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Sara Saeed Alzahrani

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★physics :

1. ᡣ𐭩 Albert Einstein was not only a scientific genius but also a figure of enduring popularity and intrigue. His remarkable contributions to

science, which include the famous equation E = mc2 and the theory of relativity, challenged conventional notions and reshaped our

understanding of the universe.

2. ᡣ𐭩 Marie Curie's remarkable journey to scientific acclaim was characterized by determination and a thirst for knowledge. Living amidst

poverty and political turmoil, her unwavering passion for learning and her contributions to the fields of physics and chemistry have made an

everlasting impact on the world of science.

3. ᡣ𐭩 Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist and astronomer who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists in history.

He made groundbreaking contributions to various fields of science and mathematics and is considered one of the key figures in the scientific revolution of

the 17th century.

4. ᡣ𐭩 Charles Darwin has become one of the world's most renowned scientists. His inspiration came from a deep curiosity about beetles and geology, setting him on a

transformative path. His theory of evolution through natural selection challenged prevailing beliefs and left an enduring legacy that continues to shape the

field of biology and our understanding of life on Earth.

★engineers :

1. ᡣ𐭩 Born in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Fazlur Rahman Khan can claim the title of father of the modern skyscraper. This structural engineer and architect came up with tubular

designs that allowed for easier construction of the high-rise structures we know today. Khan was one of the first to use computer-aided design techniques, and he

gave the US the Willis Tower and John Hancock Center.

2. ᡣ𐭩 American Burt Rutan is an aerospace engineer and modern entrepreneur. Rutan's aircraft were often peculiar-looking but they always proved to be light, strong

and energy-efficient. His greatest achievements include Voyager, the first plane to fly non-stop around the world, and SpaceShipOne, the first privately funded spacecraft

to make regular and successful trips into sub-orbit.

3. ᡣ𐭩 Daughter of the poet Lord Byron, Ada Lovelace was a mathematician who engineered the first computer programme. She worked with Charles Babbage, where she was

instructed to translate an Italian article about the ‘Different Engine’. She added her own comments to the translation to a great extent, thus creating an algorithm

that was to be used by the machine. Lovelace later developed many more methods for computers to do more than just calculate numbers.

4. ᡣ𐭩 Engineer, businessman, inventor – three of the many labels often attached to South African-born Canadian Musk. Founder of SpaceX, which is working towards an ultimate goal

of enabling humans to live on other planets; Tesla Motors, where electric cars are created to discourage the use of fossil fuels in transport; and The Boring Company, which

aims to create networks of tunnels in and around cities for fast, safe transportation. Other achievements include starting the Musk Foundation, which funds engineering education and research.

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1. Werner Heisenberg: Heisenberg initially studied engineering before switching to physics. He went on to become one of the key figures in the development of quantum mechanics and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932.

2. J. Robert Oppenheimer: Oppenheimer studied engineering at Harvard University before switching to physics. He is best known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of the atomic bomb.

3. Edward Teller: Teller studied chemical engineering before pursuing a career in physics. He made significant contributions to the development of the hydrogen bomb and was known as the "father of the hydrogen bomb."

4. John Bardeen: Bardeen initially studied electrical engineering before transitioning to physics. He is the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, first for the invention of the transistor and later for the development of the theory of superconductivity.

By : Hala Khayat

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~Physics : 1. Albert Einstein rewrote the laws of nature. He completely changed the way we understand the behavior of things as basic as light, gravity, space and time. He established that everyone, whatever their own speed relative to light, measures the speed of light to be 300 million meters per second in a vacuum. This led to the strange new reality that time passes more slowly for people traveling at very high speeds than for people moving more slowly. Hence space and time actually merge into the single phenomenon of space-time.

He discovered the iconic equation, E = mc², which shows that energy and matter can be converted into one another.

Anaximander

Lived c. 610 BC – c. 546 BC.

2. Anaximander is responsible for the idea that the earth needs nothing below it to support it. He said that the earth floats in the center of infinity, held in position because it is an equal distance from all the other parts of the universe. In doing so, he transformed the way we think of our planet and simultaneously introduced the idea of a force of attraction between the earth and the planets and stars in the heavens.

Galileo Galilei

Lived 1564 – 1642.

3. Galileo Galilei was one of the first people to study the sky with a telescope. He was the first person to discover moons orbiting another planet, discovering Jupiter’s four largest moons. He discovered that Venus has phases like our moon – the first practical rather than mathematical evidence that the sun is at the center of the solar system. He discovered the Law of the Pendulum. He discovered that gravity accelerates all things equally, regardless of mass, and that acceleration of objects.

Archimedes

Lived c. 287 BC – 212 BC.

4.The greatest scientist of ancient times, Archimedes pushed mathematics, physics, and engineering to new heights. He created the physical sciences of mechanics and hydrostatics, discovered the laws of levers and pulleys, and discovered one of the most important concepts in physics – the center of gravity. He applied advanced mathematics to the physical world and his surviving works inspired both Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton to investigate the laws of motion.

Types of Engineers~:

1. Mary Anderson (1866-1953)

Mary Anderson is responsible for, well, saving your life whilst you drive through a downpour! The story has it that whilst riding on a streetcar on a snowy day during a visit to New York City, Anderson saw that the driver had to repeatedly get out and wipe the snow off the windscreens. A year later, Anderson had secured a patent for her ‘Window Cleaning Device’. Where as , she made the very first Window Wipers! Thanks to Mary Anderson we are now trouble free !

2. Thomas Edison (1847 – 1931)

Thomas Edison, this engineer held an astonishing 1,093 patents – a world record! He played a large part in the development of electricity, and invented numerous things such as the record player, the incandescent light, and the basis for the motion-picture camera.

3. Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943)

Nikola Tesla is a notable engineer whose designs are used across the world today. He is responsible for the alternating-current electric system and the ‘tesla coil’ which is used in radio technology. He worked alongside inventor Thomas Edison, but the pair later fell out due to their clashing personalities. Tesla was also known to have a photographic memory – making him very unique indeed!

4.Wilber and Orville Wright (1871 – 1948, and 1867 – 1912)

Technically two people, the Wright brothers worked as a duo in the USA to invent, build and fly the first aeroplane. They were both bicycle mechanics but had a keen interest in kite-flying. Although experimental aero planes had already been created, the Wright brothers were the first to build an aircraft which could sustain flight using a homebuilt wind tunnel.

By : ~ Amal Hassan

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👩‍🔬 Physicists👩‍🔬:

1. Albert Einstein:

Type: Theoretical physics

Achievement: the general theory oh relativity and  his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect

2. Isaac Newton:

Type: Mechanics and Gravitation

Achievement: He invented calculus and provided a clear understanding of optics.

👩🏻‍💻Engineers👩🏻‍💻:

1. Nikola Tesla:

Type: Electrical and mechanical

Achievement: discovered and patented the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current machinery.

2. Leonardo da da Vinci:

Type: Civil, mechanical

Achievement: The parachute, the helicopter, and an armored fighting vehicle

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Physicits”

1-

Edward Teller,

Edward Teller is a Hungarian/American That Studies Theoretical physicist, Ans Chemical Engineering and he Was Born At,

Dhu’l-Hijjah 11, 1325 AH in Budapest, Hungary, and died at Rajab 12, 1424 AH Stanford, California, US/United States, Edward Teller was also known for

“The Father Of The Hydrogen Bomb “

And One Of The Creators Of The Teller-Ulam Design.

2-

Albert Einstein,

Albert Einstein Was Born At Rabi’ l 20, 1296, AH Ulm, Germany

And He Died At Sha’Ban 25, 1347 AH Princeton, New Jersey, US/United States, He Was Also A German-Born Theoretical Physicit, Who Is Widely Held To Be One Of The Greatest and most influence scientist of all time! Fun Fact He also won the Nobel Prize For his Explanation of the photoelectric Effect, He Also Found out The Famous Equation E = mc2,

3-

Isaac Newton,

The Former Master Of the Mint, Isaac Newton!

Isaac Newton was born at Shawwal 13, 1025, AH

National Trust- - Woolsthorpe Manor, UK/United Kingdom,

And He died at Sha’ban 8, 1139, AH

Kensington, London, Uk/United Kingdom, sir isaac newton, began developing his theories on light, calculus and celestial mechanics while on break on Cambridge University, Then After Years of Research Culminated with the 1687 publication

Of “ principia “ a landmark that established the universal laws of motion and gravity,

4-

Nikola Tesla

A American Inventor and Electric Enginee Nikola Tesla. He was born at Dhu’l-Qi’-dah 7, 1272 AH at smilijan, Croatia,

And died in Dhu’-Hijjah 30, 1361 AH, NYC/New York US/United States, Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor and Electric Engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist, He is also known for his contributions to the design for the

Modern alternating, And Supply System,

Engineers”

1-

James Watt

Scottish Inventor and mechanical Engineer, James Watt,

James watt was born in Ramadan, 5, 1148, AH In Greenock, UK/United Kingdom, And Died at Dhu’l-Qi’Dah 4, 1234, AH

Healthfield, Hall, James Watt FRS, FRSE, Was A Scottish inventor and Mechanical Engineer, And chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomens, in 1712 Newcomen Steam Engien, with his watt steam engine in 1776, Which Was Fundamental to the changes brought by Industrial Revolution in both of his native country, Great Britain, And The Rest Of the World,

2-

Archimedes

Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes He Was Born at Syracuse Italy and die at Syracuse Italy too, Archimedes was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily, Although a few details in his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity,

3-

Mary Anderson

American real estate development, Mary Anderson, Born at,

Shawwal 3, 1282, AH, Greene Country, Alabama, United States

And died at Shawwal, 15, 1372, AH, Monteagle, Tennessee, Us/United States, Mary Elizabeth, Anderson, was an American real estate Developer, rancher, Viticulturist, And Most notably the inventor of what became known as “ windshield Wimper “

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Batool Almatouq

famous physicists

1. Stephen Hawking (1942-2018)

He spent much of his academic work researching black holes and space-time theories, and became a noted expert on relativity and black holes

1. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

He made great improvements to the original telescope, and his version was eventually used throughout Europe. Using his telescope, he made many discoveries, such as the four large moons around Jupiter, the phases of the planet Venus, and the existence of craters on the moon.

3.  Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Isaac Newton was a scientist, mathematician and astronomer, and developed a number of scientific theories. Einstein himself said that Newton was the smartest person who ever lived.

In 1687, Newton published his most important work, Principia, which used mathematics to explain gravity and motion. In this work, he detailed his three laws of motion, which lie at the heart of the science of movement.

famous engineers:

1. Nikola Tesla

His inventions include the induction motor, 3-phase electricity, fluorescent lighting and the Tesla coil. He also developed the AC current generation system made from a transformer and a motor.

1. Thomas Edison

few of his many inventions include the motion picture camera and projector, the phonograph, and the incandescent lightbulb.

1. Henry Ford

Although not the inventor of the modern car, he developed assembly and production lines that brought about mass production – resulting in the first motor car that an average person could afford. As a result, he turned the automobile into something of a necessity rather than just a thing of curiosity.