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Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), Shunyi District, Beijing, China

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Cultural globalisation is a phenomenon of cultural traits diffusing around the world, interconnected through media and trade. Propelled by the efficiency of wireless communication and international travel, it is easier than ever for globalisation to occur. China is an extremely globalised country, it both influences and is influenced by the west. Because of its strong economic presence China is highly reliant on trade which makes it inevitable that its culture will not be hybridised, this can be exemplified through fashion and food. TransNational Corporations (TNCs) are key drivers of globalisation, not only are they businesses with a global reach but in regards to manufacturing they disperse their western ideals when starting manufacturing in a specific country. But globalisation is moving more and more towards homogeneity, as cultures hybridise and meld, it is discussed that the human experience may become the same everywhere. However this is still in the very very far off future, although it cannot be denied that homogenising influences do exist, there is still a long way to go before a single world culture is created.

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South China Mall, Longhu District, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China

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Pin 2 Fashion (yes, this cultural trait is impacted by globalisation)

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Pin 2 Fashion (yes, this cultural trait is impacted by globalisation)

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Dress and fashion are constantly evolving within China, following trends and brands. There are two basic umbrella aspects of Chinese fashion, there is traditional dress such as Qipaos which originate from the robes worn in the Qing Dynasty, and there is street style which has become much more prominent in recent years. Because of the globalisation of American fashion streetwear has taken over China, with consumers spending more than x4 more on streetwear than on non streetwear apparel from 2015 to 2020 (Huritech 2020).

Street style originates from American media that makes its way to China. The new wave of Hip Hop and Street Style stands as an anti-authority, anti-establishment sentiment. It has been credited to defying authority and censorship, which has become extremely prevalent in China (The next cartel, 2021). Looks will often fuse western and ancient chinese elements, creating somewhat of a cultural hybridization, but the main idea of the actual trends are still American based. One of the biggest changes that has come with the American street style is the fact that women have started to lean more towards baggy pants and blocky clothing instead of the cultural norms of dresses that are more tightly cut yet modest. The general trends have also started to move away from strictly adhering to gender codes. And colour variety has started to expand as bright or even neon colours are seen more and more. Sportswear in China is another aspect that has been greatly impacted by globalisation. The sportswear market has increased to $33 billion in 2021 in China which is skyrocketing from what it used to be. The spike in sportswear is caused by the increase in value that people hold towards exercise, and healthy lifestyles which is something that is hugely promoted in American media. This has also normalised the wearing of athletic clothes outside of the gym and working out which is a very specifically american thing to do. Because of the strong economic link with the US, China tends to take a lot of its influences. But there are still very strong traditional roots that people will not forget, the mix of this creates a form of cultural hybridization between the two.

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Why are streetwear brands rocking China’s fashion market?

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Thanks to hip-hop TV shows and KOL’s social media feeds, China is embracing streetwear brands both domestically and internationally.

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Pin 3 Fashion (no, cultural trait is preserved)

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Pin 3 Fashion (no, cultural trait is preserved)

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Even without western influence clothing has evolved within China itself. Traditional clothing has gone through many changes and alterations based on evolution in material, technology, and trends. Although China is expanding with trade it is also finding ways to preserve its traditional clothing, with traditional patterns and colour combinations still appearing in many modern day designs. Because of China's booming economy it creates a vast number of global connections, allowing them to have their own influences globally as well.
The culture of festivals and traditional holidays still runs extremely strong through China as it is extremely deeply rooted in the culture. The traditional clothing comes hand in hand with this, Qipaos and Tang Suits are widely worn during these festivals to keep the traditions alive. On top of this in different provinces and areas of China they each have their own variations of traditional clothing depending on which dynasties had the most impact in which areas. During festivals it has become a regular sight to see people wearing colourful Hanfus in the street and parks. Social media is also utilised to pass down the traditions of this to younger generations to ensure that it does not die out.  The globalisation of the Qipao has turned it into an iconic statement piece in western fashion. With brands such as Zara, Shein, Prettylittlethings, Urban Outfitters, and Reform co-opting traditional style elements and marketing it as “oriental” dresses. Although there is concern regarding the authenticity of modern Qipao, as material and quality plays a big factor, there is no doubt that traditional prints and animals such as dragons and peacocks are popping up more and more in western fashion. An aspect that is extremely prominent are the types of collars used in clothing. The Mandarin Collar was a huge takeaway that America took from Chinese clothing. These types of collars originated in the Qing dynasty and are now most widely known as being used in American military uniforms. Side slits were another element adapted from Qipaos or Cheongsams, that are widely used in western fashion, the slit varies in size and length allowing the women more comfort and freedom to do activities. Side slits were commonly adapted for evening dresses to allow the women to be less confined even at important events.

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McDonald's, Luohu District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China

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Pin 4 Food (yes, this cultural trait is being influenced by globalisation)

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Pin 4 Food (yes, this cultural trait is being influenced by globalisation)

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Food is a huge aspect of Chinese culture, although one of the oldest and most diverse Chinese cultural cuisines has not been immune to the impacts of globalisation. China is extremely rich in its cultural culinary heritage dating back thousands of years, making it a focal point for an international exchange of ingredients, ideas, and cooking techniques. Globalisation has shaped a change in the dietary habits and the introduction of foreign flavours and ideas.

American fast food chains can be found globally, but in China they thrive. McDonalds, Burger King, and KFC all do extremely well in China specifically. They have all transformed the culinary landscape and eating habits in China. The fast food industry in China has generated roughly $150.9 billion in 2017 which is 9.6% higher than in 2016 (Wei, 2018). The adoption of American fast food in China represents the appeal of convenience, consistent quality, and the lifestyle associated with westernised communities. People make the conscious decision to eat at American fast food chains because of the health and cleanliness credited to the US, whereas with local food stalls there have been scandals of food not being stored well, or fully cooked as well as an unhygienic environment.  Fast food chains such as McDonalds will glocalize their menus to fit the Chinese values. Food like congee and the Sichuan double chicken burger can only be found in Chinese McDonalds’. They also try to piggyback off traditional holidays by making special menus for the lunar new year and the mid autumn festival. McDonalds opened its first store in Shenzhen in the 90s, 5400 stores have opened in China since. Pre regular trade with other countries China's food options were limited by the capacity of crops. Mainly rice and wheat crops were grown so diets would consist of very basic grains and meats. Now China’s main imports are soybeans, corn, and dairy products which were scarce before. This has largely expanded the options that people have when cooking, which in turn also expands their dietary options. There was a similar phenomenon that occurred with the spice trade. When chilli peppers came to China they were immediately accepted into the culture, most prominently in Sichuan that is now known for its spicy hot pot. Veganism is another growing trend, approximately 5% of the population has turned to a plant based diet in recent years (Marketing to China). The new trend of veganism is something that is becoming more and more popular globally. The idea of achieving a healthy lifestyle is perpetuated by american media, it can be partially  credited to health trends on Tiktok. As the growth of this continues it has the potential to drastically change the food culture in China even more.

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Pin 5 Food (no, cultural trait is being preserved)

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Pin 5 Food (no, cultural trait is being preserved)

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The essence of traditional food in China has been preserved for centuries. Staples such as rice have been around for ages and will likely continue to be eaten with every meal. Although traditional food has evolved in certain aspects, the roots have remained the same. With things such as family recipes and the fact that Chinese food can be found all around the world, the culinary traditions and culture are being preserved.

Traditional Chinese food is not only being preserved within the country but it is also being globalised. Due to Chinese immigration and tourism, traditionals food has rapidly expanded around the globe. The actual authenticity of the restaurants can be somewhat questioned because the foods are glocalized to American tastes. For example fish oil is something very prominently used in Chinese cooking but it is avoided in restaurants in the US because it is generally too fishy for the customers. But authentic Chinese restaurants do still exist overseas, Meet Fresh is a Chinese dessert restaurant that was established in 2007 and opened its first restaurant in New York in 2018. These types of restaurants are kept alive by the Chinese American community in the US, through forms of Chinese social media such as WeChat people are able to quickly find authentic chinese food in their areas. Another huge factor pushing Chinese restaurants overseas in the number of students studying abroad. In New York City alone there are 15,000 Chinese students and 38,000 Chinese Americans (McCaffrey, 2014). These people are all probably missing their hometown restaurants and foods, making business great for Chinese restaurants expanding overseas. Within China itself recipes are strongly preserved, because to them “a meal is more than something to eat”(Chili House). The link between food, culture, and family is very strong, which is why recipes have managed to be passed down from generation to generation. Food is representative of many parts of the culture, the family hierarchy is displayed during dinner when the eldest has to start eating first before anyone else can, the customary act of leaving chopsticks neatly places at the side of the bowl when done eating instead of in the bowl, and having many small dishes instead of serving each person a portion into a plate to ensure everyone eats a variety of foods. These are all represented through traditional meals and food making it extremely difficult to lose these traditions.

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Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), Shunyi District, Beijing, China

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There is no denying that globalisation has had an impact on both the fashion and food culture of China. American TNCs have come into China and changed the eating habits, and western media has changed the way that people dress and the street style culture. But it cannot be discounted that China has a very long history, meaning that it also has very deep traditional roots. Although Qipaos may be worn less it doesn’t mean that it has been lost, there are modern representations for the Qipao such as similar shapes and patterns used on everyday wear. In conclusion, Chinese culture has been impacted by globalisation to a certain extent. Globalisation is causing cultural hybridization instead of causing us to become all the same culture it is creating new forms of different cultures.