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Core: Intermost <4400-6000 Degrees < Thickest,3300Km

Mantle:In between <1000-3700 Degrees <2900Km

Crust:Outermost <Lowest <Thinnest,6-70Km

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Level 1:

Arguments with unclear descriptions

Students who only talk ONE factor in depth

Students who talk about 2 factors, no elaboration and "touch and go"

Examples not existing, examples don't have stats ,date or location

Level 2:

2 good body paragraphs with one good example-4 marks

Level 3:

Develop argument that supports both side of the argument

3 body paragraphs with atleast 2 good examples

Conclusion-opinionated(Not from textbook)

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landslides are the most dangerous hazard compared to tsunamis when associated with earthquakes "how far do u agree with this statement . explain your ans

# data[].attributes.body
Level 1:

Arguments with unclear descriptions

Students who only talk ONE factor in depth

Students who talk about 2 factors, no elaboration and "touch and go"

Examples not existing, examples dont have stats ,date or location

Level 2:

2 good body paragraphs with one good example-4 marks

Level 3:

Develop argument that supports both side of the argument

3 body paragraphs with atleast 2 good examples

Conclusion-opinionated(Not from textbook)

Essay Question:"Landslides are the most dangerous hazard associated with earthquakes ."How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with evidence

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Plate Tectonics Theory:

Plates move due to mantle convection.

Plate boundaries:

Convergent: Subduction zones, fold mountains, volcanoes (e.g., Himalayas, Indonesia).

Divergent: Mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Africa).

Transform: Earthquakes (e.g., San Andreas Fault).

Earthquakes:

Caused by pressure release at faults.

Measured by:

Richter Scale: Magnitude.

Mercalli Scale: Intensity of damage.

Effects: Tsunamis, ground shaking, destruction.

Case Study: Japan 2011 Earthquake & Tsunami.

Volcanoes:

Occur at convergent & divergent boundaries.

Types:

Shield Volcano (Mauna Loa) — gentle, lava-rich.

Stratovolcano (Mount Merapi) — steep, explosive.

Impacts: Fertile soil, tourism vs. disasters.

Case Study: Mount Merapi Eruption 2010.

Tsunamis:

Triggered by undersea earthquakes.

Travel at high speed, massive coastal damage.

Case Study: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

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1️⃣ What is a Volcano?

A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust where magma, ash, and gases are released onto the surface.

Volcanoes form mainly at:

Convergent boundaries (plates collide) → explosive volcanoes.

Divergent boundaries (plates separate) → gentle volcanoes.

2️⃣ How Volcanoes Form:

Magma from the mantle rises through weaknesses in the crust.

When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava.

3️⃣ Types of Volcanoes (Point Form):

🔸 Shield Volcanoes:

Found at divergent boundaries or hot spots.

Lava Type: Low viscosity (runny) basaltic lava.

Shape: Broad base, gentle slopes.

Eruption Style: Frequent, non-explosive, steady lava flows.

Example: Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

🔸 Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes):

Found at convergent boundaries (subduction zones).

Lava Type: High viscosity (thick) andesitic or rhyolitic lava.

Shape: Steep-sided, tall cone shape.

Eruption Style: Explosive, violent with pyroclastic flows, ash clouds.

Example: Mount Merapi, Indonesia; Mount Fuji, Japan.

4️⃣ Parts of a Volcano (Important for Diagrams):

Magma Chamber

Main Vent

Secondary Vent

Crater

Lava Flows

Ash Cloud

5️⃣ Volcanic Hazards:

Lava Flows: Slow but destructive to property.

Pyroclastic Flows: Very fast-moving hot gas and ash; deadly.

Ashfall: Thick ash can collapse roofs, harm lungs, block sunlight.

Lahars: Mudflows (ash + water) bury villages and farmland.

Tsunamis: Rare, caused by volcanic collapse near/underwater.

6️⃣ Positive Impacts of Volcanoes:

Fertile Soil: Rich nutrients for farming (e.g., Java).

Tourism: Attracts visitors (e.g., Mount Fuji).

Geothermal Energy: Clean power (e.g., Iceland).

Mining Resources: Sulfur, metals.

7️⃣ Why People Live Near Volcanoes:

Agriculture: Fertile land for crops.

Tourism & Energy Jobs: Economic benefits.

Cultural/Religious Ties: Long-standing communities.

No Alternative: Poverty or land scarcity.