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A vessel from Hong Kong arrives in Manila with cholera on its bill of health. Shortly afterward, the first cases of cholera were discovered in a barrio called Farola near the mouth of the Pasig River. [Key Event]

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December 12, 2019

A cluster of patients in China’s Hubei Province, in the city of Wuhan, begin to experience the symptoms of an atypical pneumonia-like illness that does not respond well to standard treatments.

December 31, 2019

The World Health Organization (WHO) is alerted to cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.[Key Event]

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January 7, 2020

Chinese authorities identify a novel coronavirus as the cause of the pneumonia cases, later named SARS-CoV-2.

January 11, 2020

China reports the first death from the novel coronavirus and publishes a draft genome of the newly discovered coronavirus suspected of causing the outbreak.

January 20, 2020

The first case of COVID-19 outside of China is reported in Thailand.

January 30, 2020

The WHO declares the COVID-19 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).

February 11, 2020

The disease caused by the novel coronavirus is officially named COVID-19 by the WHO.

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March 11, 2020

The WHO declares the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic, acknowledging its global impact.

March 13, 2020

A state of emergency is declared in the United States, marking the beginning of widespread public health measures and lockdowns.

April 2, 2020

The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide surpasses one million.

May 27, 2020

The United States records its highest single-day death toll from COVID-19, with over 1,500 deaths.

June 8, 2020

The World Health Organization reports that dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, is the first drug shown to reduce mortality in severe COVID-19 cases. [Key Event]

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Cholera spreads swiftly up the Pasig River arteries, reaching the Mariquina valley and the coastal towns of Laguna de Bay. [Key Event]

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July 7, 2020

The European Union launches the EU COVID-19 Vaccines Strategy to secure vaccine doses for member states.

August 11, 2020

Russia became the first country to approve a COVID-19 vaccine, named Sputnik V, for public use.

September 21, 2020

The global death toll from COVID-19 surpasses one million.

November 9, 2020

Pfizer and BioNTech announce that their COVID-19 vaccine has shown over 90% effectiveness in late-stage clinical trials. [Key Event]

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January 16, 2021

China approves its first homegrown COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinovac Biotech for general use.

February 24, 2021

The United States surpassed 500,000 deaths from COVID-19.

April 19, 2021

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) confirms a possible link between the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and rare blood clotting events.

June 1, 2021

The WHO approves the Chinese Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use. [Key Event]

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July 27, 2021

The United States recommends that vaccinated individuals wear masks indoors in areas with high transmission rates due to the Delta variant.

September 22, 2021

The WHO announced the global death toll from COVID-19 has surpassed 4.5 million people.

December 1, 2021

The first case of the Omicron variant in the U.S. is detected by the California and San Francisco Departments of Public Health. [Key Event]

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There was a rise in the first half due to the Delta and Omicron Variant but as vaccinations and boosters remained consistent along with the health education, numbers started decreasing again. [Key Event]

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The cholera epidemic spreads throughout the country, devastating the Philippines.

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All ports in the region, including the lake towns of Laguna, are closed as part of General J. Franklin Bell's effort to force Malvar's capitulation. [Key Event]

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Early February 1904

The cholera epidemic lingers on until early February 1904. The epidemic claims a total of 109,461 deaths, with 4,386 deaths in Manila.

April 16, 1904

General Miguel Malvar, a Filipino guerrilla leader, surrenders due to the reconcentration in zones and the extinction of food supplies in the country.

April 19, 1904

Restrictions on trade and travel in the region are supposed to be lifted after Malvar's surrender. However, the cholera outbreak forces the ports to remain closed for precautionary measures.

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Late April 1904

Cholera sweeps through the region, and reserve rice runs out in some towns.

May 1, 1904

Ports are opened, and the disease rapidly spreads from the ports to the country. Infected individuals, including Filipinos and occasional Americans, manage to land surreptitiously.

June 1904

Cholera outbreak intensifies in the region, and people in towns like San Juan, Batangas, are dying, primarily due to starvation.

Mid-June 1904

Cholera spreads in virulent epidemic form in Laguna, Batangas, and the adjacent part of the province of Tayabas. [Key Event]

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Cholera:

Quarantine protocols along with sanitation work were implemented. However, these quarantine lines disrupted the flow of food for many Filipinos with most deliverables being only from the US Commissary. This caused a rebellion that had smuggling and chaos. Furthermore, with the disease spreading rapidly, quarantine was not feasible and detention camps along with cholera hospitals were set up in Manila and provincial towns.

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CoViD-19:

Travel Restrictions were done such as limitations of flight, public transportation, and use of private vehicles. Moreover, in the Philippines, Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) initiated the lockdowns where there were varying stages of allowable people doing their day-to-day jobs. Testing and Contact Tracing were also done to prevent further contamination when someone has CoVid. Moreover, a Social Amelioration Program provided financial assistance to vulnerable sectors affected by the pandemic along with a Public Awareness Campaign for health education and further knowledge. Near the end, a Vaccination Program with free CoViD-19 vaccines initiated collective immunity.

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Cholera:

The competent American doctors and public health officers supervised the measures as the Americans came along. Most places, especially those with large populations had quarantines. They had coastal quarantines to ensure containment among places with water, but it was not entirely reliable as there were still contaminations. Moreover, health education was essential but it was not properly sustained with the lack of relations and mutual understanding.

The Americans still implemented and pushed through other measures— strict quarantines and house-to-house inspections were the main strategies for prevention. Strict confinement and an American medicine,  purely biological and physical

entity, a foreign agent from a healthy individual was used to heal. Though, there were certain points when the Americans did not want to push through with their help. Chief Quarantine Officer J. C. Perry, stating the Filipinos were ignorant and wished that he was dealing with intelligent Americans or Europeans instead. Smuggling of food was evident with the disruption so besides Cholera, another health concern, hunger, could cause fatalities. This was not addressed properly and there was further aggression as smuggling and Filipinos aimed to help each other causing a dilemma of understanding that they need to eat but acknowledging that this leads to contamination. Quarantines were eventually lifted.

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CoViD-19:

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, various public health measures were implemented worldwide to control the spread of the virus. These measures included social distancing, which involved maintaining physical distance, avoiding large gatherings, and minimizing non-essential travel. Lockdowns and stay-at-home orders were imposed, requiring people to stay at home except for essential activities. Wearing face masks in public places became widespread, and hand hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing and sanitizing were emphasized.

Governments implemented travel restrictions and border controls to limit the importation and exportation of cases. Testing, contact tracing, and isolation efforts were made to identify and isolate infected individuals. Enhanced sanitation and cleaning protocols were implemented in public spaces, and remote work and virtual learning became common to reduce in-person interactions. These measures aimed to minimize close contact and reduce the risk of transmission.

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Cholera:

With 166,252 cases and 109,461 deaths, the impact of Cholera in the Philippines was certainly notable. Many crops, fields, homes, health, and families were destroyed by the disease with a simultaneous war.  Economic and social hardships were evident with the strict measures of quarantine which ultimately hindered Filipinos' health as well. A strain with the authority of Americans also pushed for drives to win wars. This was a start, a prompt to strengthen healthcare as Filipinos.

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CoViD-19:

The worldwide impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been severe, with millions of infections and nearly five million deaths reported by late October 2021. This has caused a significant decline in economic activities across all industries globally. Businesses have been adversely affected, facing higher expenses, decreased sales, and labor-related difficulties like pay cuts and job losses. Furthermore, the pandemic has also had a detrimental effect on education.

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The world has been greatly affected by both the cholera epidemic and CoViD-19 pandemic but they have similarities and differences in how they were handled. However, on the front of government responses, both outbreaks demanded decisive actions from governments. In this regard, travel restrictions, quarantine protocols, and emergency response systems have been put in place to control the spread of these diseases. On the scale and speed of these responses, however, there are significant disparities. The COVID-19 pandemic has seen many global government actions being taken swiftly due to its high rate of transmission. Governments imposed strict lockdowns, and compulsory mask-wearing as well as embarked on mass vaccination campaigns against COVID-19. Conversely, cholera epidemics tend to remain local leading less national reactions. To some extent, public health interventions for cholera and COVID-19 have helped to reduce their impact on the population at large.

Both diseases’ transmission was reduced through enhanced sanitation services including access to clean water sources while promoting hygiene among people who were educated through public outreach programs about prevention and management of these ailments also played a crucial role here. However, the primary way that these two diseases are transferred is different. Cholera is largely spread by dirty water and food while COVID-19 mostly transmits through air droplets. Because of this, the focus on public health interventions differs. Cholera control centers more on ensuring clean water and sanitary infrastructure while COVID-19 control emphasizes wearing masks, social distancing, and getting vaccinated.

The societal impacts of both cholera and COVID-19 have been huge. Both have caused significant illness, fatalities as well as dislocations in economies. They have also increased inequalities and vulnerabilities of marginalized communities making these communities bear a heavier brunt. Nonetheless, the magnitudes and durations of these repercussions vary. On a global scale, the CoViD-19 pandemic has had more far-reaching effects over a longer period than any other single event in history thus affecting all aspects of life universally (WHO). Healthcare systems have collapsed; economies crumbled; education stopped; and mental health deteriorated (WHO). Conversely, though lethal to the affected regions when they occur, cholera epidemics tend to be localized with shorter spans.

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We firmly believe that the effectiveness for both containment was very effective— until it isn't. At the start, when there's a fear about the uncertainty of the ongoing disease, but with other factors coming into play, fewer people will detach from aiming to follow. The establishment of quarantines was set for both. During the cholera outbreak, the ones with authority were colonizers, Filipinos went hungry, and they had an ongoing war. Containing the ones your hurting, even if its in a different situation, will not progress into an effective change. These decisions and compliance must come from within, and with hunger and loss of jobs being affected by agreeing, Filipinos were bound to rebel. They may have agreed at first but as time went by, things happen and they'll start disagreeing. Yet, with the CoViD situation, the varying beliefs and outstanding autonomy ultimately made people unwilling to wear masks, stay at home, quarantine, and vaccinate, there's a presence of outside factors being unable to push for continuous prevention and promotion. With the death tolls for both being very high, it reflects the effectiveness of how the situation was handled, but also by how people were willing to comply according to their situation.

Moreover, public officials often knew what needed to be done. With Cholera, they understood how the contamination happens and could provide the proper medicines for it. However, they are unable to do the strict quarantines given that Filipinos smuggled food, which is a risk for transmission. During CoViD, some public health officials in the Philippines were subpar but some were also good along with the foreign officials. The challenge was anti-maskers, anti-vaxxers, and anti-quarantine persons who insisted they were immune or believed that a global crisis was a hoax. Ultimately for both, public health officials often had a challenge with disobedience.

We have witnessed the varying stories and perspectives of hardships faced during this time but the most notable aspect was how history repeats itself. The lesson learned from both outbreaks is that the Philippines is always unprepared, whether for economic or health setbacks, these challenges pose a threat to our stability as a nation. Changes must be made internally to correct but will take an extremely long time. We've learned in our major subjects as student nurses the need for three Ps to maintain a sound community— prevention, promotion, and prolonging of life. Yet with the numbers shown and stories heard, these needs are not met.

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May 5, 2023

The World Health Organization ended the global emergency status for CoViD-19.

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August 1904

Reports indicate that there is scarcity of rice in some towns, which becomes an important factor in the cholera situation. and general Miguel Malvar petitions for continued rice aid to prevent suffering from becoming a demographic disaster.

December 1904

Sanitation work by the American Army begins, aiming to cleanse the regions and eradicate cholera. [Key Event]