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1865 - End of the American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction 

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1865 - End of the American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction 

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As the Civil War ended, the Southern States had to reconstruct government and society. The political and social rights of the newly freed Americans would become an important part of the post-war period.

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The ruling in this Supreme Court case upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed for some equal and some separate accommodations for both white and colored races. During the Reconstruction the Black Americans political rights were backed by three amendments and multiple laws passed by congress.

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The Great Migration was a significant event in American history, characterized by the mass movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North and Midwest between 1916 and 1970. Driven by the desire to escape racial segregation, discrimination, and violence, African Americans sought better economic opportunities, living conditions, and freedom in the North and Midwest. This migration had a profound impact on American society, culture, and politics, and played a crucial role in the growth of the Civil Rights Movement.

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A black boy was swimming in the ocean when his raft floated across the white side's line causing a fight. The white men started throwing rocks at the boys on the raft, Eugene was one killed by the rocks. This caused an outrage and the Chicago race riots began.

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The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that took place in the 1920s and 1930s in Harlem, New York. It was a time when African American artists, writers, musicians, and intellectuals produced a wealth of creative works that reflected their experiences and perspectives. The movement included a wide range of artistic expressions, from literature, poetry, and music to visual arts, theater, and dance. The Harlem Renaissance played a significant role in the development of African American identity and pride, and it contributed to the broader cultural and social changes taking place in the United States at the time.

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Redlining is a discriminatory practice where financial institutions refuse or restrict access to loans, credit, and other financial services to people residing in particular neighborhoods due to their income, ethnicity, or race. It was prevalent in the US between the 1930s and 1960s and led to racial segregation and economic disparities in various cities. The name "redlining" was derived from the practice of drawing red lines on maps to identify areas that were considered high-risk or unsuitable for investment, mainly based on racial or ethnic characteristics. Even though it is prohibited by law, the consequences of redlining continue to impact several communities to this day.

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Mahatma Gandhi, commonly known as "Bapu," was a revered political and spiritual figure in India who advocated for nonviolent resistance as a means of bringing about social and political change. He firmly believed in the power of passive resistance and civil disobedience as tools to challenge oppressive systems and unjust laws. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence, known as ahimsa, has had a profound impact on various movements for civil rights and freedom globally, including the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa led by Nelson Mandela, and the American civil rights movement, which was headed by Martin Luther King Jr. Today, Gandhi's legacy continues to inspire various social and political movements worldwide.

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Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided in 1954. The case involved a group of African American students who were denied admission to certain public schools in Kansas because of their race. The Court declared that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, overturning the doctrine of "separate but equal" established in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. The decision had far-reaching effects on American society and the civil rights movement, and it marked a turning point in the legal and social struggle for racial equality in the United States.

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A 14 year old black boy was murdered by two older white men. This was because Emmett wolf whistled at a lady in a general store in Money, Mississippi while he was with his cousins. Till's beaten body was found down a river by fishermen a couple days later. Till's mother held an open casket funeral where Emmett's body was shown, mutilated and unrecognizable to his family. When the case was taken to court for his murder the men were acquitted within an hour, causing the people to be even more furious and the outrage to grow larger.

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9 African American Students were chosen to attend a public school in Arkansas. The students were put through intense mental training to see if they could withstand the pressure and discrimination they will be challenged with. One of the students could not hold it in and fought back against the racism, she was later expelled.

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The bus boycott was a protest against racial discrimination that occurred in Montgomery, Alabama, between 1955 and 1956. It was initiated after the arrest of Rosa Parks, an African American woman who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) in organizing the boycott, which lasted for 381 days. African Americans refused to ride the buses, causing significant financial losses to the bus companies. As a result, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional, making the bus boycott a significant event in the civil rights movement and an important moment in the fight for racial equality in the US.

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In February, 1960, four college students in Greensboro, North Carlina started a revolution. They would sit down at a white only bar and be told they will not be served, but they decided to peacefully wait there until they closed. They continued doing this, gathering more people and more people, going through tough parts where many were arrested. Eventually the restaurant listened to them and began serving the African American people.

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1963 - Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream” Speech 

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1963 - Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream” Speech 

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Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The speech is widely recognized as one of the most influential and powerful speeches in American history, advocating for an end to racial discrimination and segregation in the United States. King spoke of his dream for a world where people are judged not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. Through his words and passionate delivery, King inspired millions of people to join the civil rights movement and fight for justice and equality. The speech helped to motivate public opinion and pave the way for significant legislative changes, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which aimed to protect the rights of African Americans and other minorities in the United States.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a pivotal legislation in the United States that forced an end  to discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, and it remains one of the most important civil rights achievements in American history. Its effects were far-reaching and had significant implications for social justice and equality. The Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination in areas such as voting, education, employment, and public accommodations. This Act was a major win for the civil rights movement and pushed for further progress towards equality in the US.

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The Selma to Montgomery march was a 50-mile protest for voting rights for African Americans. Police violently attacked marchers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge, an event that became known as Bloody Sunday. The march succeeded in raising awareness and securing voting rights for African Americans with the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "How Long, Not Long" speech at the end of the march, calling for nonviolent protest until all citizens had equal voting rights.

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a federal law enacted in the United States with the primary aim of eliminating racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 6, 1965. The Act put an end to literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices that had long been used to prevent African Americans from voting. It also authorized the appointment of federal examiners to register voters and made it illegal to use poll taxes. This Act was a significant victory for the civil rights movement, ensuring that all citizens, regardless of their race or ethnicity, had an equal opportunity to participate in the democratic process. The Voting Rights Act has been amended and updated over the years to extend its protections against discrimination in voting, most recently in 2006.

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Malcolm X, a prominent advocate of Black nationalism during the Civil Rights movement, was assassinated on February 21, 1965, in New York City. He was shot multiple times by three gunmen while speaking at the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan. The assassins were members of the Nation of Islam, an organization that Malcolm X had previously been a part of but had split from due to his outspoken criticism of its leader, Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm X's death was a significant blow to the Civil Rights movement, as he was known for his powerful speeches and activism against racial inequality. His ideas and teachings continue to inspire generations of activists today, as his legacy lives on as a symbol of the fight for justice and equality.

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1968 - Martin Luther King Jr Assassination 

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1968 - Martin Luther King Jr Assassination 

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On April 4, 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent civil rights leader in the United States, was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. As he stood on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel, a shot rang out, fired by James Earl Ray, a fugitive and white supremacist. The murder of King caused widespread outrage and led to protests across the country, with some turning violent. The event remains a significant moment in American history, symbolizing the end of an era of nonviolent civil rights activism and fueling the ongoing struggle for racial justice. Even today, the assassination of Dr. King continues to inspire calls for equality and an end to racial discrimination.

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The Fair Housing Act is a federal law in the US that prohibits discrimination in housing based on protected characteristics, such as race, religion, and disability. It was enacted in 1968 to promote inclusive communities and equal access to housing opportunities. The law is enforced by the Department of Housing and Urban Development and violations can result in penalties and damages. Overall, the Fair Housing Act helps to ensure that everyone has a fair chance to find safe and comfortable homes.

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The Stonewall riots occurred on June 28, 1969, when members of the LGBTQ+ community protested a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City. These demonstrations were marked by violence and lasted for several days, leading to a significant turning point in the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement. The Stonewall riots inspired political organization and activism within the community, becoming a symbol of resistance and a catalyst for change.