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Methods of Application:

Ice packs (10-20 minutes)

Commercial cold packs (10-20 minutes)

Ice massage (5-10 minutes)

Indications:

Acute or chronic pain

Acute edema

Acute bursitis or tendinitis

Muscle spasms

Acute ligament sprain

Acute muscle strain

Tenosynovitis

Contraindications:

Raynaud’s disease

Circulatory compromise

Peripheral vascular disease

Open wound

Infection

Skin anesthesia

Cold intolerance or hypersensitivity

Precautions:

Over a superficial nerve

Hypertension

The very young or very old

Impaired cognition

# data[].attributes.custom_properties.QpzE041M
Curtis, D. (2023). Biophysical agents [Powerpoint slides]. Unpublished presentation. 

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Methods of Application:

Hot packs

Paraffin bath

Contrast bath

Fluidotherapy

Indications:

Subacute and chronic inflammation

Subacute and chronic pain

Decreased range of motion

Muscle spasms

Muscle guarding

Subacute ligament sprain

Subacute muscle strain

Contraindications:

Acute musculoskeletal conditions

Impaired circulations

Peripheral vascular disease

Skin anesthesia

Malignant tumors

Open wounds

Precautions:

Pregnancy

Cardiac insufficiency

Poor temperature regulation

The very young or very old

Edema

Demyelinated nerves

Areas with counterirritants applied

Impaired mental state

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Curtis, D. (2023). Biophysical agents [Powerpoint slides]. Unpublished presentation. 

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Methods of Application:

Transducer and cooling agent gel

Frequently moved around area

Frequency: 1 MHz or 2 MHz; affects depth of tissue healing

Duty Cycle: 20%, 50%, 100%; affects array of thermal and nonthermal effects

Intensity: 0.1 to 2.5 W/cm^2

Time: up to 15 minutes

Indications:

Soft tissue healing and repair

Scar tissue

Joint contracture

Chronic inflammation

Increase blood flow

Bone healing

Contraindications:

Decreased temperature sensation

Decreased circulation

Eyes

Reproductive system

Pregnancy

Pacemaker

Malignancy

Total joint replacement

Infection

Precautions:

Fracture

Bony prominences

# data[].attributes.custom_properties.QpzE041M
Curtis, D. (2023). Biophysical agents [Powerpoint Slides]. Unpublished presentation. 

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Methods of Application:

Transdermal drug delivery system using high electric current

Followed by soothing lotion

Indications:

Local anesthetics

Anti-inflammatory agents

Contraindications:

Pregnancy

Pacemakers

Cardiac arrhythmia

Diabetes

Impaired sensation

Skin lesions

Precautions:

Can cause burns and skin damage

# data[].attributes.custom_properties.QpzE041M
Bracciano, A. (2022). Iontophoresis. In Physical agent modalities: Theory and application for the occupational therapist (pp. 270-290).  Routledge.

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Methods of Application:

Non-invasive light source treatment

Indications:

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Shoulder impingement

Bursitis of hip/shoulder

Sciatica

Tendinitis

Lymphedema

Tennis elbow

Contraindications:

Pregnancy

Malignancy

Eyes

Epilepsy

Precautions:

All eye exposure should be avoided for patient and clinician

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Bahire, E. (2017). Low Level Laser Therapy. Physiopedia. https:/www.physiopedia.com/Low_Level_Laser_Therapy 

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Methods of Application:

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)

Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS)

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)

Indications:

Edema

Muscle spasms

Wound/fracture/tendon/ligament healing

Muscle reeducation

Lymphatic circulation

Acute and chronic pain

Contraindications:

Pacemaker

Infection

Malignancy

Pregnancy

Thrombosis

Precautions:

Impaired sensation

Impaired cognition

Cardiac disease

Skin irritation or open wounds

# data[].attributes.custom_properties.QpzE041M
Curtis, D. (2023). Biophysical agents [Powerpoint slides]. Unpublished presentation.

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Methods of Application

Increases external neuromuscular feedback

Biomechanical

Physiological

Indications:

Chronic pain

Constipation and other bowel/bladder issues

Fibromyalgia

Insomnia and other sleep issues

Anxiety

Contraindications:

Severe psychosis

Pacemakers

Precautions:

Receptive aphasia