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1865 - End of American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction

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1865 - End of American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction

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As the Civil War ended, the Southern States had to reconstruct government and society. The political and social rights of the millions of newly freed Americans would become an important part of the post-war period.

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Homer Plessy was an activist who challenged racial segregation and eventually made it to the Supreme Court. It resulted in the legalization of Jim Crow laws and was a setback for racial reform.

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The summer of 1919 was an outbreak of racial violence. The murder of Eugene Williams sparked the Chicago Race Riot that lasted for 8 days and resulted in about 500 people injured.

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This decade was full of art, music, and dancing, and was a cultural time of black history. During the Harlem Renaissance, many African Americans migrated from the South to the North, and since they were looking for economic and creative opportunities, many neighborhoods were developed and became rich in cultural activity, like Harlem.

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A white mob attacked the the homes and businesses of Tulsa, Oklahoma, including Black Wall Street in Greenwood District. It was mainly caused by jealousy of the blacks' success, and the elevator encounter between Dick Rowland and Sarah Page.

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On March 12, 1930, Gandhi and 60,000 of his followers marched 241 miles to the coastal town of Dandi. Since the British government had prohibited Indians from obtaining salt on their own, forcing them to buy it from their British rulers, Gandhi organized a non-violent protest.

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Oliver Brown and several other families sued the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, arguing that their children should be able to attend local all-white schools. They protested that having schools separated by race was violating the Fourteenth Amendment, and eventually resulted in a unanimous desegregation verdict. This trial marked the origin of the gradual desegregation of schools in the United States.

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When she was only 15, Claudette Colvin refused to give her up seat to a white woman on March 2, 1955. Even before Rosa Parks, Colvin was the first to really challenge bus segregation laws. Arguing that it was her constitutional right since she had paid her fare, Claudette Colvin went on to court in Browder v. Gayle, successfully overturning bus segregation laws in both Alabama and Montgomery.

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In Money, Mississippi, Emmett Till was a 14 year old boy who was murdered for whistling at a white woman. His mother and Moses Wright both testified at the trial, but the two men who murdered him were found not guilty by an all-white jury. His death sparked the Civil Rights Movement because his open casket revealed the cruelty of the South toward Black Americans.

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On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks challenged the racial laws of her city by refusing to give her seat up to a white man. She was arrested, fingerprinted, and briefly imprisoned. Her arrest sparked the 381 day Montgomery Bus Boycott, and then lead to a 1956 Supreme Court decision that banned segregation on public transportation.

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Nine black students were chosen to start desegregating the schools of Little Rock, Arkansas. When the students arrived, they faced crowds yelling obscenities and throwing objects at them, along with the National Guard preventing the students from entering the school. Eventually, they received support from President Eisenhower and were able to attend, with one graduating.

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1962 - National Farm Workers Association

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1962 - National Farm Workers Association

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In 1962, the NFWA was founded in Delano, California. Cesar Chávez and other activists were devoted to defending the rights of farm workers and improving their lives. They used non-violence to negotiate improved labor contracts and organized peaceful protests.

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March 7, 1964 - Selma to Montgomery March

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March 7, 1964 - Selma to Montgomery March

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Led by SNCC chairman John Lewis and others, about 25,000 protesters marched 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. Governor Wallace would have received national recognition if the marchers crossed Edmund Pettus Bridge, so he sent troopers to beat them. The event was broadcasted for the whole nation to see, making it known as "an American tragedy."

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After Governor Wallace blocks Alabama University, the last segregated school system, in June of 1963, President Lyndon B Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act in July 1964, calling it a "turning point in history." The act prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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February 21, 1965 - Malcolm X's Assassination

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February 21, 1965 - Malcolm X's Assassination

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Malcolm X was one of the movement's most influential leaders, who believed in using "any means necessary to bring about justice." Unlike Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X grew up in poverty, believing that whites are the root of evil, and that blacks should live separately from them. He later went on holy pilgrimage to Mecca, stopped preaching separatism, and was assassinated.

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August 6, 1965 - Voting Rights Act of 1965

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August 6, 1965 - Voting Rights Act of 1965

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On August 6 of 1965, President Lyndon B Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act, prohibiting racial discrimination in voting. It banned the use of literacy tests and authorized investigations of poll taxes. Shortly after the act was signed, 9,000 blacks registered to vote.

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April 4, 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr's Assassination

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April 4, 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr's Assassination

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Martin Luther King Jr. was a Civil Rights Leader who believed in non-violent, peaceful protest. He delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in August of 1963, one of the most famous in American history. But in 1968, according to the FBI, MLK was assassinated by James Earl Ray.

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On June 28, 1969, New York City police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay club. It sparked riots that lasted for four days and consisted of numerous protests and fights between law enforcement and patrons. It started the gay rights movement, and Stonewall Inn was declared a National Monument by President Obama in 2016.

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1972 - Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1972

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1972 - Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1972

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The act prohibits gender discrimination in any education program receiving federal financial assistance. No person can be excluded from participation in, denied benefits from, or be discriminated against.

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1998 - Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Promoted to General

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1998 - Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Promoted to General

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In 1998, Benjamin O. Davis was promoted to a four-star general, making him the first Black general in the United States Air Force. Like his father, Benjamin O. Davis Sr., Jr. broke racial barriers and was also the first Black commander of an integrated fighter wing.