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Study Cases: Eating Disorders, Undernutrition, and Overnutrition

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Study Cases: Eating Disorders, Undernutrition, and Overnutrition

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STEP 1. Understanding the Basics:

Students will login to the twinspace of our project and take alook to the pages:

They will follow all activities -except teamwork ones- prior to this webquest implementation.

STEP 2. Case Studies:

Students will be devided in 3 teams:
TEAM A: Eating disorders: Case Study
Take a look to the following photos (these are translated by using Google translation as their origins were designed for the "Health and Nutrition" subject in Greek language) and try to form the psychological profile of the protagonists, the causes that led them to the specific disorder and the symptoms that lead you to understand what they suffer from. What are the commonalities of the two stories?? Post your findings in the padlet:
https://padlet.com/erasmushealthschools2024/eating-disorders-case-study-s25pxutio2u4ehu1 TEAM B: UNDERNUTRITION: CASE STUDY
Southern Italy, particularly regions like Calabria, Sicily, and Campania, has historically faced challenges with undernutrition, especially in its rural areas. Although Italy is a developed country, significant disparities exist between the wealthy northern regions and the poorer southern regions. These disparities are influenced by environmental, economic, and social factors, contributing to the persistence of undernutrition in certain populations. Explore how environmental, economic, and social factors contribute to the problem and what efforts are being made to combat it. Post your findings to the padlet:
https://padlet.com/erasmushealthschools2024/undernutrition-case-study-p9mafidnfgfd2kgn TEAM C: OVERNUTRITION: CASE STUDY
Overnutrition is increasingly prevalent among adolescents in urban areas of Greece. This trend is alarming because it not only affects the current health of young people but also sets the stage for chronic diseases later in life, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. The rise in overnutrition among Greek adolescents is influenced by a combination of lifestyle changes, cultural shifts, and food availability, particularly in urban settings like Athens and Thessaloniki. Could you make a research and investigate how lifestyle, cultural factors, and food availability contribute to the condition? Post your findings to the padlet:
https://padlet.com/erasmushealthschools2024/overnutrition-case-study-uvojxiq6r3jork1
STEP 3. Problem-Solving Activity:

Create a public health campaign aimed at addressing these three conditions. Your campaign should include a summary of your findings as well as three (3) informative posters: one for obesity, one for eating disorders and one for nutrient deficiencies in adolescence, designed by each team and posted to the following padlet :
https://padlet.com/erasmushealthschools2024/malnutrition-in-adolescence-atzh8o746qxq23dh

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Study Cases: Eating Disorders, Undernutrition, and Overnutrition

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Students will login to the twinspace of our project and take alook to the pages: They will follow all activities -except teamwork ones- prior to this webquest implementation.

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Which would be the most important health and environmental challenges linked to food that will be faced in the future?

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Which would be the most important health and environmental challenges linked to food that will be faced in the future?

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The food we consume today is deeply connected to both our health and the environment, and the challenges associated with our food systems are becoming increasingly complex as global populations grow and industrial activities expand. These challenges impact individual well-being and have significant implications for the planet's sustainability.

One major health issue is the "double burden of malnutrition," where undernutrition and overnutrition coexist, highlighting disparities in global food systems. While undernutrition affects millions in developing countries, leading to stunted growth and higher mortality, overnutrition in developed nations is causing rising rates of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. The shift towards processed foods high in sugars, fats, and salt has exacerbated these diet-related diseases, which are now among the leading causes of death worldwide. Additionally, the globalization of food supply chains has brought new challenges in food safety.

On the environmental side, food production has a substantial ecological footprint, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, water scarcity, and biodiversity loss. Industrial agriculture, while boosting food production, has also led to environmental degradation. Livestock farming, in particular, demands large amounts of resources and is a major source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Deforestation for agriculture further harms biodiversity and ecosystems.

Climate change is already affecting agriculture, leading to reduced crop yields and food insecurity due to extreme weather, changing precipitation, and rising temperatures. With the global population expected to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050, the demand for food will intensify, further straining the environment.
STEP 2 Investigation: Students will be divided in two teams:
Useful resources:

Useful resources:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S275380952400019X This paper discusses strategies to address global biodiversity loss and improve ecosystem resilience by emphasizing holistic actions to conserve natural ecosystems. It highlights the need for responsible resource management, changes in diets, and increased food diversity. The paper also stresses the importance of understanding the beneficial interactions between microorganisms and plants, particularly in changing environments, and calls for the use of biotechnology to enhance future food processing and quality.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/1/222 In this study, were systematically analyzed the future challenges of the agriculture and food systems by focusing on (1) their root causes and trends; and (2) the interlinkages among the solutions proposed to address the challenges using social network analysis tools.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fft2.173 This review is focused on the evolution of food supply systems, starting from the Green Revolution to food supply chains, providing a significant perspective on sustainability.

Post your findings regarding the future health and environmental challenges to the following padlet:
https://padlet.com/erasmushealthschools2024/future-health-and-environmental-challenges-zujszx41fwx2p2yg
Investigate future challenges and existing solutions, and propose new ideas to address the challenges you've identified to the following tricider, Consider technological advancements, policy changes, and lifestyle modifications. Assess the feasibility and potential impact of these solutions on improving health outcomes and reducing environmental harm.
https://www.tricider.com/brainstorming/2d0hAWGvkPh
Don't hesitate to reflect to each other.

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Which would be the most important health and environmental challenges linked to food that will be faced in the future?

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The food we consume today is deeply connected to both our health and the environment, and the challenges associated with our food systems are becoming increasingly complex as global populations grow and industrial activities expand. These challenges impact individual well-being and have significant implications for the planet's sustainability.

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Development of a consumption in a sustainable manner: Mediterranean Diet: How can responsible consumption and production help to reduce the health risks?  

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Development of a consumption in a sustainable manner: Mediterranean Diet: How can responsible consumption and production help to reduce the health risks?  

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There's a brainstorming based to the question: "Why does the Responsible Production and Consumption matter?"
https://padlet.com/erasmushealthschools2024/why-do-the-responsible-production-and-consumption-matter-dlvxhdzvwh3koh3b
Then there's a discussion based to the following:
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-consumption-production/ https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/sustainable-development-goals/why-do-sustainable-development-goals-matter/goal-12
STEP 2: Mediterranean Diet

This diet is characterized by a high intake of plant-based and fish products. The Mediterranean diet has been well-characterized scientifically following the pioneering Seven Countries Study conducted by Ancel Keys in the 60s. Since then, the Mediterranean diet has been widely studied and reported to be a model of healthy eating associated with significant nutritional and health benefits, The notion of the Mediterranean diet has undergone a progressive evolution over the past 60 years, from a healthy dietary pattern to a sustainable dietary pattern, in which nutrition, food, cultures, people, environment, and sustainability all interact into a new model of a sustainable diet.

Four sdesignated stations transform the class into a virtual Mediterranean marketplace and community:

Station 1: There will be a laptop presenting some articles so to make a research on the basic principles of the Mediterranean Diet. What other foods are emphasized, and what cultural practices support this diet?

Station 2: There will be a laptop presenting articles so to investigate how the Mediterranean Diet aligns with sustainable practices. How does local sourcing, seasonal eating, and reduced food waste are linked to a consumption in a sustainable manner?

Station 3: There will be a laptop presenting articles so to explore the health benefits of the Mediterranean Diet. How does this diet reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity?

Station 4: There will be a laptop presenting articles so to examine the environmental benefits of the Mediterranean Diet. How does it contribute to reducing carbon footprint, conserving water, and preserving biodiversity?

Students in groups spend 10 minutes for exploration and discussion to each station. After the allocated time, groups rotate to the next station, following the designated walking webquest path. After visiting all stations, students post their notes to a padlet.
https://padlet.com/erasmushealthschools2024/how-can-the-mediterranean-diet-contribute-to-sustainable-con-t0ayfy26gxiu8n95
Then, there will be a final discussion, starting with students' overall experience and insights gained on how responsible consumption and production is linked to a better adherence to the Mediterranean Diet.

Usseful resources:
https://www.nfcr.org/blog/does-the-mediterranean-diet-prevent-cancer/#:~:text=Studies%20suggest%20that%20the%20Mediterranean,pancreas%2C%20prostate%2C%20and%20lung. https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2023/10/mediterranean-diet-and-cancer https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jmf.2010.0244 https://medlifestyle.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/The-anti-inflammatory-effects-of-a-Mediterranean-diet_-a-review.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684452/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7791288/ https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2236 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721065153#bb0155
https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food for exploring the land use, carbon, and water footprints of food products with the use of Impacts of Food Data Explorer
Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products Which food is better for the planet? https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Environmental-impact-food-group-consumption-and-nutrient-intake-of-the-17-387_tbl2_343551940
STEP 3: Development of a consumption in a sustainable manner

Students develop practical recommendations on how individuals and communities can adopt diets such as the Mediterranean Diet to promote health and sustainability. They consider challenges and potential solutions. They post their findings to the same padlet as before.

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Development of a consumption in a sustainable manner: Mediterranean Diet: How can responsible consumption and production help to reduce the health risks?

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Survey on eating habits: Food Frequency Questionnaire

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Survey on eating habits: Food Frequency Questionnaire

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Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA)

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Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA)

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Nutrition and Substance Use in Adolescence

Η εφηβική ηλικία: από 11 έως 18 ετών Χαρακτηριστικά:

ραγδαίας σωματική ανάπτυξη-->σωματική και σεξουαλική ωρίμανση

έντονη ψυχολογική αναζήτηση

σημαντική κοινωνική προσαρμογή

Aspasia Mylona

Understanding the Impact on Health and Well-being

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CHANGES

Adolescence is a pivotal stage in human development, marked by significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes.

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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

BODY COMPOSITION

SEXUAL MATURATION

Nutritional behaviour

Family

MME, social networks

Friends

Energy

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Nutritional needs

Why it matters

Advices

Suggestions

Balanced Diet in Adolescence

Nutrition in adolescence

Η εφηβική ηλικία: από 11 έως 18 ετών Χαρακτηριστικά:

ραγδαίας σωματική ανάπτυξη-->σωματική και σεξουαλική ωρίμανση

έντονη ψυχολογική αναζήτηση

σημαντική κοινωνική προσαρμογή

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Most of the body's organs double in size, while the child gains about 50% of its adult weight and 20% of its height (girls will not increase their height more than 5-7 cm after the onset of menstruation flow.)

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Girls gain proportionately more fat, with the result that during adulthood the percentage of fat is 23% for girls and 12% for boys, since during puberty they develop their muscles twice as much.

release of hormones such as gonadotropins, which stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones (testosterone in boys and estrogen and progesterone in girls).

development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive capability.

- Challenging the lifestyle of adults - Search for independence - Vigorous activity outside the home

Model pressure from media and social networks lead to excessive preoccupation with body image, extreme situations such as the use of harmful supplements, dangerous diets, mental eating disorders.

In the context of socialization, they are sometimes led to consume intermediate meals of dubious nutritional value (snacks)

Energy intake = proportional to the age-height-calorie relationship = indicative values for each centimeter of height and to these we add the physical activity needs. Disturbance of energy balance--> malnutrition (obecity or underweight)

In general, protein requirements are doubled compared to the previous age period and tend to be similar to those of adults (~45-59 g per day). Lipid and carbohydrate needs are similar to those of adults.

Teenagers have greater vitamin needs. Special importance: vitamin D (45% of total bone growth in this period), calcium (1300 mg per day), iron (12mg/day-boys, 15mg/day-girls).

Nutrition during adolescence has particular importance and important goals: A. Providing energy and nutrients to achieve normal adolescent growth and daily adolescent activity B. Prevention of conditions during adolescence (iron deficiency anemia, dental caries) C. Prevention of pathological conditions during adult life (osteoporosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, carcinogenesis, obesity)

Milk group: 3-4 servings / day Meat group: 2-3 portions / day Cereal group: 6-11 servings / day Vegetable and fruit group: 3-4 servings/day Fats and oils: 3-4 tablespoons

Developing their own value system Self-image perception Changes in adolescent mood and behavior Changing the way of thinking

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends for teenage girls: 2,200 calories per day, while boys need approximately 2,800 calories. However, these numbers can vary based on individual activity levels and metabolic rates.

VERSUS

OVERNUTRITION

Excessive intake of calories, fats, sugars, and processed foods.

Health implications: Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Impact on academic performance and self-esteem.

UNDERNUTRITION

Inadequate intake of essential nutrients.

Health implications: Stunted growth, weakened immune system, and delayed puberty.

Anorexia, malnutrition in low-income settings.

Nutrient Deficiences

Deficiencies in nutrients such as protein, B vitamins, vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, selenium, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids have a significant impact on brain and nervous system function, which can affect the appearance of depressive symptoms.

Nutritional deficiencies and poor eating habits established during adolescence can have long-term consequences, including delayed sexual maturation, loss of final adult height, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. As for vegetarian adolescents, nutritional risks include lack of iodine, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and some essential fatty acids. In addition, substances in some grains reduce gut absorption, thus increasing mineral deficiencies.

Moore Heslin A, McNulty B. Adolescent nutrition and health: characteristics, risk factors and opportunities of an overlooked life stage. Proc Nutr Soc. 2023 May;82(2):142-156. doi: 10.1017/S0029665123002689. Epub 2023 Mar 16. PMID: 36924388.

Alcohol and substances' use

During this time, many young individuals experiment with various substances, including alcohol, marijuana, and prescription medications. This experimentation can have profound effects on their health, behavior, and future.

Use of substances -statistics

According to the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) 2019:

79% of students aged 15-16 in Europe have consumed alcohol at least once in their lifetime.

47% reported drinking alcohol in the past month.

35% have engaged in heavy episodic drinking (5 or more drinks on one occasion) in the past month.

16% of European students aged 15-16 have used cannabis at least once in their lifetime.

7.1% used cannabis in the past month.

Use of other illicit drugs (e.g., ecstasy, amphetamines, cocaine) is much lower, with lifetime prevalence rates around 4-5%.

41% of 15-16-year-olds have smoked cigarettes at least once.

10% smoke cigarettes daily.

The use of e-cigarettes is also rising, with 40% having tried them.

http://www.espad.org/

When adolescents consume alcohol, they may experience impaired judgment, leading to risky behaviors such as unprotected sex, driving under the influence, or experimenting with other drugs.

The short-term effects of alcohol use can include poor academic performance, social withdrawal, and increased conflicts with peers and family members. Long-term, excessive drinking can result in addiction and long-lasting changes in brain structure and function. Furthermore, adolescents who drink are more likely to develop alcohol use disorders later in life.

While the developing brain may be more resilient to neurotoxic effects, exposure to alcohol and drugs during a period of critical neurological development may interrupt the natural course of brain maturation and key processes of brain development.

Substance use in adolescence is a known risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric and substance use disorders in adulthood. This is in part due to the fact that critical aspects of brain development occur during adolescence, which can be altered by drug use.

Steinfeld, M.R., Torregrossa, M.M. Consequences of adolescent drug use. Transl Psychiatry 13, 313 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02590-4

Andrade FC, Burnell K, Godwin J, Hoyle RH. Alcohol Use and Abstinence throughout Adolescence: The Changing Contributions of Perceived Risk of Drinking, Opportunities to Drink, and Self-Control. Subst Use Misuse. 2024;59(6):910-919. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2310489. Epub 2024 Feb 7. PMID: 38326713; PMCID: PMC11110111.

Substance use can impair decision-making, lead to risky behaviors, and negatively impact academic performance.

The use of alcohol and other substances during adolescence can further complicate nutritional health. Studies indicate that alcohol consumption can interfere with the absorption and metabolism of vital nutrients. For instance, excessive drinking can lead to deficiencies in vitamins B1 (thiamine), B6, and folate, all of which are crucial for energy production and brain function.Additionally, substance use can alter appetite and lead to unhealthy eating patterns, such as binge eating or skipping meals.

https://studenthealth.ucsd.edu/resources/health-topics/alcohol-drugs/nutrition-endurance.html

THANK YOU!!!

Mental health is another critical aspect impacted by nutrition. Studies have shown that a diet rich in nutrients can enhance mood and cognitive function, while diets high in sugar and processed foods can lead to increased feelings of anxiety and depression. Thus, fostering a positive relationship with food is vital during this developmental stage.

Include a variety of food groups: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Fruits and vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals, which play a vital role in immune function and overall health. Whole grains are important sources of fiber and energy, while lean proteins, such as chicken, fish, and legumes, are necessary for muscle development and repair. Healthy fats, found in foods like avocados, nuts, and olive oil, support brain health-an essential factor as adolescents navigate academic pressures.Drink plenty of water throughout the day, especially if you are involved in sports or other physical activities. Dehydration can lead to fatigue, decreased concentration, and impaired physical performance.Avoid fast food, soft drinks and alcohol.

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The European Commission's support for the production of this diagram does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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ASPASIA MYLONA

Obesity in Adolescence: A Growing Concern

Obesity in adolescence is a complex issue with far-reaching consequences. Understanding the prevalence, causes, and impact of obesity is crucial for effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Obesity in Adolescence: A Growing Concern

Approximately 1 in 5 adolescents in Europe is overweight or obese.

Serbia reports moderate levels of adolescent obesity, with around 20-25% of adolescents being overweight or obese. Trend: The country has seen a gradual increase in obesity rates over the past two decades, with a focus on urban areas where the rates are higher.

Serbia

Italy also has a high prevalence of adolescent obesity, especially in Southern regions. National estimates suggest that around 25-30% of Italian adolescents are overweight or obese. Trend: Similar to Greece, Italy has seen high obesity rates for years, with recent stabilization efforts showing some positive effects.

Italy

In Slovakia, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents is slightly lower than in Southern Europe, with rates around 15-20%. Trend: The trend has been increasing, with rising concerns about dietary habits and physical inactivity among Slovak youth.

Slovakia

Greece has one of the highest rates of adolescent obesity in Europe. Recent studies indicate that about 30-35% of Greek adolescents are either overweight or obese. Trend: There has been a significant increase in obesity rates over the past few decades, although recent efforts to promote healthier lifestyles have led to a slight stabilization.

Greece

The prevalence of obesity in adolescents has been steadily increasing globally.

Prevalence and Trends

Genetic and Biological Factors

Environmental Influences

Causes and Risk Factors

Socioeconomic factors

Physical Inactivity

Unhealthy Diet

Family and Home Environment

Phsychological factors

Obesity can lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which can progress to liver failure.

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Obesity is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, which can have severe long-term implications.

Type 2 Diabetes

Obesity increases the risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and other cardiovascular problems.

Cardiovascular Disease

Obesity in adolescence can have significant physical health consequences, impacting various organ systems and increasing the risk of chronic diseases.

Increased Risk of Bullying

Body Dissatisfaction

Eating Disorders

Social Stigma

Depression

Anxiety

Obesity in adolescence can have a negative impact on mental health, leading to low self-esteem, body image issues, and social isolation.

Mental Health Implications

Involve parents and families in promoting healthy habits and creating supportive environments.

Family Involvement

Promote regular physical activity, including sports, dance, and other enjoyable activities.

Physical Activity

Encourage consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.

Healthy Diet

Prevention strategies are crucial for addressing obesity in adolescence, focusing on promoting healthy habits and addressing underlying risk factors.

Prevention Strategies

Addressing mental health concerns, body image issues, and self-esteem through individual or group therapy.

Counseling

Encouraging regular physical activity, with guidance from a healthcare professional or physical therapist.

Physical Activity

Working with a registered dietitian to develop personalized meal plans and healthy eating habits.

Dietary Modifications

Treatment for adolescent obesity often involves a multidisciplinary approach, integrating lifestyle changes, counseling, and medical interventions.

Treatment Approaches

High consumption of calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods (e.g., fast food, sugary drinks, snacks).

Low intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

High-frequency eating patterns, such as frequent snacking and irregular meals.

Sedentary behavior: increased screen time (TV, computers, smartphones).

Decreased participation in physical activities and sports.

Lack of safe recreational spaces.

Lower socioeconomic status linked to limited access to healthy foods and safe exercise environments.

Educational disparities impacting knowledge of healthy lifestyle practices.

Stress, anxiety, and depression contributing to emotional eating.

Body image issues and low self-esteem leading to unhealthy eating patterns.

Parental obesity and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors.

Family eating patterns and habits (e.g., frequent dining out, large portion sizes).

Low parental supervision and lack of guidance on healthy eating.

Genes have an essential impact on numerous elements of weight problems. These aspects can consist of metabolic rate, fat distribution, appetite regulation as well as energy expenditure.

Hunger Hormones: Leptin and ghrelin provide signals regarding hunger and satiation. However, certain genetic variants can modify the hormonal signalling pathways and cause weight gain. Excessive Fat Build-up: Hereditary modifications can influence enzymes that are associated with lipid metabolic processes and interfere with our body's capacity to effectively process and store fat. These genetic variations create excess fat cell build-up and result in excessive weight.
Environmental factors like advertising of unhealthy foods targeted at children and adolescents.

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The European Commission's support for the production of this diagram does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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Project number: 2023-2-SK01-KA210-000176581

ASPASIA MYLONA

EATING DISORDERS

Eating disorders are deviations from normal eating behavior that endanger a person's physical and psychological health. The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

psychogenic diseases

The salient importance of food + mentally weak personality appearance of an eating disorder.They occur mainly in girls between the ages of 15 and 25 of the upper socio-economic classes and often among athletes, dancers and models.Reasons: I. Psychological: search for perfection, need for acceptance,fear of criticism, feeling of inadequacy, lack of self-esteem II. Social III. Family

6% die within 10years since diagnosis. Death is often caused by the effects of starvation or by suicide.The longer someone suffers from this eating disorder, the harder it is to heal.

Eating disorder, characterized by refusal to maintainof below normal body weight, intense fearfor weight gain and disturbed body image. The anorexic person is characterized by suppression of the feeling of hunger and notfrom loss of appetite.

PSYCHOGENIC ANOREXIA

Food is the focus of interest

Disturbed body image

Perfectionist.

Usually sets high goals for her/himself and is competitive and obsessive.

Her family often expects a lot from her/him.

Because wants to take control of her life and can't, wants to keep her weight under strict control.

Avoids social events where he will be forced to eat.

Is usually nervous and hostile and suffers from sleep disturbances.

profile

Loss of ability to regulate body temperature.

Low metabolic rate due to hormonal disorders.

Iron deficiency anemia and other vitamin deficiencies.

Dry and rough skin, hair loss.

Digestive system problems.

Dehydration due to changes in the body's electrolytes.

Amenorrhea

Decrease in bone density due to hormonal disorders - osteoporosis.

Slowing of the heartbeat, which involves weakness, fainting, drowsiness.

Cardiac dysfunction and failure, which is also a cause of death

health effects

Treating anorexia nervosa is difficult (they are resourceful in hiding weight loss) and time-consuming.

70% of patients are cured, but they need constant help, because there is a risk of disease recurrence.

Collective treatment(family, doctor - dietician - psychologist, who should cooperate systematically, examining the special characteristics of the specific case).

Hospital stay is required only when the patient's weight is below 70% of ideal.

CAUTION refeeding -patients are reluctant to eat! It is essential to consider the particular needs and preferences of the patient
treatment

BULIMIA

PSYCHOGENIC

aUTHOR'S NAME

Eating disorder, characterized by repeatedbinge eating episodes, usually followed by the use of laxativesmethods, extreme exercise or complete abstinence from food.

1980: considered a separate eating disorder.

It occurs mainly in teenagers and young women aged 17-25, and later, at the age of 40-50.

In men, the problem occurs in a very small percentage (0.2%). The true frequency is unknown, because only women who seek help from a doctor can be detected.

Βulimic episode or bulimic crisis or binge eating is characterized by the consumption in a short period of time (e.g. 2 hours) of huge amounts of food, which most people cannot consume.It is characterized by the loss of the feeling of satiety and the consumption of foods high in carbohydrates.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

There are two types of bulimic person: a. Purgatory type: regularly uses laxatives, diuretics, or induces vomiting as compensation for overeating.b. Non-purgatory type: mainly uses abstinence from food or extreme exercise as a compensation for overeating.

This is usually followed by a period of increased concern about body weight and body image, during which the bulimic decides to "watch" her weight.

Their weight is within normal limits and only 20% are overweight.

Bulimics obsess over food and know quite a bit about food.

Turns to food mostly in periods anxiety, depression or problems.

Know that their behavior is not normal but she cannot control the urge to eat.

A perfectionist, with a well-organized life.

Insecure and with low self-esteem.

Suffers from depression and is unable to control her desires.

Usually comes from overprotective or troubled families and is a person with high goals.

Avoids social events.

TYPES

For a woman to be classified as bulimic, she must have bulimic episodes regularly - at least 2 times a week for 3 months.Its caloric intake can reach 10-15,000 calories!

The frequency and duration of binge eating episodes varies from case to case.

During binge episodes one feels euphoria, a sense of freedom and freedom from stress or worry.

Stop when you feel discomfort and unbearable bloating. Then she is overwhelmed by feelings of guilt and depression and the solution is immediate vomiting or use of laxatives and diuretics, complete abstinence from food or exhausting exercise, so as not to increase her weight (fear of fat).

bulimic'S profile

Tooth decay (from stomach acids).

Problems in the digestive system (esophagus - stomach).

Constipation.

Dehydration and electrolyte disturbances (from frequent vomiting and diuretic use).

Hormonal disorders.

Muscle weakness

vicious cycle

Collective treatment (family, doctor - dietician - psychologist, who should cooperate systematically, examining the special characteristics of the specific case).

Hospital care is judgednecessary only if there is a large weight loss or there are complications from the abuse of laxatives, diuretics, vomiting

CAUTION The bulimic person should learn ways to control binge eating episodes and eat at regular intervals, making correct food choices

health effects

treatment

thin

THANK YOU!

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The European Commission's support for the production of this presentation does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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Here is described the meeting agenda for the activity “Responsible production and consumption”