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Cholera is caused by the bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.

- Bacteria live in waters that are somewhat salty and warm (estuaries and waters along coastal areas).

- The cholera toxin produces diarrhea and a sudden loss of fluids and electrolytes (salts) by causing the intestinal lining cells to discharge more water.

- Severe symptoms that include cramping in the legs, vomiting, and extreme diarrhea. It only takes a few hours for these symptoms to result in dehydration, septic shock, and even death.

The first cholera pandemic emerged in Jessore, India in 1817.

- It first stemmed from contaminated rice

- Symptoms may include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration.

- By 1820, the cholera had spread to China, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia (where over 100,000 people perished on the island of Java), Thailand, and Indonesia.

In 1821 it spread beyond Asia traveling from India to Oman to the Persian Gulf.

- The pandemic died 6 years after it began.

The second cholera started in 1829 spreading in Europe.

- The illness and authority people in general instilled fear in the populace, and doctors in particular came to be viewed with suspicion.

- The public started to assume that the cholera victims who were sent to hospitals were being subjected to "BURKING," or anatomical dissection, which led to cholera-related rioting in Liverpool.

Cholera today all began in Indonesia in 1971.

- It spread across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

- All cholera cases that have been reported to WHO were from the African continent.

- It killed 3,000 people in Peru in 1991 and spread to Ecuador, Brazil, Columbia, and Chile.

- 120 countries are currently affected by the current cholera pandemic but it is largely a disease of impoverished and less developed nations.

- An outbreak in Zimbabwe in 2008–2009 killed 4,200 people and affected about 97,000 others. Then came the earthquake and outbreak in Haiti in 2010–2011, which claimed 500,000 lives.

- In 2017, cholera outbreaks occurred in Somalia and Yemen, affecting 500,000 people and killing 2,000 in Yemen.

- According to the WHO, cholera killed between 21,000 and 143,000 people worldwide and infected 1.3–4 million people in the Philippines in 1902.

The first case of cholera was in Batangas, Philippines.

- The first cholera-confirmed patient was in the San Juan de Dios Hospital which harbors two patients exhibiting Asiatic Cholera.

- The disease spreads to the communities along the Pasig River, including Manila.

- In Bauan, the first-ever case of cholera infection in Batangas was verified. Additionally, the municipalities of Balayan, Batangas, Lipa, Taal, Lemery, Ibaan, San Juan de Bocboc, Tanauan, and San Jose all have verified cases.

- A startling 75% mortality rate resulted from the 3,093 individuals who were affected by the disease over the course of the year—2,340 of them would survive.

- The province lacks doctors, and the drinking water and personal hygiene standards are low because they were obtained from open wells or rivers.

- In Batangas, the total number of cases documented was 3,433, with 2,718 deaths; nonetheless, the Board of Health announced in 1904 that the epidemic had vanished from Luzon. It was an astounding 79% death rate.

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HOW SCIENTIST STUDIED AND HOW GOVERNMENT ACT UPON IT

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HOW SCIENTIST STUDIED AND HOW GOVERNMENT ACT UPON IT

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- Between 1852 and 1923, four further cholera epidemics occur.

- The 3rd pandemic was the most deadly of all. It infested Europe, Asian countries, North America, the Caribbean, and the continent of Africa.

- British physician John Snow, known among the first Fathers of Modern Epidemiology, plotted cases of cholera in London's Soho district, allowing him to locate the disease's origins. Source: A corroded public well pump.

- He somehow persuaded those in authority to take out the pump handle, causing the number of cases of cholera to plummet dramatically. The 4th and 5th outbreaks of cholera occurred from 1863 to 1875 and 1881 to 1896, respectively.

- It was a lesser threat than earlier epidemics.

- In 1883, Robert Koch, a German microbiologist and creator of modern bacteriology who studied in Egypt and Calcutta, established a way to characterize and demonstrate the existence of the pathogenic bacteria in the intestines that cause cholera.

- In 1854, Filippo Pacini, an Italian microbiologist, also identified the cholera bacteria and termed it cholerigenic vibrios, but it wasn't very well known and was most likely unknown to Koch.

- The nations of Great Britain as well as the United States of America were mainly protected from cholera after improving the quality of their drinking water and preventive systems.

Cholera in the Philippines

- As cholera was moving closely to the Philippines, the chief quarantine commander issued an order prohibiting the importation of fruits and vegetables and commanded medical professionals to be on surveillance for people who had cholera symptoms such as bowel issues or who appeared suspicious.

- Despite efforts by US authorities, the disease spread worldwide.

- Quarantine security officers were also stationed throughout every road, pathway, and stream leading out of Manila in an attempt to prevent the disease from spreading in the nearby provinces caused together by individuals who slipped quarantine by riding bancas or crossing fields rather than using roadways to get out of Manila.

- The Americans attempted to provide purified water, but many of the insufficiently educated suspected they were getting poisoned. After the first case of cholera was verified in Batangas, Batangueños were compelled to go into concentration camps and live with the US Army.

- It was an operational plan to deter civilians from aiding the insurgent actions.

- The concentration camp was believed to be unhealthy, and the number of mortality during the months of confinement was unusually high.

- There have been food shortages. - As a precaution, the Board of Health prohibits funeral services for the dead in Batangas cathedrals.

- There have been educational programs on staying away from getting infected.

- Free distilled water has been distributed, food products that are thought to be susceptible to carrying the pathogen have been restricted, and quarantines have been imposed in the contaminated areas.

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DISCOVERY OF COVID-19

• Experiencing symptoms of an atypical pneumonia-like illness

- December 12, 2019

- Hubei Province, China

- A cluster of patients in China’s Hubei Province, in the city of Wuhan, begin to experience the symptoms of an atypical pneumonia-like illness that does not respond well to standard treatments.

• Pneumonia Cases of Unknown Cause

- January 3-4, 2020

- Wuhan, China

- China informs WHO that they have identified over 40 cases of pneumonia. And The World Health Organization (WHO) announces that China has reported a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause (with no deaths) in Wuhan, China.

• CDC Notes Appearance of Novel Coronavirus Outbreak

- January 9, 2020

- Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China

- The CDC notes the appearance of a novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The CDC issues an interim travel health notice to people traveling to Wuhan City

• Name for New Coronavirus Disease: COVID-19

- February 11, 2020

- The WHO announces a name for the new coronavirus disease: COVID-19, a name that does not “refer to a geographical location, an animal, an individual or group of people, and which is also pronounceable and related to the disease.”

• WHO Declares Novel Coronavirus Outbreak a Pandemic

- March 11, 2020

- The WHO declares the outbreak of novel coronavirus to be a pandemic, the first to be caused by a coronavirus after more than 118,000 cases in 114 countries and 4,291 deaths

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• Enhanced Screenings for Those Traveling to the United States

- January 17, 2020, 2:00 pm EST

- United States

- The CDC and the Department of Homeland Security announce enhanced health screenings to detect ill travelers traveling to the United States on direct or connecting flights from Wuhan, China. Travelers from Wuhan to the United States will undergo entry screening for symptoms associated with 2019-nCoV at three U.S. airports that receive most of the travelers from Wuhan, China: San Francisco (SFO), New York (JFK), and Los Angeles (LAX) airports.

• Lockdown in China

- January 23, 2020

- Wuhan china

- Wuhan, China— a city of 11 million people— is placed under lockdown due to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus outbreak.

• Screening Procedures

- February 3, 2020

- The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) directs all flights from China and all passengers who have traveled to China within the last 14 days to be routed through one of eleven airports in the U.S. for enhanced screening procedures and possible quarantine. U.S. citizens who have been in Hubei province within 14 days of their return are subject to up to 14 days of mandatory quarantine

• Laboratory test kits

- February 5, 2020

- CDC begins shipping its laboratory test kit to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, “CDC 2019-nCoV Real Time RT-PCR,” to select domestic and international laboratories.

• Shutdowns

- March 15, 2020

- United States

- States begin to implement shutdowns in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The New York City public school system— the largest school system in the U.S., with 1.1 million students— shuts down, while Ohio calls for restaurants and bars to close.

• Ending Symptom-based screening

- September 14, 2020

CDC ends the symptom-based COVID-19 screenings of air travelers from China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Iran, the Schengen area of Europe (26 European countries that have officially abolished all passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders), and the U.K., citing limited effectiveness due to asymptomatic spread

• End of no sail order

- October 30, 2020

- CDC announces the end of the no sail order for cruise ship companies, replacing it with a conditional sail order that requires companies to meet testing and safety requirements and to test those rules on simulated voyages before cruises resume.

• Preventive measures Update

March 19, 2021

CDC updates its guidance on social distancing in K-12 schools: most elementary students can safely socially distance from at least 3 feet instead of 6 feet inside the classroom with universal masking, but middle and high school students should still maintain at least 6 feet apart in communities where the transmission level is high

• Allowed traveling

April 2, 2021

CDC recommends that people who are fully vaccinated against COVID-19 can safely travel at lower-risk to themselves.

• Shortening Isolation period

December 27, 2021

CDC shortens the recommended isolation period for people with COVID-19 to 5 days, followed by 5 days of wearing a mask around others if they are asymptomatic or if their symptoms are resolving (resolving is defined a

s without a fever for 24 hours).

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• Transmission of COVID-19

- January 21, 2020

- China

Chinese government officials confirm that human-to-human transmission is driving the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in China.

• Airborne COVID-19

July 9, 2020

WHO announces that the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 can be transmitted through the air and is likely being spread by asymptomatic indiv

iduals.

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• Confirmed Case of COVID-19 - January 19, 2020

- China, Thailand, Japan, and Republic of Koreans

- Worldwide, 282 laboratory-confirmed cases of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus have been reported in four countries: China (278 cases), Thailand (2 cases), Japan (1 case) and the Republic of Korea (1 case).

• COVID-19 affecting pets

April 22, 2020

New York

After two pet cats in separate areas of New York state test positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, CDC recommends that people restrict their pets’ interactions with other people or animals outside their household to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

• Death due to COVID-19

May 28, 2020

United States

The recorded death toll from COVID-19 in the U.S. surpasses 100,000

• Number of cases

June 10, 2020

United States

The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the U.S. surpa

sses 2 million.

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• Pfizer BioNTech

July 22, 2020

The Department of Defense (DOD) and HHS reach a deal with Pfizer BioNTech for the delivery and distribution of 100 million doses of the Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine candidate in December 2020, upon confirmation that the vaccine is safe and effective.

• Johnson & Johnson

- September 21, 2020

Johnson & Johnson begins phase 3 clinical trials of its COVID-19 vaccine with 60,000 participants. The J&J vaccine does not need to be frozen and may require just one shot.

• Moderna

November 16, 2020

Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine is found to be 95.4% effective in its clinical trial.

• Effectiveness of Vaccines

March 29, 2021

A CDC study finds that mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, are highly effective at preventing infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in real-world conditions among healthcare personnel, first responders, and other essential workers (groups that are more likely than the general population to be exposed to the virus because of their occupations), reducing their risk of infection by 90%.

• FDA Approval

July 8, 2022

FDA fully approves Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine for everyone ages 12–15 years. Full FDA approval further reinforces that Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine has been shown to meet the agency’s high standards for safety, effectiveness, and consistent quality in manu

facturing.

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Despite the period differences between the Cholera epidemic and Covid 19 Pandemic, they share similarities and differences in aspects like government responses, public health measures, and social impact. Some similarities are: (1) Both pandemics sparked initiatives by governments on multiple levels, including municipal, national, and worldwide. (2) To stop the spreading of diseases, governments established quarantine, restrictions on travel, and lockdowns. (3) Public health authorities took the lead in distributing suggestions and guidelines to the general public. (4) Both epidemics underscored the necessity of good hygiene and sanitation in preventing disease transmission. (5) Contact tracking and isolation were crucial tactics for detecting and containing illnesses. (6) Vaccines were important for the prevention of both diseases, albeit their availability and efficacy differed between outbreaks. (7) Both outbreaks induced dread and terror in the public, harming social cohesiveness and mental health. (8)Economic problems occurred as a result of lower productivity, firm shutdowns, and job losses. (9) Inequalities in the availability of healthcare and resources widened, unfairly affecting disadvantaged groups. However, there are also differences in terms of pathogens, etc. those differences are: (a) Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is mostly transmitted from unclean food and drinking water, whereas COVID-19 is caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is primarily transferred via respiratory droplets. (b) The modes through which they spread and the duration of incubation for the two diseases differ, altering the efficacy of prevention methods. (c) Cholera frequently causes extreme dehydration and constipation, which can quickly deteriorate one's health if not treated promptly, but COVID-19 causes a variety of symptoms, particularly breathing problems, and can result in serious health issues including pneumonia and failure of the organs. (d) The number of fatalities of cholera can be high in cases that remain untreated, particularly in resource-constrained areas, but its severity and death rate of COVID-19 varied during the pandemic among populations. (e) The COVID-19 pandemic had a broader global reach than cholera epidemics, affecting nearly every country and necessitating considerable worldwide coordination and joint initiatives in empirical studies, vaccine development, and distribution of resources. (f) Cholera outbreaks, while destructive in certain areas, have generally been more confined and recurring, with countermeasures frequently fueled by national or regional activities as opposed to coordinated worldwide action. (g) The COVID-19 pandemic benefitted from technological developments such as extensive testing, genetic analysis for mutation tracking, and telemedicine, all of which were unavailable during earlier cholera outbreaks.

Both containment procedures for the two epidemics were similar, with routes that prevented the virus from spreading. It was initially found to be ineffectual due to the unexpected emergence of both diseases, but as time passed and several preventive and containment measures were properly implemented, it became functional. However, for the sake of society, these means of control had an unfavorable effect on people due to the limitations and restrictions they faced. And, because constraints govern people's safety, the people's overall willingness and discipline tested the officials. Officials had difficulty persuading people to comply with their measures. Furthermore, both sides realized that the outbreak was not merely a virus or disease, but a life-threatening issue that needed immediate attention. Everyone should work together to benefit themselves.