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Optimization of Heat Recovery Networks for Energy Savings in Industrial Processes

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Among the pillars of decarbonization of the global energy system, energy efficiency plays a key role in reducing energy consumption across end-use (industry, transport and buildings) sectors. In industrial processes, energy efficiency can be improved by exploiting heat recovery via heat exchange between process streams. This paper develops a stage-wise superstructure-based mathematical programming model for the optimization of heat exchanger networks. The model incorporates rigorous formulation to handle process streams with phase change (condensation or evaporation), and is applied to a case study of an ethylene glycol production plant in Taiwan for minimizing utility consumption. The results show a compromise between steam savings and process feasibility, as well as how the model is modified to reflect practical considerations. In the preliminary analysis, with a substantial potential steam saving of 15,476 kW (28%), the solution involves forbidden matches that pose a hazard to the process and cannot be implemented. In the further analysis without process streams that cause forbidden matches, although the space limitation in the plant renders the best solution infeasible, the compromise solution can achieve a considerable steam saving of up to 8448 kW (91%) and is being evaluated by the plant managers and operators.

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Environmental management of industrial decarbonization with focus on chemical sectors: A review

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Environmental management of industrial decarbonization with focus on chemical sectors: A review

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https://www.gigkarasek.com/blog/co2-verwertung-methoden-herausforderungen

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Mecanismo post, oxi, etc. combustión https://ricabib.cab.cnea.gov.ar/1008/1/1Geuna.pdf

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Utilización de aguas residuales para biocaptura de CO2

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Retos en la descarbonización de la industria

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Retos en la descarbonización de la industria

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Decarbonizing Chemicals Part One: Sectorwide Challenges Will Intensify Beyond 2030

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Medium-term decarbonization targets are unlikely to materially affect chemical companies’ cost structures but could imply more significant disruptions to the sector post-2030.

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Descarbonización de químicos y refinación 

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Descarbonización de químicos y refinación 

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Descarbonización a través de combustibles fósiles (Aplicaciones no-energéticas)

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Descarbonización a través de combustibles fósiles (Aplicaciones no-energéticas)

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Caso de estudio Indorama Ventures Europa

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Caso de estudio Indorama Ventures Europa

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Caminos Cero Neto para la Industria Petroquímica

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Caminos Cero Neto para la Industria Petroquímica

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Net Zero Pathways for Petrochemical Industry

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ธนาคารกรุงศรีอยุธยามุ่งมั่นสร้างสรรค์ผลิตภัณฑ์และบริการทางการเงิน เพื่อการเติบโตอย่างยั่งยืน รับผิดชอบต่อสังคม และสนองความต้องการของลูกค้าให้ดีที่สุด

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Vías de descarbonización de la industria petroquímica

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Vías de descarbonización de la industria petroquímica

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This article is a copy of the original article on Think.ing.com

Plastics, rubber and fertilisers are used in almost every aspect of our lives, but they have a large climate impact. In this article, we explore multiple pathways for decarbonisation along the full value chain. Regulations, incentives and end-use companies' sustainability mandates will all drive the change

Petrochemical products, such as plastics, rubber, and fertilisers, are the building blocks supporting our day-to-day activities. Because of their huge contribution to the global economy, petrochemicals are the biggest driver for near to medium-term oil demand increase.

Petrochemicals are expected to contribute most to oil demand growth leading up to 2030

Oil demand growth by sector in million barrels per day in the IEA Reference Technology Scenario

The petrochemicals sector is also hard-to-abate with currently commercially available technologies. The sector's direct carbon dioxide (CO ₂) emissions grew by 41% between 2010 and 2020, despite the fact that carbon intensity has stagnated over the past few years. To reach net zero emissions by 2050, the sector's direct emissions need to decrease by 12% between 2020 and 2030-and then be reduced even faster with maturing low-carbon technologies.

Direct carbon dioxide emissions have grown by 41% and need to decline by 12% by 2030 on a net zero trajectory

Direct CO ₂ emissions from primary chemical production in megatons CO ₂-equivalents per year

With the increasing urgency to combat climate change and manage associated physical and transition risks, the petrochemicals sector is feeling the need to decarbonise. Decarbonisation pressures are also coming from the end of the value chain, including companies that use petrochemicals for their own products, such as packaging in the food and beverage and retail industries (more examples will be provided later on).

This article examines what the main decarbonisation pathways are for the petrochemicals sector, as well as what companies in this industry have been doing to boost their sustainability practices.

What are petrochemicals?

In general, petrochemicals are chemical products that are made from oil or natural gas. Petrochemicals currently represent 90% of the total demand for feedstock in chemical production. Relevant oil and gas products are turned into primary chemicals such as high-value chemicals (HVCs, including aromatics and light olefins), ammonia, and methanol. These primary chemicals are then processed into final petrochemical products that are applied across sectors such as consumer goods, packaging and agriculture, among others.

Petrochemical sector value chain

Sustainability mandates from consumer goods companies drive decarbonisation in petrochemical products

Plastic, for example, is a popular petrochemical product that is widely used across industries. Packaging is the biggest contributor to plastic consumption, taking up a 36% share. As companies in the consumer goods industry have become increasingly aware of managing Scope 3 emissions along the value chain, they have formed strategies to partner with petrochemical companies to use bio-based and/or recycled plastics for packaging.

Packaging is the largest contributor to plastic consumption

Estimated consumption of plastic by end-use sector

In the luxury goods industry, for instance, LVMH Beauty (a division of LVMH) is collaborating with Dow to ramp up the use of sustainable plastics to produce items such as premium perfume caps and cosmetic cream jars. In the food and beverage industry, chemical company Avantium has been partnering with companies such as Coca-Cola to produce bioplastics at scale. Moreover, food processing company Heinz and retail company Tesco have entered a trial programme with Plastics Energy, SABIC, and Berry Global to collect used plastic, convert it into oil feedstock, and reproduce plastic for recycled use.

Petrochemical companies say that demand from end-use sectors has been a powerful driver for them to decarbonise production-and this trend is likely to continue in the future if companies remain serious about reducing carbon emissions. The decarbonisation of petrochemical products, therefore, is no longer a process within this one sector, but a highly collective one along the products' value chain.

Multiple decarbonisation pathways possible for exploration

What are some of the main pathways petrochemical companies can undertake to decarbonise?

Using biobased feedstock to replace fossil feedstock in the production of petrochemicals has been a relatively common practice that has existed for a long time. This is partly because of the relatively low cost of doing so.

Aromatics and light olefins can be produced from bio-naphtha, which is a by-product of the process of renewable diesel or sustainable aviation fuel production. Companies such as INEOS, ENI, and BASF are already producing bio-naphtha and are planning for more.

Olefins can also be produced sustainably using other bio-based feedstock. For instance, bio-polyethylene, a building block of plastic, can be produced from ethanol. Because of the higher yields and lower cost, the majority of bio-based feedstock is first-generation feedstock such as sugarcane, corn, etc. The biggest problem of first-generation feedstock is that chemical producers need to compete with demand from the food industry, as well as (in some cases) companies of other oil products that are looking to decarbonise. Overfarming can also lead to environmental concerns.

That is why more effort needs to be made towards using second-generation feedstock (e.g. animal fats, bio waste, waste vegetable oil) and third-generation feedstock (e.g. algae, cellulose). LyondellBasell and Neste announced in 2019 that they had started joint production of bio-based polypropylene and bio-based low-density polyethylene from materials such as waste and residual oil on a commercial scale. According to the International Energy Agency, achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century requires 60% of the global bioenergy supply in 2050 to come from sources that do not need dedicated land use.

Recycling plastics and enhancing circularity

Plastic recycling is an area that has great potential for improvement because of current insufficient efforts. Globally, just 9% of plastic waste is recycled every year, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The OECD also forecasts that under business-as-usual conditions, global plastic waste would almost triple by 2060 and only less than 20% would get recycled. This highlights the importance of ramping up recycling and building a circular plastics value chain.

There are several ways to close the loop for the plastics value chain: reuse, mechanical recycling, and chemical recycling. Reusing means that a plastic product gets consumed again, though this method remains limited in scale. Mechanical recycling refers to crushing and melting plastic and turning it into another product without changing the plastic's chemical composition. Mechanical recycling can work well with high-quality plastic, but the amount of plastic that can use this method is relatively small, and it doesn't really close the loop for the value chain.

Closing the loop for circularity

Companies have been increasingly working towards chemical recycling, a more advanced process where chemical molecules can be broken down again to feedstock levels. This approach can widen the range of plastic that can get recycled and boost recycling rates, with the potential to close the entire plastics supply chain loop.

One criticism of chemical recycling, however, is that the recycling process itself can be energy intensive with the possibility of increasing emissions compared to producing virgin materials. There are two solutions to this problem. First, renewable energy needs to be scaled up. Second, Carbon Capture and Storage technology can help effectively lower emissions from recycling. The major challenge here is cost, as scaling up advanced chemical recycling and CCS application can be expensive.

Still, the share of chemical recycling is expected to substantially increase in the next few decades, despite the fact that it accounts for a tiny fraction of total plastic recycling today. Companies such as Dow, LyondellBasell, and BASF all have development programmes for chemical recycling.

Steam cracking, the process of breaking down more saturated hydrocarbons such as naphtha, butane, propane, and ethane to less saturated ones like ethylene and propylene, has also become the target of petrochemical companies in their quest to reduce emissions.

The idea of steam cracking electrification is to replace the natural gas that is typically used for heating in a cracking furnace with renewable electricity. The biggest challenge to using renewable electricity is achieving the high temperature of roughly 850 degrees Celsius needed in a furnace. But there are already companies working towards it. In 2022, BASF, SABIC, and Linde started the construction of a large-scale electric furnace in Ludwigshafen, Germany. Shell and Dow announced last year that they had launched an experimental unit to electrically heat steam cracker furnaces at their campus in Amsterdam.

Besides directly heating existing furnaces with renewable electricity, several companies are developing a new technology-a rotodynamic reactor-which requires a furnace to be redesigned to allow feedstock to enter a high-speed rotor and use generated kinetic energy to heat up the furnace. Engineering companies Coolbrook and Linde are collaborating to develop such a reactor with potential partnership interest from companies such as SABIC.

Clean hydrogen (green hydrogen produced from renewables or blue hydrogen with carbon capture and storage) can be used in petrochemical production either as a fuel for combustion during the steam cracking processes or as a feedstock for synthetic petrochemical products such as methanol.

For steam cracker heating, hydrogen could become an option in the long term, although it would also face competition from other options such as electrification mentioned above. For petrochemical production feedstock, hydrogen is already widely used as an input to produce methanol and ammonia. But since most of the current hydrogen produced is grey, there is a need to decarbonise the hydrogen production process.

Synthetic methanol, an appealing low-carbon alternative, can be produced by combining green hydrogen with carbon dioxide that is captured from emissions elsewhere. Some companies, such as Worley, take it a step further by using biogenic CO ₂ that is captured from a biomass-fired power plant. This is a nature-based way of taking carbon out of the atmosphere, also called negative emissions. In the future, this might also be done by machines via direct air capture, but this technology is still in its infancy and there are no examples in the industry yet.

Although synthetic methanol is mostly gaining traction in the marine transport sector, it can also be used to produce low-carbon petrochemicals such as solvents and plastics. Still, green synthetic chemicals remain a nascent area that needs significant scale-up to meet the decarbonisation needs of the sector.

The use of green hydrogen to produce synthetic chemicals has great growth potential, as the global cost of unsubsidised green hydrogen is likely to substantially decrease in this decade, becoming competitive with blue hydrogen in the early 2030s and with grey hydrogen around 2040. Green hydrogen is already cheaper than grey hydrogen in China thanks to the country's cheap electrolysers and power costs. Cheap Chinese electrolysers can reduce the cost of green hydrogen in other parts of the world even faster if they are exported to these regions.

Hydrogen still expensive but getting cheaper

Levelised cost of green hydrogen production in dollars per kilogram

CCS is gaining attention from petrochemical companies as a technology to reduce emissions from petrochemical production.

Around the world, there have been several petrochemical-related CCS projects, either operating or under development. In China, a 1 Mtpa integrated CCS project came into full operation in August 2022, where carbon dioxide is being captured from the Qilu Petrochemical plant and transported to the Shengli Oil Field to enhance oil recovery. In Singapore, Shell and ExxonMobil's Low Carbon Solutions unit are both looking into regional CCS hubs to capture CO ₂ from their petrochemical and refining operations in the country. In Europe, Air Liquide and BASF are jointly developing the world's largest cross-border CCS network in Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway, where 14.2 Mtpa of CO ₂ is expected to be captured from chemical and hydrogen plants. In the US, the Lake Charles CCS project plans to capture the CO ₂ generated from methanol synthesis processes.

In addition, CCS has the potential to control emissions from recycling plastics, which can sometimes be energy intensive as well.

Policy: Carrots and sticks are both ramping up, but more is needed

All the decarbonisation pathways discussed above need significant investment to support the scale-up of relevant technologies. The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) recently proposed a Systems Change Scenario, where the inflow of virgin plastics is more than halved and the outflow of mismanaged plastic waste is slashed by 80% by 2040 compared to the Business As Usual scenario. The UNEP estimates that the Systems Change Scenario is not out of reach but will require investment in virgin plastic production to fall by $2.2tn by 2040, with companies and institutions needing to shift $2.6tn of investment into sustainable materials, circularity, and sorting and collection. Mounting decarbonisation demand from investors and end-user companies will facilitate this change, but even stronger policy is required.

Significant investment needed in plastics circularity and sustainability

UNEP estimates of financial flows required to achieve the Systems Change Scenario by 2040, in trillion dollars

Today, both incentives and restrictions are in place among many governments to accelerate the decarbonisation of the petrochemicals sector. In terms of incentives, in the US, the federal Biomass Crop Assistance Program financially supports producers of advanced biofuel feedstock, which can be beneficial to petrochemical companies in demand for such stock. The US Department of Energy is also providing $100mn for research and development for the production of fuel and chemicals from biomass, as well as $60mn to de-risk and accelerate the commercialisation of renewable chemicals and fuel production. It is also important to note that policy support for other clean technologies, including renewable energy, CCS, and hydrogen, will also help the petrochemicals sector reduce emissions.

While the US is leading in providing incentives, the EU is more advanced in establishing regulations to curb the demand for plastics. In July 2021, the EU banned single-use plastic plates, cutlery, straws, balloon sticks, and cotton buds from being circulated in the markets of EU member states. Moreover, the introduction of Single Use Plastics Directive (SUP) in 2019 and the current proposal for the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) shape the future of packaging. This will be done by reducing plastic waste and setting out minimum recycled content standards in plastic packaging for 2030 (e.g. 30 % for single-use beverage bottles).

In the US, the Biden administration has set a goal to displace over 90% of the plastics with bio-based materials in the next two decades, although this target has been criticised by some as being too ambitious since it would require a 155-fold increase in bioplastic capacity. And despite the related funding mentioned above, there has not been a federal single-use plastics ban. Efforts are nevertheless happening at the state level, with extended producer responsibility laws passed in Oregon, Colorado, Maine and California.

Efforts from the EU and US show that policymakers are serious about tackling the environmental challenges associated with the petrochemicals sector. But more is needed to spur investment to the level outlined by the UN and to ensure a long-term structural change towards sustainable petrochemical production.

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Decarbonisation of petrochemicals needs more cross-sector effort

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Plastics, rubber and fertilisers are used in almost every aspect of our lives, but they have a large climate impact. In this article, we explore multiple pathways for decarbonisation along the full value chain. Regulations, incentives and end-use companies' sustainability mandates will all drive the change

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Proyectos de descarbonización en industria petroquímica

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Proyectos de descarbonización en industria petroquímica

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La plataforma de Innovación CO2 to Chemicals consolida los esfuerzos de Braskem para darle un nuevo destino al dióxido de carbono proveniente de las emisiones de las unidades industriales de la compañía

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Technologies for hydrogen (H ₂) production fall into four main categories:

1. Thermal Processes: Thermal processes use the energy in various feedstocks (natural gas, coal, biomass, etc.) to release the H ₂ that is part of their molecular structure. The main hydrogen production technologies using fossil fuels are all thermal processes, and include reforming, gasification, and pyrolysis. Table 1 summarizes fossil fuel-based hydrogen production technologies.

2. Biological & Thermochemical Processes: Thermochemical processes use heat in combination with a closed chemical cycle to produce H ₂, while biological processes use microbes or fungi in fermentive reactions to produce gases from which hydrogen can be derived.

3. Electrolytic Processes: These processes use electricity to split water into its two chemical constituents, oxygen (O ₂) and H ₂, using an electrolyzer. The cost and efficiency of producing H 2 via electrolytic processes is directly dependent on the cost and efficiency of the electricity used in the process.

4. Photolytic Processes: These processes use light energy to split water into H ₂ and O ₂. These processes are currently in the early stages of development and currently are not viable for large scale production.

NETL recently produced a baseline study which independently and transparently evaluated the performance of select hydrogen production plants utilizing fossil fuel resources as the primary feedstocks - specifically, natural gas, steam methane reforming, autothermal reforming of natural gas, coal gasification, and coal/biomass co-gasification. The cases assumed commercially available technologies and included both non-CO ₂ capture and capture cases to gauge the performance and cost implications of clean hydrogen production using these technologies; the cases are summarized in Table 2. For details on process configurations, assumptions, and cost contributors/breakdowns, refer to the original baseline study here. Nominal CO ₂ capture rates vary, but for the capture cases (2, 3, 5 and 6) there is a consistent strategy to recover greater than 90 percent of the carbon entering the plant boundary, minus the slag formed in gasification cases.

It is interesting to note that the inherently carbon capture-facilitating autothermal reforming has slightly better cost performance compared to steam methane reforming when the latter is forced to include carbon capture. Cost contributors are discussed in detail in the source document, but it can be noted here that the largest contributor to the cost of hydrogen for reforming cases is the fuel cost, in contrast to the gasification cases where capital cost is the largest contributor.

More detail on the gasification-based plant cases (Cases 4-6) is provided in subsequent sections of this chapter below, showing current technological & process approaches to gasification-based hydrogen production systems with and without carbon capture.

Table 3 compares technologies for production of hydrogen using water and biomass feedstocks; most of these technologies are biological, thermochemical, electrolytic, or photolytic, though thermal conversion of biomass via gasification and pyrolysis is well established. Some of the technologies such as thermolysis, photoelectrolysis and biophotolysis are in the research and development (R&D) stage and will require years of improvements before becoming a commercial reality.
Cost of Hydrogen Production
The cost of H ₂ hydrogen production depends heavily on the cost of fuel or electricity from which it is produced, and in the case of clean hydrogen, carbon capture and storage costs must factor into the equation for non-renewable production methods. In the Global Hydrogen Review of 2021, the International Energy Agency surveyed recent (2020) hydrogen production costs via the major methods including natural gas reforming (without and with carbon capture and storage [CCUS]), coal gasification (with and without CCUS), and renewables, and compared those costs with expected future costs in net zero emissions scenarios for 2030 and 2050. Those are shown in Figure 1. Currently, hydrogen produced via all reforming and gasification methods with and without capture is less expensive than renewable hydrogen, but with future carbon price liabilities factored in and expected future cost reductions of renewable technologies, fossil fuel with capture and renewable technologies may be on a more even cost footing. Notably, solid fuel/coal gasification with capture may remain a strong contender in anticipated future net-zero emissions scenarios.

Figure 1. Levelized cost of hydrogen production by technology in 2020, and in the Net zero Emissions Scenario, 2030 and 2050²

References/Further Reading

Comparison of Commercial, State-of-the-art, Fossil-based Hydrogen Production Technologies, National Energy Technology Laboratory, April 12, 2022 DOE/NETL-2022/3241.Hydrogen: Automotive Fuel of the Future, by FSEC's Ali T-Raissi and David Block, IEEE Power & Energy, Vol. 2, No. 6, page 43, Nov-Dec 2004

Hydrogen from Coal, D. Gray & G. Tomlinson, Mitretek Technical Paper (Nov 2001)

Hydrogen

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7.3. Technologies for Hydrogen Production

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Technologies for hydrogen (H2) production fall into four main categories: Thermal Processes: Thermal processes use the energy in various feedstocks (natural gas, coal, biomass, etc.) to release the H2 that is part of their molecular structure. The main hydrogen production technologies using fossil fuels are all thermal processes, and include reforming, gasification, and pyrolysis.

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Decarbonizing gas emissions from petrochemical production using microalgae

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of global warming. Under the Paris Agreement, all countries have developed programs to reduce anthropogenic impact on the environment. In the petrochemical industry, for example, isoprene, is a major contributor to the production of carbon dioxide, generating large amounts of acidic and hydrocarbon gases that are burned and released into the atmosphere. This study aimed to investigate the absorption of greenhouse gases from isoprene production by the marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis suecica, as well as the freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.METHODS: Microalgae cells were cultured in a bioreactor. The grown microalgae strains and mineralized water were fed to the bioreactor. Gases discharged from isoprene production were passed through the bioreactor. Inlet and outlet gas compositions were monitored by chromatography.FINDINGS: Absorption of gases discharged from isoprene production by microalgae was studied for the first time. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae reduced methane and carbon dioxide contents by an average of 20 times. A mixture of microalgae Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana reduced methane and carbon dioxide contents by a factor of 10 but completely absorbed hydrocarbon gases from methane to pentane.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that microalgae cultivation can be used as a reliable and stable technology for the biofixation of the gases discharged in isoprene production. This technology can eliminate the combustion stage of hydrocarbon gases in isoprene production and significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

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The future of hydrogen energy_ Bio-hydrogen production technology

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Captura por medio de absorbentes recargados

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Captura por medio de absorbentes recargados

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Capturing carbon dioxide from air with charged-sorbents - Nature

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Charged-sorbents are a new class of designer sorbent materials for the capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and can be regenerated at low temperatures with direct heating generation using renewable electricity.

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Steps in the BECCS value chain (biomass supply, feedstock preprocessing, bioenergy facilities, and CO ₂ storage sites) are rarely co-located, which means additional and distinct infrastructure to connect these steps is required.

Successful deployment of BECCS at scale would require the co-ordinated development of each component of the supply chain. Governments and the private sector have an important role in this regard. Opportunities that maximise the removal and mitigation potential of BECCS while limiting its economic, environmental and social costs can be identified through the mapping and matching of sustainable biomass supply, existing bioenergy facilities, industrial clusters and potential CO ₂  storage sites.

Focusing on biomass facilities within industrial clusters can help leverage economies of scale and aggregation. For example, in the United States, the  Midwest Carbon Express project plans to connect 32 bioethanol plants with a ~3 000 km pipeline network across 5 states.

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Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage - Energy System - IEA

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Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, or BECCS, involves capturing and permanently storing CO2 from processes where biomass is converted into fuels or directly burned to generate energy. Because plants absorb CO2 as they grow, this is a way of removi

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Aplicaciones de eficiencia dentro de procesos

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Aplicaciones de eficiencia dentro de procesos

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Practice and Technology and Measures For Improving Energy Efficiency in the Chemical and Petrochemical Sector - Oil & Gas Portal

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Energy use grew up from 4.6 Mtoe[1] in 1973 to 13.4 Mtoe in 2012.Total final energy consumption decreased in Europe while it increased in non-OECD countries, reaching a further 1.3% in 2014 (i.e China 3.1% and 4.3% in India).[2],[3]

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Resumen

El presente trabajo aborda una alternativa renovable a los combustibles fósiles.

En el último siglo, la preocupación el cambio climático y por la creciente escasez de fuentes fósiles para la producción de combustibles ha aumentado.

El metanol verde es una potencial alternativa a este problema.

La producción de metanol verde se basa en la hidrogenación del dióxido de carbono previamente capturado.

Para que el metanol final producido se pueda denominar metanol verde, todas las fuentes y procesos que se han llevado a cabo para su producción deben de provenir de fuentes renovables.

En primer lugar, se explica las diferentes tecnologías de captura de CO2 que existen en la industria.

Existen tres principales: la captura de precombustión, la captura de postcombustión y la oxicombustión.

En segundo lugar, se detallará como se obtiene el hidrógeno renovable para la hidrogenación del CO2.

En este caso consiste en la electrólisis del agua.

Hoy en día es la tecnología pionera en este ámbito.

En último lugar, se explicará todo el proceso de la producción de metanol, escogiendo así la tecnología de captura de CO2 más adecuada a este proyecto, así como el tipo de reactor y catalizador para llevar a cabo la producción de metanol.

Se realizará también un análisis económico de los costes que puede suponer este tipo de proyectos.

Este trabajo pretende contribuir al conocimiento sobre una nueva alternativa a los combustibles fósiles, para resaltar sus ventajas hacia la transición energética.

ABSTRACT:

This thesis addresses a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.

In the last century, concern about climate change and the increasing scarcity of fossil fuel sources has grown.

Green methanol is a potential alternative to this problem.

Green methanol production is based on the hydrogenation of previously captured carbon dioxide.

For the final methanol produced to be called green methanol, all sources and processes that have been carried out for its production must come from renewable sources.

Firstly, the different CO2 capture technologies that exist in the industry are explained.

There are three main ones: pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and oxycombustion.

Secondly, it will detail how renewable hydrogen is obtained for CO2 hydrogenation.

In this case it consists of the electrolysis of water.

This is currently the pioneering technology in this field.

Finally, the whole process of methanol production will be explained, thus choosing the most suitable CO2 capture technology for this project, as well as the type of reactor and catalyst to carry out the methanol production.

An economic analysis of the costs that this type of project may entail will also be carried out.

This study aims to contribute to the knowledge about a new alternative to fossil fuels, to highlight its advantages towards the energy transition.

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Estudio de una planta de producción de metanol verde a partir de la hidrogenación del CO2

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El Archivo Digital UPM alberga en formato digital la documentacion academica y cientifica (tesis, pfc, articulos, etc..) generada en la Universidad Politecnica de Madrid.Los documentos del Archivo Digital UPM son recuperables desde buscadores: Google, Google Academics, Yahoo, Scirus, etc y desde recolectores OAI: E-ciencia, DRRD, Recolecta (REBIUN-FECYT), Driver, Oaister, etc.

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Recent progress in CO2 conversion into organic chemicals by molecular catalysis

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The chemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into high-value chemicals or fuels is exceedingly attractive due to its green and sustainable features. However, practical technologies on scale utilization of CO2 are few, and nearly no new industrial processes on the topic have emerged over the years. The cur

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Conversión de dióxido de carbono (CO2) a productos químicos de valor agregado mediante reducción electroquímica

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El dióxido de carbono (CO2) es el último de los subproductos en todos los procesos que implican la oxidación completa o la combustión de cualquier materia orgánica carbonácea, es por ello, que, ante la elevada cantidad de fuentes energéticas de origen fósil, actualmente se considera al CO2 como ambientalmente dañino.

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Operación cíclica de adsorción de CO2 e hidrogenación a CH4 TESIS_BERMEJO_LOPEZ_ALEJANDRO

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Selección de catalizador para hidrogenación de CO2 a metanol

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Selección de catalizador para hidrogenación de CO2 a metanol

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Caracterización de la cinética intrínseca de la hidrogenación de CO2 a metanol mediante el estudio transitorio con isótopos (SSITKA)

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CO2 a diferentes compuestos químicos (proceso en aspen)

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CO2 a diferentes compuestos químicos (proceso en aspen)

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página 26 diferentes productos a partir de CO2

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Estadio actual de las técnicas de producción de combustibles a partir de CO2. CALO MARMOLEJO, ANTONIO DANIEL

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DESARROLLO DE SISTEMAS HÍBRIDOS DE CAPTURA DE CO2

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DESARROLLO DE SISTEMAS HÍBRIDOS DE CAPTURA DE CO2

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Calcium loop junto con las membranas o destilación criogénica.

oxicombustión para hacer CH4 mediante la hidrogenación del CO2.

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Desarrollo de sistemas híbridos de captura de CO2. SebastianGarciaLuna

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Tecnologías de almacenamiento de energía térmica para energía solar concentrada

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Tecnologías de almacenamiento de energía térmica para energía solar concentrada

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Implementación de una planta solar para sustituir el gas natural.

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Empresa que se dedica a descarbonizar industrias por medio de tecnologías y electrificación con energía limpia.

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Coolbrook makes petrochemical industry more sustainable with innovative pilot | Coolbrook

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The beginning of a clean new industrial era

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Plastic Europe - roadmap to have net-zero emissions by 2050

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Plastic Europe - roadmap to have net-zero emissions by 2050

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This association produce over 90% of all polymers across Europe

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The Plastics Transition • Plastics Europe

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In this roadmap Plastics Europe lays out a potential pathway for a circular and net-zero plastics industry in Europe.

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Energía Termosolar en México y en el mundo

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Energía Termosolar en México y en el mundo

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Producción de H a partir de biomasa y almacenado como amoniaco líquido

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Producción de H a partir de biomasa y almacenado como amoniaco líquido

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Incluye simulación completa en Aspen

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Conversión de biomasa a amoniaco a electricidad como método de almacenamiento de energía en un sistema multigeneracional renovable

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Conversión de biomasa a amoniaco a electricidad como método de almacenamiento de energía en un sistema multigeneracional renovable

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Producción y almacenamiento de hidrógeno verde para aplicaciones energéticas

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Producción y almacenamiento de hidrógeno verde para aplicaciones energéticas

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Comparación de hidrógeno líquido y comparación de fotovoltáica, Planta de electrólisis de agua, Planta de compresión

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Producción y almacenamiento de hidrógeno verde para aplicaciones energéticas en chile.

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Cambio de combustibles a fuentes renovables

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Cambio de combustibles a fuentes renovables

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Metanol como alternativa para la generación de combustibles limpios

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Metanol como alternativa para la generación de combustibles limpios

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Produccion de acido tereftalico a partir de p xileno_Combale

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Producción, Almacenamiento, transporte y distribución.

Aplicaciones

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uso de membranas en industria petroquímica

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uso de membranas en industria petroquímica

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Membrane engineering. Latest advancements in gas separation and pretreatment processes, petrochemical industry and refinery, and future

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Hydrogen production for energy. An overview Dawood F.

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Proceso de recuperación de CO2. Generalidades

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Proceso de recuperación de CO2. Generalidades

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Proceso de recuperación de CO2. Generalidades

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Energías renovables y hidógeno. Transición energética en México

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Producción de metanol a partir de hidrogenación de CO2

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Producción de metanol a partir de hidrogenación de CO2

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Estudio de una planta de porudcción de metanol verde a partir de la hidrogenación del CO2TFG_Guillermo_Salamanca_Federico

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Reformación de etanol combinada con absorción de CO2, para producir hidrógeno

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Reformación de etanol combinada con absorción de CO2, para producir hidrógeno

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REFORMACIÓN DE ETANOL COMBINADA CON ABSORCIÓN DE CO2

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240709 Innovation R&D Decarbonization Challenges (ITESM) (1)

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We’re currently checking your connection. This shouldn’t take long.If you keep getting this page, check if there’s a problem with Canva.

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Total site modeling and optimization for petrochemical low-carbon retrofits using multiple CO2 emission reduction methods

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Total site modeling and optimization for petrochemical low-carbon retrofits using multiple CO2 emission reduction methods

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A PPA is a long-term contract between parties to purchase a certain amount of energy for future delivery. The agreements are typically between five and 15 years in tenor, and are similar to what you would see in the US power market.

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Investigación de tecnologías (1er exploración)

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Investigación de tecnologías (1er exploración)

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Fallas comunes en las bombas de calor de gran escala

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Fallas comunes en las bombas de calor de gran escala

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Puede servir para hacer el análisis de riesgo de esta tecnología

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Menciona el pronostico de los precios de hidrógeno verde (cuarto párrafo de la introducción).

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Decarbonization of the Iron and Steel Industry with Direct Reduction of Iron Ore with Green Hydrogen

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Production of iron and steel releases seven percent of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Incremental changes in present primary steel production technologies would not be sufficient to meet the emission reduction targets. Replacing coke, used in the blast furnaces as a reducing agent, with hydrogen produced from water electrolysis has the potential to reduce emissions from iron and steel production substantially. Mass and energy flow model based on an open-source software (Python) has been developed in this work to explore the feasibility of using hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (HDRI) coupled with electric arc furnace (EAF) for carbon-free steel production. Modeling results show that HDRI-EAF technology could reduce specific emissions from steel production in the EU by more than 35 % , at present grid emission levels (295 kgCO2/MWh). The energy consumption for 1 ton of liquid steel (tls) production through the HDRI-EAF route was found to be 3.72 MWh, which is slightly more than the 3.48 MWh required for steel production through the blast furnace (BF) basic oxygen furnace route (BOF). Pellet making and steel finishing processes have not been considered. Sensitivity analysis revealed that electrolyzer efficiency is the most important factor affecting the system energy consumption, while the grid emission factor is strongly correlated with the overall system emissions.

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Listado de tecnologías de descarbonización

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Listado de tecnologías de descarbonización

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Incluye datos importantes como TRL, etc.

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ETP Clean Energy Technology Guide – Data Tools - IEA

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ETP Clean Energy Technology Guide - Data tools. A data tool by the International Energy Agency.

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Pre-combustion, Post-combustion and Oxy-combustion in thermal power plant for CO capture

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Pre-combustion, Post-combustion and Oxy-combustion in thermal power plant for CO capture

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Ejemplos de descarbonización de plantas en varios países

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Ejemplos de descarbonización de plantas en varios países

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The German chemical industry exemplifies how to reduce CO2 emissions from the difficult-to-abate chemical industry by using four decarbonization levers.

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Carbon Credits A Mechanism for Achieving Sustainability Targets

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Carbon Credits A Mechanism for Achieving Sustainability Targets

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Carbon Credits A Mechanism for Achieving Sustainability Targets

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Carbon Credits A Mechanism for Achieving Sustainability Targets

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Manifiesto de Impacto Ambiental

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Biomass energy with carbon capture and storage(BECCS or Bio-CCS)