of the projects could be in Mindanao.
Renewable energy investment hurdles
However, establishing a renewable energy power plant in Mindanao is not a smooth and fast ride.

Regulatory hurdles are affecting the investments for renewable energy plants.

Mindanao Development Authority Deputy Executive Director Assistant Secretary Romeo M. Montenegro said it is not easy to put up a renewable energy power plant in Mindanao or anywhere in the country due to the long regulatory process renewable energy investors had to undergo.

"Our policies as of the moment are heavily skewed towards fossil energy. Based on a study we did in 2012 on regulatory hurdles, [those] that are confronting proponents in renewable energy are much more cumbersome and an uphill climb compared to those applying for fossil energy," said Montenegro, who was a panelist in the same webinar on September 23. The webinar is part of a series of small virtual seminars leading up to the Davao Investment Conference (Icon) from November 11 to 12, 2021.

For coal-fired power plants, the regulatory process is around three years, while diesel power plants could be in six months.

Meanwhile, based on the Discussion Paper of Maureen Ane D. Rosellon titled "The Renewable Energy Policy Debate in the Philippines" and published in April 2017 by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies, "renewable energy development up to the construction of a power plant can take four to five years to complete."

Rosellon also stated that "one company shared that it applied for 66 permits for a geothermal project, around 70 permits for a wind project."

"A solar and biomass company estimated that overall permitting may have required around 500 signatures. A hydropower company claimed that one project took around

1,300 signatures before they could begin construction - this includes signatures from the IP (Indigenous Peoples) communities. It was also noted that some signatures would require other persons to affix their initials," she said.

Other factors affecting the lengthy process of renewable energy plants included varying interpretation of rules, change of guidelines/policies upon assumption of new head/officer, and "First come, first served" policy.

Montenegro also said the policies or regulatory guidelines covering renewable energy would also depend on where it will be built or the technology being used.

However, despite the lengthy process, it takes for one to put up a renewable energy plant, Montenegro said the government, even in past administrations has made policy reforms to encourage the entry of renewable energy plants.

"We are seeing quite a lot of policy reforms in the past administrations that favored investments in the power generation sector or energy sector as a whole. We have always subscribed to the proposition that transition to renewable energy is policy-driven. Navigating to energy transition will require the work of many sectors and not just the power industry sector," Montenegro said.

The Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513) and the Biofuels Act of 2006 (RA 9367) are the country's two major policies on renewable energy cited in the discussion paper of Rosellon.

Under the Renewable Energy Act, there are programs or policies that seek to promote renewable energy investment. Among these is Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), Feed-in Tariff (FiT) System, Renewable Energy Market (REM), Green Energy Option Program, and the Net Metering agreements.

Montenegro said renewable energy projects could also benefit from the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (Create) Act. Under the law, it cuts the income tax rate of companies from 30 percent to 20 percent.

Philippine Energy Independence Council president Rolando Jason Paulino Jr. said the current policies on renewable energy are in the "right direction" towards encouraging more investments in this sector. However, the law has yet to be properly implemented.

He said there needs to be "clarity on some of these rules" that need to be "translated" to one that is more "practical and be easier to be implemented."

John Eric T. Francia, president and chief executive officer of AC Energy Corporation, also said some provisions of the Renewable Energy Act cannot be enjoyed by investors in Mindanao because the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (Wesm) is not yet in full operation on the island.

The Wesm "is a venue for trading electricity as a commodity." It is "where the generators sell their excess capacities not covered by contracts and where the customers buy additional capacities on top of their contracts."

Francia investors in Mindanao are not able to utilize the Green Energy Option Program (GEOP) without the Wesm. The GEOP "is a voluntary policy mechanism allowing consumers with 100 kilowatts (kW) and above demand to source their electricity supply from renewable energy suppliers."

"GEOP is a very important driver for renewable energy. It is just starting in Luzon and the Visayas. It accelerates the open market because the Retail Competition and Open Access (RCOA) is available to 500-kilowatt hour (kWh) customers. If you are a smaller customer, you do not have the benefit of choosing your supplier. But with the GEOP, that threshold goes down to 100kwh. So, that expands the market, and the power of choice in favor of the consumer is made more real," Francia said.

Francia, Wesm coupled with GEOP and RCOA can help spur more investment opportunities for renewable energy in Mindanao.

According to the DOE, while Wesm was launched on June 26, 2017, it is not yet on its commercial operations. For the commercial operation of the market to be declared, it has to meet a set of criteria -- systems and procedure, Trial Operations Program (TOP), operationalization, training, Price Determination Methodology, and New Market Management System.
Evolutionary transition
Paulino said coal remains to be a big part of the baseload of the Philippines, including Mindanao.

He said if the country wants to shift to a power supply mix that has a higher mix of renewable energy resources as against non-renewable resources, the shift has to be "evolutionary."

"Because if we want to really go for a renewable [energy] business in the future, we also need to be ready [with] power plants that allow us to meet the intermittent needs of renewable [energy plants]," Paulino said.

He said, for example, solar and wind will "not be there all the time."

"You need a power plant to come in whenever these renewable sources are not available," Paulino said.

One way that this can be done is to "balance the grid." This means that spreading out energy resources and at the same time investing in the power grid.

"It is helpful from an environmental perspective. Because if you can balance the grid, you can rely on some of the [renewable energy resources] in Mindanao and some of the existing coal-fired power plants in Mindanao. We do not need to build new power plants that could add to the emissions," Paulino said.

He said once the Mindanao-Visayas Interconnection Project is complete, it will allow Mindanao to export or import power from power plants outside the island. Currently, Mindanao is considered an independent grid from the main grid, which connects Luzon and Visayas.

However, Paulino said it is important that the submarine cables connecting the Mindanao and the main grid also have the capacity and capability to really maximize the power produced from Mindanao.

"There is the potential to develop the energy capacity that will allow us to balance the energy capacity that it is available in Luzon. If we can balance the whole country, that provides better security, sustainability, and independence from an energy perspective," Paulino said.

Meanwhile, Francia said battery energy storage systems (Bess) can also support the intermittent nature of some renewable energy resources.

"Bess is a type of energy storage system that is capable of storing energy electrochemically. It can be connected to the grid, small grid, distribution system, or end-user facility to deliver the energy demand when needed," AboitizPower said in a statement.

Perdices said AboitizPower, in partnership with Wartsila and Aboitiz Construction, will be putting up a 49 MW Bess project at the facility of Therma Marine, Inc. (TMI) in Maco, Davao de Oro. This is among the 12 BESS projects the company is putting in the next ten years across the country. The BESS project in Maco is currently listed under DOE as an indicative power project.

"This will support TMI's capabilities to support the Mindanao grid especially during the summer months when there is a limited supply of energy generated by hydropower plants due to low water levels," he said.
Long way to go
Mindanao's power story has come a long way.

For a long time, the island was powered by mainly the Agus-Pulangi Hydropower Plants. But as Mindanao's economy continued to grow, its power demand also went up.

The current power supply then was unable to support the power demands of the island leading to a power crisis that peaked from 2013 to 2014.

However, the entry of baseload coal-fired plants allowed the island to regain its footing leading to another economic boom. As a baseload power plant, coal-fired power plants were able to supply the daily power demands of Mindanao 24/7 as it continues to grow.

Now, Mindanao shifts to another chapter of its power story as it tries to balance sustainability, progress, and demand for power.

For now, it will be an uphill road if the government will push for a Mindanao grid that will be fully powered by renewable energy resources.

"For a developing country like ours, we have a long way to go it is possible that it will take time. Coal remains to be the most reliable and most economically viable energy source for us," Perdices said.

He added, "The reality is we cannot do away with coal unless a new technology proves to be environmentally sustainable yet as reliable and cost-effective as coal."

However, there remains to be an opportunity for renewable energy projects on the horizon.

Mindanao has an annual power demand growth of 7 percent and will be needing 100 MW to 150 MW per year. By 2030, Mindanao will need 3,500 MW of additional capacity.

Montenegro said in an earlier press forum that this could be a signal for power investors, especially those into renewable energy, to look into investing in Mindanao.

With this opportunity, Montenegro said the government is keen on meeting a 50 percent non-renewable and 50 percent renewable power mix by 2030 as stated under the Mindanao Development Framework.

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A long road for renewable energy in Mindanao

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Editor's note: This is the second part of the story "Powered up' Mindanao" that came out on October 18, 2021]. DURING the launch of the Philippines' Sustainable Finance Roadmap and Guiding Principles on October 20, 2021, Department of Finance Secretary Carlos G.

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URL:  https://www.doe.gov.ph/press-releases/mindanao-power-assured-despite-clean-energy-thrusts-doe

TITLE: Mindanao Power Assured Despite Clean Energy Thrusts

AUTHOR: Department Of Energy

DATE PUBLISHED:  October 25, 2021

KEY INFO: The development of power projects is on track to ensure an adequate electricity supply in Mindanao. This is carried out as the country implements policies for a cleaner energy mix.

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URL: https://www.hpnet.org/blog/category/philippines

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzEHyhUQZoU&t=341s
(PART A)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lP1ajLo9Y8w
(PART B)

TITLE: Watch: Streamside Chats - Edition 4, Socio-Environmental Resilience in Kalinga, Philippines

AUTHOR: Hydro Empowerment Network

DATE PUBLISHED: December 16, 2021

KEY INFO: In this edition, we take a closer look at social and environmental aspects of community hydro, discussing small-scale hydropower from the perspective of Indigenous communities. Through the case of a cluster of 12 micro hydro projects in Kalinga Province, Philippines, we explore important connections between community-scale hydro, Indigenous rights and livelihoods, and environmental stewardship.

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URL: https://youtu.be/25s4IjG7cq8

TITLE: Government Owned Hydro Power Plants in Southern Philippines in the island of Mindanao

AUTHOR: Onad657

DATE PUBLISHED: May 9, 2022

KEY INFO: History of the Agus and Pulangi Hydro plants in Mindanao and developments made under PRRD's Build Build Build Program

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Government Owned Hydro Power Plants in Southern Philippines in the island of Mindanao

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URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/02/why-hydropower-is-the-worlds-most-overlooked-renewable.html

TITLE: Why hydropower is the forgotten giant of clean energy

AUTHOR: Katie Brigham

DATE PUBLISHED: June 2, 2022

KEY INFO: Hydropower is by far the largest renewable worldwide, producing over twice as much energy as wind, and over four times as much as solar. And pumping water up a hill, aka “pumped storage hydropower”, comprises well over 90% of the world’s total energy storage capacity.

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Why hydropower is the world’s most overlooked renewable

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Hydropower is the world’s largest source of renewable energy, yet we don’t hear much about it. That’s partially because hydropower in the U.S. isn’t growing. But internationally it’s expanding rapidly, which has some environmentalists concerned. Dams and reservoirs disrupt ecosystems and create emis…

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(Aiko Loren Omila, Micaela Natalie L. Limbo)

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URL: https://www.rappler.com/nation/mindanao/clean-energy-advocates-call-rehabilitation-mindanao-hydropower-plants/

TITLE: Clean energy advocates call for speedy rehabilitation of Mindanao's hydropower plants

AUTHOR: Bobby Lagsa

DATE PUBLISHED: July 11, 2022

KEY INFO: The Marcos administration was urged by organizations that support the use of clean and renewable energy to begin the restoration of Mindanao's main hydroelectric power plant and lessen the South's reliance on coal-fired power facilities. It comes as a result of the government allowing Mindanao to virtually double its reliance on coal-fired power facilities over the past ten years, from 232 MW to 2,089 MW.

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The Center for Ecology, Energy, and Development says the government allowed Mindanao to increase its dependence on coal-fired power plants nearly 10 times - from 232 MW to 2,089 MW - during the last decade

CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, Philippines - Groups advocating the use of clean and renewable energy called on the Marcos administration to start the rehabilitation of Mindanao's primary generator of hydroelectric power, and reduce the South's dependence on coal-fired power plants.

Coal-fired power plants generate 2,263 megawatts (MW), accounting for 51% of Mindanao's power mix, while hydroelectric power plants produce 1,158.17 MW or 26%, and oil-based power plants generate 771.20 MW or 17%.

Mindanao generates 104.48 MW of geothermal power, 79.98 MW of solar power, and 66.30 MW from biomass.

The Center for Ecology, Energy, and Development (CEED) said the government allowed Mindanao to increase its dependence on coal-fired power plants nearly 10 times - from 232 MW to 2,089 MW - during the last decade.

"This (rehabilitation of hydroelectric power plants) is certainly a welcome direction. We hope this is a sign that lessons were learned on how unwise it was to flood Mindanao with coal, which only burdened communities and consumers with pollution and higher electricity rates," said Gerry Arances, CEED executive director.

Mylah Faye Cariño, director for Northern Mindanao of the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), said the rehabilitation of the Agus-Pulangi Hydro Power Complex (APHPC) has been delayed since 2019, the year it was green-lit by the Regional Development Council of Northern Mindanao.

According to the Department of Finance (DOF), the proposed P16.7-billion rehabilitation was still being fine-tuned by the government along with the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM) and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR).

The hydroelectric power complex, which consists of seven run-of-river hydroelectric power plants, is located in the Lanao and Bukidnon provinces, generating 600 MW of its 1,001-MW capacity.

Officials said the proposed rehabilitation would extend the APHPC's life by another 30 years.

Engineer David Tauli, director of the Mindanao-based Institute of Power Sector Economics (IPSEC), "The Agus-Pulangi plants must be rehabilitated, but it should be done properly, with full transparency on the part of national government officials."

NAPOCOR senior vice president Melchor Ridulme said the first phase of the planned rehabilitation project would improve the APHPC facilities that have a generating capacity of 417.1 MW, and the second phase would ensure a stable supply of another 515 MW from the Agus I, Agus II, and the Pulangi IV power plants.

Cariño said the government is pushing for more renewable energy projects in Mindanao.

"Our concern is to ensure that we have more than ample supply of energy for Mindanao. We want to change, and have more power coming from renewables," Cariño said.

Arances said sustainability advocates, consumers, communities, and local stakeholders in Mindanao have long been urging the government to prioritize the rehabilitation of the Agus-Pulangi system.

He also called on the government to have a comprehensive plan on how the country would tap renewable energy sources in Mindanao.

"This rehabilitation project cannot be a token effort for sustainability, which it will be if plans to eventually phase out coal and to halt the planned entry of another dirty energy source - fossil gas - are nowhere in sight," Arances said. - Rappler.com

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Clean energy advocates call for speedy rehabilitation of Mindanao's hydropower plants

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The Center for Ecology, Energy, and Development says the government allowed Mindanao to increase its dependence on coal-fired power plants nearly 10 times - from 232 MW to 2,089 MW - during the last decade CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, Philippines - Groups advocating the use of clean and renewable energy called on the Marcos administration to start the rehabilitation of Mindanao's primary generator of hydroelectric power, and reduce the South's dependence on coal-fired power plants.

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URL: https://gec.jp/jcm/projects/22pro_phl_02/

TITLE: 14.5MW Mini Hydro Power Plant Project in Siguil River in Mindanao

AUTHOR: The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)

DATE PUBLISHED: August 7, 2022

KEY INFO: By building a run-of-river micro hydroelectric power plant using water resources in the municipality of Maasim, southern Mindanao Island, this project seeks to reduce CO2 emissions. By substituting renewable energy for grid electricity, this initiative helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It also helps to realize a sustainable society by addressing the rising demand for electricity brought on by economic growth.

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Home / Projects / 14.5MW Mini Hydro Power Plant Project in Siguil River in Mindanao

14.5MW Mini Hydro Power Plant Project in Siguil River in Mindanao

Representative Participant

Toyota Tsusho Corporation

Partner Participant: Alsons Consolidated Resources, Inc., / Alsons Renewable Energy Corporation / Siguil Hydro Power Corporation

Outline of GHG Mitigation Activity

This project aims to reduce CO2 emissions by constructing a run-of-river mini hydroelectric power plant 14.5 MW (14.5 X 1 unit) utilizing water resources in　municipality of Maasim, southern Mindanao Island.
This project contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by replacing grid electricity with renewable energy and also contribute to the realization of a sustainable society by addressing the growing demand for electricity necessitated by economy growth.

Expected GHG Emission Reductions

41,574 tCO2-eq./year

= (Reference CO2 emissions)
- (Project CO2 Emission)

・　Reference CO2 emissions
= Quantity of the electricity generated by the
project 88,835 [MWh/year]
×Emission Factor 0.533 [tCO2/MWh]

・ Project CO2 Emissions = 0 tCO2/year

Site of JCM Project

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14.5MW Mini Hydro Power Plant Project in Siguil River in Mindanao | JCM The Joint Crediting Mechanism

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Home / Projects / 14.5MW Mini Hydro Power Plant Project in Siguil River in Mindanao 14.5MW Mini Hydro Power Plant Project in Siguil River in Mindanao Representative Participant Toyota Tsusho Corporation Partner Participant: Alsons Consolidated Resources, Inc., / Alsons Renewable Energy Corporation / Siguil Hydro Power Corporation This project aims to reduce CO2 emissions by constructing a run-of-river mini hydroelectric power plant 14.5 MW (14.5 X 1 unit) utilizing water resources in　municipality of Maasim, southern Mindanao Island.

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URL: https://youtu.be/p-6JqnXQAtM

TITLE: The Philippines Hydropower Potential

AUTHOR: Behind Philippines

DATE PUBLISHED: August 13, 2022

KEY INFO: The Philippines is a nation riched with hydropower potential. It has been considered among the most relevant sources of energy throughout the past decades. This paved the way for initiatives to harness such a power-generating scheme.

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URL: https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1188901

TITLE: P3.3-B hydropower to boost power supply in DavOr town

AUTHOR: By Che Palicte

DATE PUBLISHED: November 18, 2022

KEY INFO: DAVAO CITY – Residents of Caraga town in Davao Oriental province will soon benefit from the PHP3.3 billion worth of hydropower project, which consists of three mini-hydropower plants with a total capacity of 20.9 megawatts.

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URL:  https://hi-in.facebook.com/ptvnewsmindanao/videos/ptv-news-mindanao-november-18-2022-mga-konsumante-sa-pulangi-iv-hydroelectric-po/2030851590434094/

TITLE:  PTV NEWS MINDANAO |  Mga konsumante sa Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Power plant, nakabenepisyo sa baratong electricity rates

AUTHOR: PTV NEWS MINDANAO

DATE PUBLISHED: November 18, 2022

KEY INFO: Many people are agreeing about the project Hydropower in the area of Mindanao to conserve and have sustainable energy in their place.

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PTV NEWS MINDANAO, NOVEMBER 18, 2022 |  Mga konsumante sa Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Power plant, nakabenepisyo sa baratong electricity rates | PTV NEWS MINDANAO, NOVEMBER 18, 2022 | 
Mga konsumante sa Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Power plant, nakabenepisyo sa baratong electricity rates | By PTV Davao | Facebook

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27 हज़ार views, 702 likes, 14 loves, 7 comments, 43 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from PTV Davao: PTV NEWS MINDANAO, NOVEMBER 18, 2022 | 
Mga konsumante sa Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Power plant,...

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URL: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/hydro-energy-vertical-poster-with-funny-creative-vector-42203676

TITLE: HYDRO POWER

AUTHOR: Double_Brain

DATE PUBLISHED: No Date

KEY INFO: The poster mentions how hydro energy is efficient, flexible, clean, and reliable. This could be related to the research's context as it educates the people about what hydropower is and the benefits it provides.

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Hydro energy vertical poster with funny creative vector image on VectorStock

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Hydro energy vertical poster with funny creative character. Portrait print. Ecological power, zero emissions. Ecology, global warming, clean future. Editable vector illustration in a cartoon style. Download a free preview or high-quality Adobe Illustrator (ai), EPS, PDF vectors and high-res JPEG and PNG images.