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The photographs of Leonardo da Vinci's models were taken from the Leonardo da Vinci book on sale at the permanent exhibition at Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rome

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The photographs of Leonardo da Vinci's models were taken from the Leonardo da Vinci book on sale at the permanent exhibition at Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rome

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It is an on-board instrument used during flight operations and is used to measure verticality, allowing the pilot to maintain balance and inclination necessary for correct guidance of the flying machine.

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The pendulum is placed in a glass bell to avoid being affected by the wind.

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This project is close to the typology of a glider, because it reduces the complicated motion transmission systems necessary to achieve the flapping of the wings.

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The pilot, located in the center, must balance the entire structure with his own weight and move the wings with the strength of his arms alone.

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The ancestor of the modern helicopter. Leonardo identified a less dense dynamic medium in the air, through which he could "screw" a machine thus designed.

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Leonardo designs a flying machine where the wind becomes the driving force of the whole. The pilot will have to skillfully achieve balance and exploit the direction of the wind like a glider.

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Nature has always been the master of flight experiments. The winds have their own dynamic and static law, the understanding of which, according to Leonardo, allows the true dominion of the air.

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The wing designed by Leonardo had two purposes: to verify whether human strength was sufficient to lift a weight of 200 pounds and to verify the correct assembly and functioning of the wing itself.

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The crossbow is a throwing weapon consisting of a bow made of wood, horn or steel mounted on a stock (frame).

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On this flying machine, the wings are distributed in pairs and perform a crisscross movement.

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The machine had to be operated by the man who, standing in an upright position in the center, used his hands, feet and head to move the wings and thus develop the force necessary for take-off.

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The rope is blocked by a mechanism called a nut. The shot is done by pulling down a peg. The rope is tensioned thanks to a hook mechanism.

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The catapult had a considerable range and was used to hit very distant targets.