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Today's mission is to embark on an exciting journey into the life of a cell. Get ready to dive deep into the microscopic world and explore the fascinating phases of the cell cycle. But hold on because there's a twist – you're not just studying cells, you're crafting a shiny brochure for a brand new cell.

Are you ready to tackle all the adventures that lie ahead. Your task? To prepare this cell for its extraordinary journey through life.

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This article is your ticket to unlocking the secrets of how cells were first spotted. I want you to read this article and familiarize yourself with the vocab before you do anything else!

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Although they are externally very different, internally, an elephant, a sunflower, and an amoeba are all made of the same building blocks. From the single cells that make up the most basic organisms to the trillions of cells that constitute the complex structure of the human body, each and every living being on Earth is comprised of cells. This idea, part of the cell theory, is one of the central tenants of biology. Cell theory also states that cells are the basic functional unit of living organisms and that all cells come from other cells. Although this knowledge is foundational today, scientists did not always know about cells.

The discovery of the cell would not have been possible if not for advancements to the microscope. Interested in learning more about the microscopic world, scientist Robert Hooke improved the design of the existing compound microscope in 1665. His microscope used three lenses and a stage light, which illuminated and enlarged the specimens. These advancements allowed Hooke to see something wondrous when he placed a piece of cork under the microscope. Hooke detailed his observations of this tiny and previously unseen world in his book, Micrographia. To him, the cork looked as if it was made of tiny pores, which he came to call "cells" because they reminded him of the cells in a monastery.

In observing the cork's cells, Hooke noted in Micrographia that, "I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular... these pores, or cells,...were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this..."

Not long after Hooke's discovery, Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek detected other hidden, minuscule organisms-bacteria and protozoa. It was unsurprising that van Leeuwenhoek would make such a discovery. He was a master microscope maker and perfected the design of the simple microscope (which only had a single lens), enabling it to magnify an object by around two hundred to three hundred times its original size. What van Leeuwenhoek saw with these microscopes was bacteria and protozoa, but he called these tiny creatures "animalcules."

Van Leeuwenhoek became fascinated. He went on to be the first to observe and describe spermatozoa in 1677. He even took a look at the plaque between his teeth under the microscope. In a letter to the Royal Society, he wrote, "I then most always saw, with great wonder, that in the said matter there were many very little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving."

In the nineteenth century, biologists began taking a closer look at both animal and plant tissues, perfecting cell theory. Scientists could readily tell that plants were completely made up of cells due to their cell wall. However, this was not so obvious for animal cells, which lack a cell wall. Many scientists believed that animals were made of "globules."

German scientists Theodore Schwann and Mattias Schleiden studied cells of animals and plants respectively. These scientists identified key differences between the two cell types and put forth the idea that cells were the fundamental units of both plants and animals.

However, Schwann and Schleiden misunderstood how cells grow. Schleiden believed that cells were "seeded" by the nucleus and grew from there. Similarly, Schwann claimed that animal cells "crystalized" from the material between other cells. Eventually, other scientists began to uncover the truth. Another piece of the cell theory puzzle was identified by Rudolf Virchow in 1855, who stated that all cells are generated by existing cells.

At the turn of the century, attention began to shift toward cytogenetics, which aimed to link the study of cells to the study of genetics. In the 1880s, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri were responsible for identifying the chromosome as the hub for heredity-forever linking genetics and cytology. Later discoveries further confirmed and solidified the role of the cell in heredity, such as James Watson and Francis Crick's studies on the structure of DNA.

The discovery of the cell continued to impact science one hundred years later, with the discovery of stem cells, the undifferentiated cells that have yet to develop into more specialized cells. Scientists began deriving embryonic stem cells from mice in the 1980s, and in 1998, James Thomson isolated human embryonic stem cells and developed cell lines. His work was then published in an article in the journal Science. It was later discovered that adult tissues, usually skin, could be reprogrammed into stem cells and then form other cell types. These cells are known as induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are now used to treat many conditions such as Alzheimer's and heart disease.

The discovery of the cell has had a far greater impact on science than Hooke could have ever dreamed in 1665. In addition to giving us a fundamental understanding of the building blocks of all living organisms, the discovery of the cell has led to advances in medical technology and treatment. Today, scientists are working on personalized medicine, which would allow us to grow stem cells from our very own cells and then use them to understand disease processes. All of this and more grew from a single observation of the cell in a cork.

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History of the Cell: Discovering the Cell

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Initially discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, the cell has a rich and interesting history that has ultimately given way to many of today's scientific advancements.

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Watch this awesome video and jot down notes on the epic phases that cells journey through. It's time to unravel the mysteries of cell life.

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Use Google Slides to Create Your Brochure!

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Use Google Slides to Create Your Brochure!

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Now that you have read the article and watched the video. You will use google slides to create your brochure. Each slide needs to be dedicated to a specific phase of the cell. There will be 6 slides total: Title Slide, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and the final slide needs to be your advice for the cell embarking on this wonderful journey!

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Use my example to help build your project!

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Use these resources for additional help as you navigate your project!

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Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply! (Updated)

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Image credit: Paul Andrews/Univ. Dundee. Source: Wellcome Collection. Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division). During mitosis one cell divides once to form two identical cells. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells.

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Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses. The chromatin coils and becomes increasingly compact, resulting in the formation of visible chromosomes. Chromosomes are made of a single piece of DNA that is highly organized. The replicated chromosomes have an X shape and are called sister chromatids. The sister chromatids are pairs of identical copies of DNA joined at a point called the centromere. Then, a structure called the mitotic spindle begins to form. The mitotic spindle is made of long proteins called microtubules that begin forming at opposite ends of the cell. The spindle will be responsible for separating the sister chromatids into two cells. Prophase is followed by the second phase of mitosis, known as prometaphase.

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Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, which is a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two, identical daughter cells

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Metaphase is a stage in the cell cycle where all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes. These chromosomes then become visible. During this stage, the nucleus disappears and the chromosomes appear in the cytoplasm of the cell. During this stage in human cells, the chromosomes then become visible under the microscope. As metaphase continues, the cells partition into the two daughter cells. Cells in metaphase are used in medical research to measure whether all of the chromosomes are present and whether or not they are all intact. This process of looking at chromosomes under the microscope is called karyotyping.

Lawrence C. Brody, Ph.D.

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Metaphase is a stage in the cell cycle where all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes. These chromosomes then become visible. During this stage, the nucleus disappears and the chromosomes appear in the cytoplasm of the cell. During this stage in human cells, the chromosomes then become visible under the microscope.

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

anaphase, in mitosis and meiosis, the stage of cell division in which separated chromatids (or homologous [like] chromosome pairs, as in the first meiotic division) move toward the opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. Anaphase is preceded by metaphase, in which the chromosomes line up along the midline of the cell, and is followed by telophase, which is the final step before the cell splits into two daughter cells.

In anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis, the abrupt shortening of the spindle microtubules separates each chromatid into a pair of chromosomes and pulls them to opposite ends of the cell. This ensures that each of the daughter cells will receive a complete set of chromosomes. In anaphase I of meiosis, it is the homologous chromosome pairs that are separated. The polar movement of the chromosomes or chromosome pairs is accomplished by the removal of tubulin proteins from specific microtubules of the spindle. As the chromosomes or chromosome pairs are migrating, the cell itself begins to elongate and the cell membrane starts to pinch at the midline.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Melissa Petruzzello.

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Anaphase | Definition, Mitosis, Summary, & Facts

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Anaphase, in mitosis and meiosis, the stage of cell division in which separated chromatids (or homologous [like] chromosome pairs, as in the first meiotic division) move toward the opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. Anaphase is preceded by metaphase, in which the chromosomes line up along the