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This is one of the most common genetic condition for monogenic genetic disorder. The symptom would be hard to differentiate red and green. The color red tend to appear as brown or gray. The color red tend to appear as gray or tan. This genetic condition does not affect life expectancy. But this disorder may have impact in daily life and narrow job choice such as electricians, designers, drivers, etc. This genetic condition inherited by X chromosome recessively, this make it easier to be dominant trait for male which has one Y and one X sex chromosome . For female, only both chromosomes have the recessive alleles will lead to this genetic condition.

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Red-Green Color Blindness - All About Vision

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Get the facts on red-green color blindness. How does it work, what does it look like and how do people deal with it?

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Red green color blindness is not a disease, and its impact on daily life is relatively small compared to other genetic diseases. Almost one in every twenty people is color blind or color weak, and many celebrities are also affected, such as Mark Twain, the pioneer of modern American literature and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg

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Red-green color blindness affect 5%-9% male and 0.5%-1% female. this huge difference is caused by the heredity pattern (sex chromosome). in detail, it is 4% in Africans, 5% in Asian populations and about 8% in Caucasians.

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Ishihara Test （ method for testings）

most common test for color blindness, developed by Shinobu Ishihara at Tokyo University at 1917. the plate consisted by solid circle with color, only people with normal perception of color can see the content of it.

Farnsworth D-15 Test （method for testings）

used a lot in occupational screening for pilots and designers. consisted by 15 color disk, person who take this test need to arrange the disks in color progression.

colorblind glasses (treatment)

Currently, no efficient treatment can cure red-green color blindness thoroughly. But in 1857, a Scottish scientist James Maxwell created colorblind glasses according to Seeback's theory. By filtering certain wavelength of light to enhance the contrast between colors for wearers to have a better view of color. This glasses is useful for red-green color blindness but the effect different a lot personally.

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After better understanding of gene, many therapies based on that also developed. An article from Harvard Medicine Magazine suggests researchers at the University of Washington have found a gene therapy that can restore genes encoding missing or defective photosensitive pigments, allowing cone cells to detect colors that were previously undetectable. This therapy has been tested on animals that are sensitive to blue and green light wavelengths but insensitive to red light wavelengths. After several months of treatment, these animals were able to distinguish the image formed by red dots, while untreated animals were unable to see it. It is currently unclear whether this therapy can restore the function of cone cells beyond red sensitivity.

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Now we all know that the color perception for different individuals can be subjective, but because of the different pigment in eyes cone cells for different animals, the would view for them would also be different by species.

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Watch: How Animals and People See the World Differently | National Geographic

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Farag, Mahmoud, et al. "Spectrum of ATP7A gene variants among a cohort of patients with Menkes disease." Journal of Human Genetics and Genomics, vol. 4, 2022, https://jmhg.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43042-022-00287-9. Accessed 9 Oct. 2024.

"Color Therapy." Harvard Medicine Magazine, Harvard Medical School, https://magazine.hms.harvard.edu/articles/color-therapy. Accessed 9 Oct. 2024.

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Mutation in OPN1LW, OPN1MW, and OPN1SW will cause color vision deficiency include red-green color blindness. The mutation of these genes stop few kinds of crucial proteins production. These protein can be found at retina which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eyes.