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Time Periods & Worldwide - White

Western Europe - Yellow

Eastern Europe/Middle East - Red

Asia -  Blue

Africa - Green

Americas - Purple

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The world and humanity itself were developing.

The world went from small hunting and gathering groups to agricultural societies.

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Overall:

During this period, religion plays a significant role in history and the connections of regions.

Islam was created and spread to Africa and India.

Christianity starts to play a larger role in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Islam and Christianity religions clash with each other, connecting and affecting the regions.

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Overall:

Mongols were taking over Eurasia, killing and devastating many regions

States were being built in Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

The strengthening of states in Europe led to their conquests of America and Africa.

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Overall:

The world has become more connected.

European conquest of the Americas led to a larger world economy.

Europeans needed labor in order to profit from America

Colonizers used the labor of Native Americans and African slaves; the slave trade grew.

The age of discovery and reason began, especially in Europe.

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476 CE - Fall of the Western Roman Empire

722 AD - Start of Spanish Reconquista

732 CE - Battle of Tours

800 CE - Coronation of Charlemagne

988 CE - Christianization of Kievan Ruus

1054 CE - East-West Schism aka The Great Schism

1066 CE - First crusades began; Pope Urban’s call to action

1099 - Henry II becomes King of England; reforms common law system

1189 - King Richard I reclaims Jerusalem; Third Crusade

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300,000+ BC - Homo Sapiens (Sapiens) emerge as the most successful species

100,000 BC - Speech gene development

25,000 BC - Landbridge to Alaska, Americas

12,000 BC - Ending of the Old stone age / Paleolithic age

Hunters and gatherers, stone tools

10,000 BC - Homo sapiens reached most of the world except islands like Oceania

Population of 10 million

8,000-5,000 BC - New Stone Age / Neolithic age

Agriculture, domestication

8,500 - 3,500 BC - Neolithic revolution

Development of agriculture
3,500 BC - Mesopotamia

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384-322 - Life of Aristotle
330 - Byzantine Empire is founded

570-632 - Life of Muhammad

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6000 BC - Nile River settlement begins

~300 - Ethiopia adopts Christianity

~580 - Nubia converts to Christianity

600-700 - Islam spreads across North Africa
1000 - Ghana at the height of its power

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4000 BC - Mesopotamia River Valley Civilization begins to form

3300-1300 BC - Indus River Valley Civilization

2100-1600 BC - Yellow River Valley Civilization

500 BC - Work of Confucius in China and Buddha in India

~100 BC - China conquers Vietnam

206-220 - Han Dynasty

~350 - Korea establishes tributary relationship with China

600-800 - Umayyad Dynasty

~600  - Islam is introduced to India

750 - Abbasids overthrow Umayyads, Abbasid Caliphate begins

~900 - Vietnam gains independence

945 - Persian Buyids capture Baghdad

960 - Song Dynasty begins

1096 - First Christian Crusade in Palestine

1180-1185 - Genpei War

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1204 - 4th crusade; sack of Constantinople

1215 - The Magna Carta is signed in England

1291 - Fall of Acre; end of Crusades

1304-1374 - Life of Francesco Petrarch

1337 - Beginning of Hundred Years’ War; b/t France and England

1347 -  Black Death (Bubonic Plague) enters Europe; ports Sicily, Italy

1351 - Black Death fades away in Europe; though effects remain

~1300 - Beginning of Renaissance; Florence Italy

1418 - Henry the Navigator establishes Sagres

1453 - End of 100 Years War; France victorious

1492 - Granada falls to Christians

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1194 - Seljuk Turks defeated

~1200 - Japanese emerge

1206 - Chinggis Khan elected as Mongol khagan

Delhi Sultanate established

1211 - Mongol invasions of China begin

1243 - Mongols defeat Seljuk Turks

1258 - Baghdad falls, Abbasid Caliphate falls

1260 - Kubilai Khan elected

Mamluks defeated Mongols

1271 - Yuan Dynasty established

1274 / 1281 - Mongol invasions of Japan

1279 - Song Dynasty defeated by Kubilai Khan

1290s - Islam begins spreading in Southeast Asia

1290s - Introduction of guns to China

1340 - Black Plague in Middle East

1368 - Ming Dynasty established

1405 - Zheng He voyages begin

1433 - China ends expedition
1453 - Ottomans capture Constantinople

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1200 - Mali empire rises

1200 - Bantu migrants establish Great Zimbabwe

1300 - Mali empire at its height

1324 - Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa

1400 - Swahili coast of East Africa flourishes

Oyo empire (Yoruba) established

1415 - Portuguese capture Morocco; beginning of European expansion into Africa
1441 - First shipment of African slaves; from Africa to Portugal

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1200 - Inca empire rises

1250 - Invention of chinampas

1350 - Incas established in Cusco area

1434 - Triple alliance between Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan, and Texcoco created

1438 - Pachacuti rule & expansion begins

1440 - Moctezuma I rule begins
1502-1520 - Moctezuma II

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1450 - Invention of the Gutenberg Printing Press

1492 - Christopher Columbus’ first voyage to the Americas

1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas; b/t Spain and Portugal; divides new world b/t both

1500-1600 - Commercial Revolution

1503 - Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa

1517 - The beginning of Protestant Reformation

1519-22 - Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the world; first to do so

~1520s - Spread of Humanism: influences Renaissance art in Western Europe

1534 - Anglican church established

1543 - Copernicus publishes his heliocentric model of the galaxy

1564 - Birth of William Shakespeare; Renaissance literature

1588 - English Navy defeats Spanish Armada

1598 - Edict of Nantes

1600 - Scientific revolution begins

1618-1648 - Thirty Years’ War, Treaty of Westphalia

1642-1649 - English Civil War

1643 - Louis XIV reign begins

1688-1690 - Glorious Revolution, parliamentary monarchy established

1700s - Enlightenment

1787 - Bourbon Reforms begin
1789 - French Revolution

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1440-1505 - Ivan the Great

1453 - Ottomans conquer Constantinople under Mehmed II

1462-1584 Russia is freed from Tatars

1501-1510 - Safavid conquest of Persia

1514 - Ottomans defeat Safavids at Chaldiran

1520-1566 - Reign of Suleyman the Magnificent

1526 - Babur’s first invasion of India

1530-1584 - Ivan the Terrible

1540-1545 - Humayan exile from India to Safavid Empire

1552-1556 - Russian expansion in Central Asia, Western Siberia

1571 - Ottomans defeated in Battle of Lepanto

1571-1629 - Reign of Abbas the Great

1604-1613 - Time of Troubles

1649 - Serf Hereditary Act

1670 - Serf Revolt under Stepan Razin

1672-1724 - Peter the Great

1729-1796 - Catherine the Great

1740 - Reign of Frederick the Great begins

1767 - The Instruction of Catherine the Great

1773-1775 - Pugachev’s Rebellion

1772, 1793, 1795  - Partition of Poland
1785 - Harsher punishments on serfs by landlords

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1497-1498 - Vasco Da Gama sails to India

1562 - British begin slave trade

1597 - Japan isolationist policy
1744 - French-British wars in India

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1400-1550 - Great Zimbabwe at height, gold & international trade

1481 - Portuguese fort established at El Mina (Ghana)

1491 - Kongo king converts to Christianity

1500 - Songhay empire flourishes

Benin at height of power

1562 - Beginnings of English Slave trade

1570 - Portuguese colony in Angola established

1591 - Fall of Songhay Empire

1652 - Dutch colony in South Africa
1820-1830 - Mfecane Wars

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~1500 - Moctezuma II rule begins

1513 - Vasco de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama

1519-1542 - Cortes conquest of Mexico

1533-1540 - Pizarro conquers Incas

1545 - Potosi discovered

1563 - Huancavelica established

1607 - First permanent British colony in Virginia

1608 - First French colonies in Canada

1654 - English take Jamaica

1680s - English, French, Dutch Caribbean colonies begin

1695 - Gold discovered in Brazil, Minas Gerais
1790 - Spanish convoy system ends

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As Columbus said, "Plus ultra!"

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We connected the time periods and different "regions" with arrows to represent the fact that the history of the world is all connected and related to each other. Every time period has a short description of how the world developed and how the events related to each other. Each time period also has arrows pointing to the important events in each world "region." Interspersed in the timeline is imformation that we found either important or interesting. Lastly, we highlighted the most important events and bolded key words making it easier to convey key information.

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One of the earliest written legal codes

Written by Hammurabi, emperor of Baylon

Harsh punishments

Early example of the concept: innocent until proven guilty

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One of the first Muslim caliphates

Spread Islam and Arabic

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One of the most influential Chinese philosophers

Influenced the Mongols during the reign of Kubilai Khan, as well as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

Beliefs

Self-improvement via education

Proper social relations

Respect for one's elders

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Main attractive features of river valleys were...

Access to water for agriculture

Fertile land

Key features of these civilizations include

Writing systems

Social hierarchy

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Geography

Located in Andean highlands

History

Military campaigns led by Pachacuti & later furthered by Huayna Capac

Religion

The cult of ancestors was important

The sun was the highest deity

Technology

Road systems, tambos (storehouses), bridges

Stonecutting, agricultural terraces, irrigation techniques

Organization

State bureaucracy, local rulers, tribute

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Between 1346-1353

Killed about 50 million people

Reached Asia, Middle East, Egypt, and Europe.

Blamed on Jews

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Split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches

Major religious change within Europe

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"Rebirth"

Secular focus

Began in Florence, Italy

Growing middle class of traders and bankers

Tempera Paint -> Oil Paint

2D Perspectives -> 3D Perspectives

Anatomy, Illusions, Lighting, Shadows, Pride

Caused by Pope Urban II's holy wars which brought back knowledge, awakening, culture, and products to Europe.

Famous contributors: Francesco Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello

Northern Renaissance contributors: Jan Van Eyck, Hans Holbein, and Pieter Bruegel

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Freed Russia from Mongols after 1462 by denying tribute

Gave the government a military focus

Used Cossacks (peasant soldiers) to expand Russia

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End of Rurik dynasty (1598) to establishment of Romanov dynasty (1613)

Nobles competed in power vacuum.

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Brian Hui

Kyle Hui

Piper Nguyen

Arnav Prathipati

Rohan Murthi

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A set of scientific discoveries and advancements in the 17th century around the West.

Famous contributors and their work:

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - Heliocentrism

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - Basic findings about laws of gravity and planetary motion, and Galilean Moons (Jupiter's moons)

Francis Bacon (1561-1662) - Scientific Method (Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning)

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - Author of Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), basic principles of all motion (acceleration, friction, gravity, etc.)

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"Age of Reason"

A movement centered in France in the 18th century

“Dare to Know” - Immanuel Kant

Key Ideas: Reason, Nature & Natural Laws; Happiness; Progress; Liberty; Toleration

Famous Contributors and their work:

John Locke (1632-1704) - Social Contract (Agreement between ruler and governed. Natural rights of Life, Liberty, Property), Religion shouldn't be spread forcefully, Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate)

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1657) - The Leviathan, Supported Monarchies

Voltaire (1694-1778) - Religious tolerance and Freedom of Speech

Montesquieu (1689-1755) - Separation of Power; Checks & Balances

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - Novel “Emile” and Social Contract

Diderot (1713-1784) - Encyclopedia

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Founded by Chinggis Khan

Overthrew the Abbasid Caliphate

Spanned across Eurasia

Put the Silk Road back into use

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One of the most important trading societies during this time

Traded in Africa first, then in Americas by Europeans

Responsible for labor done on American plantations

Harshly treated; hereditary

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Religious wars between Muslims and Christians to control the Holy Land

Resulted in the transfer of Islamic culture and technology to Europe & increased trade between the two

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Network of trade routes known for the trade of Chinese silk

Served as an early exchange of culture & technology

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Major trading destinations include Srivijaya and the Swahili Coast

Goods include spices, silk, porcelain, textiles, gold, ivory, and slaves

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Compass: shows cardinal directions

Astrolabe: determine location via measuring the angle between celestial bodies

Chronometer: determine longitude

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Fought between Taira and Minamoto clans

Shift in power from royal rulers to military leaders & samurai class in Japan

Led to creation of the Kamakura Shogunate

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Most important Spanish silver mines in the Americas

80% of Peruvian silver came from Potosí

Some of the largest mercury mines were in Huancavelica

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Believed to be the final prophet of God in Islam

Born in Mecca

Verbally described the Qu'ran

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Ottomans were defeated by an alliance of Christian states including Spain and various Italian states

This event marked the end of Ottoman naval control of the Mediterranean

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First developed by the Chinese around 800

Guns first used in China in the 1300s

A significant advantage for the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires

Played a role in African warfare, began the gun and slave cycle

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Controlled much of the Umayyad territory

Capital located at Baghdad

Caliphs were often murdered, competition for the throne was rampant

Seljuk Turks gained control in 1055

Baghdad fell to the Mongols in 1258

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Large part of the gold trade

Major contributor to trans-Saharan trade

Conquest state

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Emperor of Mali Empire (1312-1337)

Known for immense wealth through Trans-Sahara gold trade

Famous Hajj ( Holy Muslim journey) to Mecca in 1324

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Military and Political Pact

Shared lands of the Basin of Mexico

Tenochtitlan (Aztecs), Tlacopan (Tepaneca), and Texcoco (Alcolhua)

Divided Rewards from War (2/5 Tenochtitlan, 2/5 Texcoco, 1/5 Tlacopan)