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When one has type 2 diabetes they tend to have high blood sugar, which can cause nerve damage. This can stunt people from doing their daily activities. Someone with type 2 diabetes can  do physical therapy, in order to lower one’s blood sugar levels. The treatment can involve physical activities and exercise that can be done safely and enjoyable.

Another physical therapy treatment for people who have amputation due to their diabetes. Amputations are becoming more common in patients with type 2 diabetes, different types of amputation is lower leg amputation (LLA) and transmetatarsal amputation(TMA). In this treatment patients would be assisted by stretching and range of motion exercise. It can also help with patients getting accustomed to walking with a prosthetic and or a walker.

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To help people understand or know if they have type 2 diabetes, people usually take the A1C test. This test helps inform you of your blood sugar levels to see if they have been normal the past two/three months. Testing for type 2 diabetes is important for the public because the sooner you can catch it, the better the treatment you can get for it but also find different ways to help prevent diabetes and decrease the health risks.

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Get Real About Diabetes is a website/program that helps inform people about the risks associated with diabetes. On the website, it provides many sites and quizzes for people to take if they believe they possibly have type 2 diabetes but also could be at risk for cardiovascular disease. There is also a pop-up where patients can interact with virtual doctors to give them any information they need about diabetes.

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This program helps inform and show ways on how to live with diabetes. It will help find solutions that best fits the person in order to be able to confidently thrive with diabetes. It will inform patients on how to , manage their own blood sugar, physical activity, healthy eating, and any problems faced with their condition. It will help improve their quality of life, save money on health care cost, and avoid emergency care.

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One public health measure that must be taken to prevent a type 2 diabetes diagnosis is weight loss/management. Studies by Diabetes UK have indicated that losing up to 5% of one's current weight (and keeping off that weight) brings positive effects towards their health and reduces the risk of developing diabetes.

Another public health measure that works to prevent type 2 diabetes is staying active. Increasing physical activity not only aids in managing one's weight, but also in insulin sensitivity and lowering blood sugar during and after exercising. Staying active for 30 minutes a day for five days is recommended.

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An oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is a type of screening done orally to measure the body's ability to process large amounts of sugar (glucose). The National Institute of Health states that if blood sugar levels pass a specific group, it can be a sign of the body's inability to absorb sugar. An Advantage of the OGTT is that fasting isn't required. Some individuals might need help accomplishing this process since the fast lasts 8 hours. However, a disadvantage can be the cost of the procedure.

FPG or fasting plasma glucose test is a test where it takes a patient’s sampled blood in order to diagnose if someone has diabetes. One has to fast for 8 hours before taking their blood sample and one gets the result within one or two days. An advantage of this is that it is less expensive than OGTT. A disadvantage is that it requires fasting from a patient which can be hard for some to do.

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Two identified forms of technology that treat and manage type 2 diabetes are CGMs (continuous glucose monitoring) and insulin pumps.

Continuous glucose monitoring is essentially a device that is attached to one's body (usually on the arm) that monitor blood sugar levels in real time. A negative aspect of using CGMs include "alarm fatigue, which is being annoyed by the constant alarms from the device.
Insulin pumps are devices that pushes insulin to the tissue of one's body in certain amount of doses. One negative aspect of using an insulin pump is that it must be attached to one's body at all times.

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An important factor to prevent type 2 diabetes from being developed is maintaining a healthy diet. A person should avoid sugary drink and junk food. People should look into eating: non starchy vegetables , fruits, lean protein, and whole grains. Having a healthy eating habit helps maintain one’s glucose levels at a normal range and have a good health. A challenge being faced is adjusting and maintaining a healthy diet.

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Avoiding smoking is important when preventing type 2 diabetes. According to MedlinePlus smoking is a huge factor that leads to the resistance of insulin. Smoking is a huge factor for contracting type 2 diabetes. Challenges you can face when smoking would be the more you smoke the more prevention you have when taking insulin and you have a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

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Indigenous peoples, such as Native Americans and Native Alaskans are another group largely affected by type 2 diabetes. According to Sue McLaughlin, this is due to multiple factors, such as genetics and environmental changes, and increased stress levels. Challenges for receiving care include costs, and limited access due to their residing location.

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A special population that may be effected from Type 2 diabetes are pregnant women. High blood sugar is a common occurrence in women who are pregnant, but because of this, gestational diabetes can develop in women who previously didn't have diabetes before pregnancy. Having Gestational diabetes can then increase a women's chance of developing T2DM in the future.

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Diet and nutrition changes as in eating healthier foods and lowering sugars. On a scale of 1-10 it would be a 7 because it depends on where they live and who they are surrounded by. A dietitian would be the best person to provide support for this lifestyle change.

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People diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes face difficulties in regulating their blood sugar levels. The excess sugar in the bloodstream causes the formation of plaque around the arteries, leading to a restriction in blood and oxygen flow. Insufficient oxygen supply to the brain can result in severe damage to brain cells, leading to brain atrophy. As a result, individuals with T2DM are more prone to developing Dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Occupational therapists can help to manage the symptoms of dementia by assisting patients with daily activities and skills maintenance or improvement.

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Though it is not 100% certain, impaired hearing may occur as a result of contracting type 2 diabetes according to a study by the National Library of Medicine. Auditory training is a necessary treatment that can treat the problem identified. Auditory training is a treatment formulated to help an individual with the ability to process and understand speech sounds. This is formulated to treat those with issues with hearing loss, difficulties with speech interpretation, and tinnitus. Audiologists can aid in auditory therapy.

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Do you know anyone with type 2 diabetes?

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CBT is a therapy form that can improve one's way of thinking ad behaving. It can also used to identify and change negative thoughts and beliefs into something better for the patients. This is important for type 2 diabetes patients because it serves as form of changing their eating and physical activity habits.
Another thing to note is that type 2 diabetes patients are prone to depression, anxiety, and stress. CBT can help with this to help patients learn about healthier actions, as well as “reversing” the effects of depression and anxiety.

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Behavior activation is an approach to mental health that focuses on using behaviors to "activate" pleasant emotions. The idea is that by putting action first, a person does not need to wait to feel motivated, but they can still gain the benefits. A way it can help T2DM patients is by encouraging patients to watch what their eating and establishing a healthier lifestyle.

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Taking medications prescribed by a health care provider is another way to treat diabetes. According to Mayo Clinic, medications can serve to help diabetes patients to obtain their blood sugar goals if diet changes and exercising do not fully help. Diabetes medications include metformin, sulfonylureas, and glinides. The downsides is the high amounts of side effects that one may get from these types of medications.

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Having type 2 diabetes can take a toll on ones mental health by them developing depression, feeling stressed, feeling overwhelmed, exhaustion, and having behavioral problems. These feelings can stay with one for a long time and contribute to them feeling low constantly.

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Kidney disease is one of the long-term consequences of type 2 disease. Kidney disease is essentially the loss of function to the kidney function, which is to filter waste out of blood to create urine. Its connection to type 2 diabetes is caused by the high amounts of blood pressure and blood glucose in the kidney; high blood pressure and glucose lead to blood vessel damage, which then damages the kidneys. (NIH)

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A person with type 2 diabetes will more likely have trouble with their oral health in the long run. The effects of diabetes with oral health is, since the glucose blood levels are high, there is glucose in their salvia. This causes dental plaque to build up and cause tooth decay and cavities. Another effect would be dry mouth and it can also increase your risk of gum disease and problems with chewing.

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Damage to small and large blood vessels 

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Damage to small and large blood vessels 

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Having high blood glucose causes you to get type 2 diabetes which causes long term Consequences like damage to small and large blood vessels due to fatty deposits that form inside blood vessels. It can also cause build up and blood clots. Small blood vessels are damaged by the excess blood sugar which causes the blood vessels to narrow and slow down blood flow. larger blood vessels are damaged by all the build up caused by high blood levels.

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Foot problems are a common issue in individuals with diabetes. Due to a diabetics poor circulation, this can cause a longer healing process to an injury. Since the wound is fresh, infections can occur. If the infection gets bad enough it can lead to amputation. This is why its important for Nurses and doctor to monitor their diabetic patients feet to ensure there aren't any signs of infection.

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Insulin therapy is important part of treatment for type 2 diabetes, because it provides or even replaces ones insulin in order to reach normal blood sugar levels. This treatment is mostly used when any other treatment and or medication fails to regulate one’s blood sugar levels.

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Due to the excessive drinking of water this usually causes frequent urination. This can also happen because there is too much sugar in the blood. When there is to much sugar in the blood the kidney have to work harder in filtering RBC's causing a person to urinate more

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- Weight loss and loss of muscle bulk is a symptom of type to diabetes and is caused by the resistance of insulin and protein feeding being. People who are heavier need to lose some weight in order to manage their condition.

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The oral glucose tolerance test is used to determine whether or not a person has diabetes. The test is used to measure how well the body can handle a large amount of sugar and if the blood sugar levels in the test reach past a certain measure, it could mean that sugar is not being processed enough in the cells. The doctors will give the patient a glucose solution that contains 3.5 ounces of sugar which they will drink but before hand they are asked to fast before taking the solution. Afterwards the test is taken again and the glucose levels will be measure every 2-3 hours.

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A diabetic diet is beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes because it allows for them to control their blood sugar and maintain a health weight, at ones target range.

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People with diabetes usually have a slower healing process. This is because of poor circulation, which makes it difficult for the blood to reach the injury site fast enough for platelets to stop the bleeding. Since diabetics have a poor blood circulation it is also common for them to have plaque in their arteries.

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- Feeling very thirsty throughout the day can be caused by your kidneys having to produce more urine. Which is a symptom for type 2 diabetes.

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Another cause for type 2 diabetes can be the lack of production of insulin. The bodies pancreas isn't able to produce enough insulin to maintain regular blood sugar levels.

Melissa Rodriguez

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Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) can effect the following organs/structures:
- Adipose tissue
- Liver
- Skeletal muscle
- Pancreas
- Heart (Hypertension can damage blood vessels)

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Since the pancreas is one of the main anatomical structures for diabetes, the pancreas make the insulin. However in type 2 diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. If the body does not have a stable level for the blood sugar, it can cause the body to not perform normal functions and also blood circulation problems as well.

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According to both NIH and Mayo Clinic, the primary anatomical structures involved in type 2 diabetes are:

Cell resistance to glucose and insulin

The pancreas’s inability to produce enough insulin to maintain homeostasis in blood sugar levels

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Type 2 Diabetes is most commonly found in adults ages 45+; however, it can develop at any age. Men are also most likely to develop type 2 diabetes compared to women.

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Our Focus Problem for this semester is Type 2 Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes is a disease that stems from one's body's problem with the way it turns sugar into fuel. This problem is caused by having too much glucose in the bloodstream, which comes from the way insulin is produced in the pancreas and how cells react to that glucose. This disease is usually developed on one's own actions and symptoms can develop within years. Anyone can get this disease, but specific groups of people are affected more than others.

Paska Oriho

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Type 2 diabetes is more common for American Indians/Alaskan Natives. They are the highest percentage averaging around 14.5% and African Americans which is 12.1%

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Kazhmir Morris

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TuDiabtes is an online support group where people are able to communicate with other individuals who are struggling with similar obstacles, diseases, and conditions. People can also ask numerous questions and receive advice that may help others in the future.

It is important to have a strong support system when dealing with life changing news because it can help reduce stress, make you feel less alone, and they can help you manage your condition with you. Also, since it is online there are many benefits to having easy access to it, especially for individuals who don't have many family members or friends who they can rely on.

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Over weight , obesity and physical inactivity are causes affected by type 2 diabetes 

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Anahi Alvarez

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One lifestyle activity that people can engage in with type 2 diabetes is exercising. Doing anything physical such as swimming or even just doing moderate exercise movements can help your body to make insulin and also manage your blood sugar levels. This also helps with lowering the risks for heart problems and nerve damage. To indicate this lifestyle change we would rate it on a scale of 8 just because it's a new change and implementing exercising in your daily life can be difficult to get into in the beginning.

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One way to test for diabetes is a A1C hemoglobin test. This test can find the average sugar level of your blood from a 2-3 month period. Anything between 5.7% to 6.4% indicates risk of diabetes, which is typically diagnosed as prediabetes; anything below 5.7% is normal, and anything above 6.5% is considered type 2 diabetes.

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Not enough insulin is produced and or the body becomes resistant to insulin when one has type 2 diabetes. Insulin is important to regulate the glucose in our own blood and maintain its stability . If we didn’t have it our bodies would break down our own fat and muscles.