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Madness is never argued as being central to understand Queen of Spades despite the fact the story results in the "hero's" insanity

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Pushkin presents mutually exclusively ideas convincingly

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Germann absorbs everything and everyone that he encounters into his monomaniacal plot; Liza becomes a romantic object for his hero. However, Germann has no intention to sacrifice fortune for love as evidenced by the fact when faced between the choice of heading to the Countess' or Liza's room, he chooses the Countess': Liza is just a part of his plan to get the secret

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Reader is unsure how to interpret Queen of Spades; Caryl Emerson argues that Pushkin not only encourages different interpretations, but withholds sufficient proof for any interpretation leading to readers having fragments of the code but not being able to quite add everything up.

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Once the door to the fantastic is opened, it becomes possible to reinterpret all data from a supernatural point of view which changes the story

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The supernatural is an even more fragmentary code than the psychological

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There are contradictory presentations of madness as there seems to be no compensatory wisdom or vision in Germann's clinical insanity; his final condition appears as a fate worse than death.

Germann's mistake challenges this deromanticised, devalorised picture of madness and contains a key to a more romantic notion of madness as an imaginative achievement.

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Not only victory of imagination, but also of life over death

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Since 1833 people have believed that there are a few traces of the romantic view of madness within Queen of Spades, but critics argue that Pushkin may have regarded the subject but that he would have overcome the poetic romantic phase by the 1830's as realism trumped over romanticism.

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Both Queen of Spades, and Bronze Horseman confirm a turn towards a decidedly antiromantic position with madness likened to a fatal illness afflicting an individual, or sometimes even went so far to say the plague as the plague threatens the population: society perceives a madman as a threat to the wellbeing of the state.

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Important writers of the period treat German romantic and hoffmannian prose forms and thematics, especially theme madness, ironically and paradoxically

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Pushkin empties Germann of all that is romantically elevating: "He achieves only the demonic and never attains the heights of the realm of the good and the beautiful"- Roberta Reeder

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Germann's madness is not only portrayed as spiritual death, but also, cut off all the paths that may lead it to be valorised as a conduit to a higher world or truth; Germann appears to go mad because his performance is inadequate to his greed

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Madness is precipitated and aggravated not by the absence of imagination but by imaginative failure; almost every time that Germann meets story or art, he attempts to appropriate them as means of satisfying his desire for great wealth

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The secret of the 3 cards takes on a more grotesque form as Germann appropriates it

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Because of Germann's materialism, his imagination cannot lead him to a higher truth; he can only obsessively transform life into images grotesquely reflecting his desire

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The passion that inspires G is nothing but the desire for wealth, security and independence; his letters to Liza are hodgepodges of cliches which is

perfectly expressive of g’s desire and imagination: he cannot write original things to Liza, instead opting to copy German novels.

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You would typically expect a hero to go on a grand heroic quest to achieve their goals, but instead the Countess comes to Germann, sparing him from this heroic quest; chance not only saves him, but hardly inconveniences him.

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Germann’s madness not only is not romantically conceived but is specifically linked to the second-rate, the vulgar, the unimaginitive, and even the ridiculous

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Any connection between Germann and the demonic is as doubtful as one between him and the higher, spiritual world

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Germann upsets the balance between art and life by reducing one to the other; he kills the story and destroys himself

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Germann goes vulgarly mad as a result of imaginative failure, yet it might be argued that what leads Germann to madness is not so much the coarseness of his imagination as the reductiveness. He tries, in effect, to reduce life to a formula.

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Germann becomes more obsessed with the secret of the 3 cards, and his world becomes more constricted: 3,7,A make up his entire existence causing the world around him to become these numbers. All thoughts became one.

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In mental asylum, all thought has vanished as his connection to the outside world has been severed:

3,7,A= are the only sign a human being once lived in his body

He has been reduced to names of cards, even they no longer signify anything

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According to Rosenshield, Germann gets the best fate compared to Liza and Tomskii: Liza pays a morally high price for her apparent freedom and Tomskii enters his arranged marriage. They both walk paths that have already been taken (without risk); they succeed in their world because they lack imagination, whereas Germann does the opposite. Germann started small, risked everything, and lost everything. But arguably he chooses to lose everything

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To assume only that he believes in the secret and thus thinks he is not taking a risk, not really gambling, is to make him a one-dimensional character

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Germann gambles; he plays not so much to win as to risk, to dare, to stake his life-that is, to live. He is a gambler at heart, but manages to restrain his desire at the beginning but at the end, Germann prolongs the game, to continue to play for the sake of playing.

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The tale of the 3 cards does not transform Germann but instead pushes him over the edge

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He begins to transform the tale into something of his own creation and the tale begins to reflect the mind and passions of its creator by him actively trying to assert control over the tale.

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His madness, while exacerbated by his desire to reduce the story to the names of the secret cards, can be just as easily seen as a concentration of his imaginative powers to some higher end, of which he is barely conscious.

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His imagination causes him to think his fortune is made, but instead seals his doom

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On the night of the countess's death, Germann faces a choice on the left, Liza's apartment, and one on the right, the countess's study. He chooses the door on the right, seemingly the wrong door -ambition wins out over love. On the night of the last card game, it is the card on the left, the ace, that will bring him fame and fortune, the card on the right that leads to madness. He chooses the card on the right. This becomes Germann’s most inspired and imaginative act in his own creation. But, who chooses the wrong card while knowing the right one?

This decision denotes a choice against his ideals of peace and comfort and independence

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Given Germann's extreme personality, only an act of madness can free him from his vain ideal of undisturbed self-sufficiency and permit him for one moment to experience, in the most intense form imaginable, the feeling of being a true, though reckless, gambler, a man who can stake his life on a card. To win would, of course, have been to lose; it would have been never to gamble to live-at all

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By choosing the queen, G rejects the fates of Liza and Tomsky

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He also chooses to keep the story alive- open to interpretation