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In the Philippines, culture and traditions are seen as extremely important. For one thing, it gives them a sense of identity. What with the current state of Westernization of the world, many countries are finding it harder and harder to sustain their unique traditions. The Philippines is no different. Being one of the select few that are ever proud of their culture and similar honor their beliefs, their many festivals and special occasions are greatly respected within the community.

One thing that Filipinos especially value is relationships. They typically have very close-knit families maintain very close personal connections. They love and respect each other very much, especially more elderly family members, and are always willing to help each other out. They also have a strong sense of unity, as many of their traditions and customs rely heavily on communication and teamwork.

Kind and generous by nature, Filipinos have many traditions that like to emphasize this characteristic of their culture. They always jump at a chance to share their culture with outsiders, and are hospitable and kind souls that enjoy spreading happiness and positivity through festivals and other special occasions. Oftentimes, during certain special occasions, they enjoy hosting parties and spending these special occasions with loved ones. They follow the concept "Utang na loob," Debt of Gratitude in English, that encourages them to treat people with kindness and to always be positive.

The Philippines is very well known for being majorly religious, and it is because of this that religion makes up a significant amount of Filipino culture. With the amount of Western influence it has, the country is largely Catholic. This reflects on a lot of their traditions, too, as the majority of citizens actively practice religion. In the Philippines, spirituality is thought to be a source of guidance, helping people through good and bad times and providing guidance.

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Social Norms and Etiquette are very important in Filipino culture for a number of reasons. It is a very significant role that they play in peoples' everyday lives, and they are well known for it. One thing that Filipino households are especially renowned for is their unbelievable amounts of respect they have for each other. They are not respectful just to be polite; it is something that they genuinely believe in and value, and this mutual politeness is the reason behind them having such a peaceful and happy country.

Peace and Harmony is very strong concept in the Philippines, with the importance of getting along being specially emphasized. They encourage harmony within communities, and believe that it should be prioritized above all else. This causes for a significantly less amount of conflict. When it comes to family, both close and expended, politeness is also ever present. Not only do they typically possess really tight familial bonds, they also have a mutual respect for each other, especially for children towards their elders.

Hospitality and constant geniality is also something that is commonly linked to the country, as they are very well known for being generous and caring towards tourists. Even towards guests, they are only ever friendly and respectful. In the country, there is a common concept of "Hiya," which is a sense of embarrassment that comes as a result of disrespectful or inappropriate actions.

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In the Philippines, music is one of the most important things in their culture. Not only does it provide an excellent expression of Filipino culture, it also properly showcases the diverse influences of the historical heritage on the country. It really manages to embody the overall cultural identity, expressing unity through the diversity of all the elements, and fostering a sense of belonging between the people.

Much of Filipino music revolves around the themes of love, loss, nature, and everyday life. Folk songs are more commonly about things like heroism, romance, and other, more fairy-tale aspects of life. Through their various types of music, the people are able to pass older beliefs down to younger generations, so that, even as the people themselves change, their roots will not, and they can still stay true to themselves and their culture.

Music is also a vital part of celebratory and festive traditions. They have upbeat rhythms and melodies that create an atmosphere of joy and closeness during big events. They also convey a sense of unity, which really helps in bringing people together and strengthening heir personal and social connections. What's more, music is one of the best ways to bring generations together, and share culture so that it is not, and never will be, lost.

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Architecture, too, plays a pivotal role in making up the identity of the Philippines. The overall architectural heritage of the county serves as a real testament to its diverse culture and its deep rooted traditions. A lot of the architectural wonders in the Philippines, most namely the Art Deco theatres and the now standard houses of the country, are testaments to the wonders that other countries have introduced.

However, it is not just other countries that have affected architecture as a whole, but also the archipelago, the many other smaller islands that make up the Philippines. It's good to see that people have also turned to their own country's multiple smaller cultures for inspiration, not just other countries. A lot of designs from regions such as the Cordilleras, Mindanao, and the Visayas can still be seen in some more modern buildings.

The multiculturalism of the country can also be seen through the architecture of the Philippines; many countries' influences can be seen, and many of the country itself. Even today, many architectural treasures can still be seen that demonstrate to us just how much architecture means to Filipinos, and it is that preservation of those architectural treasures that helps the Philippines maintain a connection to its past and cultural heritage.

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Of all these items, fashion is probably one of the actual most influential, if not the literal most. Fashion holds a significant importance in Filipino culture, serving as a powerful tool for peoples' self expression, males and females alike. It is also one of the best ways to tell how a country's culture has progressed, showing through its progressions the history and cultural diversity.

The most original traditional attire is iconic and irreplaceable; it showcases the country's root beliefs, values, and identity, and, by wearing the heavy traditional clothing, they are simultaneously being respectful and paying tribute to their ancestors, honoring their country. However, to wear the more modern clothing is acknowledging their country's growth and evolution, and is also a way of respecting your country, because ultimately, it is one of the best ways of capturing the changing society, values, and aspirations of the people.

Fashion also plays a big part in promoting Filipino craftsmanship, a lot of which can be seen in the increasingly popular designs of Filipino designers. It's interesting to know that much of this craftsmanship was partially derived from the fashion of the many earlier periods of the country's history, taking elements from each and combining and changing some things to make them fit the current fashion standards.

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The Philippines is known for many things, but out of all of these, in terms of global fame, I would have to say that its myths, folklore, and legends are by far the most well known. Filipinos have extremely vivid imaginations, and have some of the best folk and fairy tales to this day. However, this is not without reason. One of the main factors that contribute to its immense success is the fact that it always, without fail, manages to convey their societal and personal beliefs, religious values, and traditions.

Through myths, legends, and folk tales, Filipinos can learn about their ancestors, their cultural heroes, and their country's mythical creatures, allowing them to gain insight into their past. Moreover, stories as such often teach or depict moral lessons that emphasize the country's root values, which, in this case, is the importance of politeness, manners, resilience, courage, and loyalty. Upon hearing these tales, people will aspire to be like the heroes, and take those values and aspirations with them into further life.

Furthermore, many cultural practices, celebrations and rituals in the Philippines are linked to folklore. Some good examples of this are the Ati-Atihan, Sinulog, and Pahiyas festivals. Other things like traditional music and dances are also inspired by folk tales and myths.

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Culture wise, languages are likely the most important of all things, since they play such an irreplaceable role in the cultural identity of a nation. The Philippines is no different, as its linguistic diversity is among the highest in the world due to its thousands of islands. Within their 187 languages, two are most commonly spoken when communication is required, these two being Tagalog and English.

Others are spoken on average by anywhere from a couple thousand to maybe tens of thousands of people. However, the linguistic diversity of the country, though good in many ways, can also become a big disadvantage. As time goes on, more and more people from small communities learn more popular languages such as the two previously mentioned ones, or other major regional languages such as Bikolano, Kapampangan, and Waray-Waray, and choose to teach these to their children instead of the endangered languages of their own communities.

Though many of the smaller communities are multilingual, a lot of them still don't know any of the more major languages, and with the rapid decline of speakers for these endangered languages, this could pose a very big problem in the future when communication starts becoming bigger and bigger an issue.

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Influential Individuals, both in history and in the current world, have played a truly transformative role in shaping and influencing the Philippines. Through their various achievements, they have given the country something to be proud of, and historical figures have changed the country for the better. Through their honoring of their culture, they have helped it become a better place.

It doesn't matter what time period they live in, all that matters is the positive impact that they have on the country. Things like this can be achieved in more than one way, as my selection of people have shown. First is liberal justice and honor. By staying true to their country and sticking to it always, they have helped it in more ways than one.

Second is the uniting of communities, because these people are truly amazing individuals, and the fact that the things that they do have brought so much of the country together really speaks volumes as to the amount that they have helped unite people. Finally is the reflection of their actions on the country. When these people do great things, their actions reflect on their country, and the country will be associated with great things. These people are more than just icons, they are individuals that give their countries something to be proud of, and, more importantly, something to be proud of.

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During the Early Modern Era, Rice Terraces were popularized due to their personal and environmental benefits. Basically, what they are is a series of terraced fields that were designed to help people adapt to social and climate measures. They also helped people a lot in designing new designing new technologies and forming a more harmonic bond between the people and the environment.

Built and carved in mud, rice terraces mad it easy for the people to develop a watering system from harvesting water from mountaintops. A really big advantage, though, was the natural maintenance that the design allowed for, which saved people a lot of time and effort. They had also built it with an annual system in mind, which fit almost seamlessly with lunar cycles, zoning, planning, soil conservation, pest control via herbs, and even their tribal culture and rituals.

Overall, rice terraces provided many advantages, and throughout the 2000 years that they are said to have existed, they helped tribes develop better, harmonious relationships with their environment. Though they are no longer used, their impact on the country can still be seen in a smaller scale in the Philippines' current farming culture.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dPLQa3L7UueEYrY072bpVfHjq5hg2YCOAYxLYFcRGk0/edit?usp=sharing

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Nicole Scherzinger, born Nicole Prascovia Elikolani Valiente, is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress that is best know for being lead singer of the band The Pussycat Dolls and for being a judge on X Factor. Born on June 29th, 1978, in Honolulu, Hawaii, the singer's birth parents, Alfonso and Rosemary Valiente, are of Filipino, and Hawaiian, Ukrainian, and Russian descent, respectively. This makes her half Filipino, and half Hawaiian, Ukrainian, and Russian.

Some of Nicole's most notable achievements are as follows:

1. Forming One Direction, the biggest boy band in the world, that outsold her own band by over 11 times, and have amassed a total Net Worth of 340 Million , during her time on Season 7 of X Factor.

2. Being the lead singer of The Pussycat Dolls, one of the world's biggest girl bands, that has a combined Net Worth of 30.1 Million.

3. Building her own career through touring with other bands, then eventually forming a successful career in music through pure hard work.

4. Marrying former Scottish rugby player Thom Evans.

5. Building a successful career even after the disbanding.

6. Helping raise money for multiple charities.

7. Having her own line of press-on nails.

8. Becoming an ambassador for Herbal Essences and Proactiv+.

9. Becoming the face of Müller Corner and Perfectil.

10. Becoming the godmother of P&O Cruises and Arvia

11. Earning a total of 7 music awards

Nicole does not have any official biographies, but there have been many books written about her. These achievements are things that her (main) ethnic country is to be proud of, especially as they have a lot of pride to gain.

Interview Audio File (Compilation):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98XQGK-Fb9Y

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Filipino literature has always been a vivid testament to the national identity, beliefs, and values of the country. Some especially popular themes that literature is based on includes a sense of community, love, respect, communication, courage, gratitude, determination, and cherishment. The spirt of camaraderie in Filipino society is very clearly reflected into their works, whether it be stories, poems, or even nursery rhymes.

Oftentimes, themes such as love and passion are also explored, many writers exploring the complexities of love, showing how it can bring out positive attributes in people, such as selflessness, sacrifice, and enduring devotion. Communication is yet another commonly expressed theme, used by writers to foster understanding between communities, and learn the importance of using healthy ways to overcome conflict and other tough situations.

However, by far, the most commonly expressed themes have got to be ones that people of the Philippines most admire in individuals--steadfast courage and determination. Characters in the most famous and successful works of literature all share these attributes, and they act as role models to Filipinos, encouraging them to be the best versions of themselves, and motivating them to never give up, even in the toughest of situations. They also serve as a reminder for readers to face challenges head-on, and to keep trying, no matter what.

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Being one of the things that the country is most famous for, Filipino cuisine is something that the country is and should be proud of. Throughout the years, food in the Philippines has gone through copious amount of change due to its history of colonization, and each bout has left their own trace of influence, but most of all the Spanish. Though they were the first to colonize the Philippines, their collective influence has been the greatest.

Influence aside, many Filipino dishes are well known traditions that are passed down through generations of people, and are well respected by all. This can be seen through the amount of recipes that have survive the test of time. The Philippines has one of the most well preserved histories of cuisine, with the majority of ancient dishes still known by many.

Another reason behind their rich food culture, though, has got to be the country's collective love for food. Filipinos are a happy people, and love to honor their culture through many traditional events. They have one of the most festive cultures in Asia, and are proud to show it off. Unlike many other countries, they don't pay too much mind to staying fit, as they are very healthy overall from all the physical activities such as dancing and theatrical performances that they do at festivals and in their everyday lives.

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In most countries, Christmas is celebrated anywhere from Christmas week to the whole of December. In the Philippines, however, this is not the case. Filipinos are well known for having an extremely long Christmas season, a shocking span of just over four months. Throughout these four months, many parties and festivals are held in honor of the special occasion.

Christmas carols, a popular tradition in most Western countries, can be heard on the streets from All Saints Day (November 1st) or even earlier in the Philippines! Christmas songs and decorations, however, can be seen even earlier, many families starting to decorate even as early as September 1st.

From December 16th to 24th, Filipinos are known to participate in a 9-day event called Midnight Mass, where one party is held each night, and people have made it a tradition to attend as many as possible. Outside churches, too, the festive mood is especially strong, as vendors have taken it upon themselves to sell traditional Christmas treats called Puto Bumbong and Bibingka. As previously mentioned, religion is a huge part of Filipino culture, and them having the world's longest Christmas season just shows the extent to which the country values it.

4-Month Christmas Season (Video File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6pA_JNVT54

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Lechon is one of the Philippines' most famous dishes. The name originates from the Spanish word "Lechona," that means "suckling pig." Similarly, the dish consists of a whole pig put on a spit and roasted over hot coals. Lechon is typically cooked over the course of many hours, until it reaches a point where it is crispy on the outside and soft and tender on the inside. Any leftovers are to be stewed with vinegar and spices and saved for later.

Though Lechon is similar to many other dishes of various Spanish speaking countries, there are some quite notable differences. Every country has their own special methods of cooking and seasoning that makes the final dish unique to them and them only.

The main reason, however, for tis being such a well known and loved is because of what it means to the people. To them, the dish symbolizes the closeness between communities and and the joy of spending time with friends and family. It gives them a sense of unity, and has easily found its place as a key part of Filipino traditions and culture.

Lechon (Video File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1HgbDeYGn0

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Out of the entire Filipino population, approximately 94% is Christian, 86% of which is Roman Catholic. Visita Iglesias is a very popular tradition that is celebrated every year between Palm Sunday and Easter. According to the Bible, these seven days are dubbed "Holy Week" due to the amount of good God supposedly did in this period of time.

Visita Iglesias is usually only practiced by devoted Catholics, as it is quite a bit of work. The tradition is to visit 7 different churches in a single day, most commonly on Maundy Friday or Good Friday. Especially devoted people are known to walk barefoot between these churches, and some even end up visiting anywhere from ten to fifteen churches, or more!

Though the majority of people prefer to drive around to save time and energy, they are no less respectful. Visiting Catholics from other countries are also encouraged to participate in Visita Iglesias, and even non-Catholics are welcome to watch or participate, under the condition that they are respectful.

Visita Iglesias during Holy Week (Video File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXkiW93nNy4

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Even as friendly and as open as they are, there are some things in the Philippines that just can't be excused. One of these things is breaching overly personal topics. Asking about overly personal things such as a person's income or standard of living is considered extremely disrespectful, and thought to cause the aforementioned "Hiya."

Though asking about money and living standards is absolutely unacceptable, it is quite common for people to discuss topics such as age, work, or education level. To them, these are the more personal topics that they are typically okay discussing. However, them being comfortable with such topics doesn't mean that there are no boundaries. As a whole, Filipinos are quite reluctant to talk about anything personal, so, understanding this, they are wary of venturing too deep. However, for people who my not know this, such as tourists or international friends and family, they may want to pay a bit more attention to their company's body language.

All Three Explained in One Video (Video File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTNeMiQebT8

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Public aggression is severely discouraged and looked down upon in most countries. However, in the case of the Philippines, to say that this is an understatement wouldn't do it a single bit of justice. As a country that has most of its values centered around peace, respect, and harmony, even something like speaking too loud would be considered somewhat aggressive.

Other things, such as public displays of anger, aggressive confrontational behavior, or yelling on front of your elders or superiors, are also considered extremely shameful. Raising your voice, too, can be thought to be disrespectful to those around you and a cause for shame.

Often, when shame or embarrassment is brought upon you, it is not just your own reputation that will be tarnished. You family, too, and potentially even your extended family, could be affected by this one mistake that you make. As previously mentioned, "Hiya" is considered a bad thing in Filipino culture, but when you look deeper, you'll soon realize that the negative emotions are only part of it. At the end of the day, it is a person's own determination and willingness to stay positive and honorable that allows them to truly honor the value.

All Three Explained in One Video (Video File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTNeMiQebT8

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Despite being rather uncomfortable while talking about certain topics, there are other sensitive topics that most other countries find to be uncomfortable talking about, yet the Philippines is completely okay with discussing. The most shocking among these are comments on body shape and weight, and asking after relationships. They may be known for being polite, but Filipinos can also be simultaneously respectful and blunt.

When people attend family or friends' gatherings, and reunite with people they haven't seen in a while, it is common for the first thing said after greetings to be a comment on the other's weight or overall physique. Now, these comments are not intended to be insulting or disrespectful in any way, If anything, they're meant to be teasing and affectionate, but for people who are not all that familiar with Filipino customs, it may come off as a bit rude.

Talking about relationships is extremely easy for most people, considering the tightness of the bonds that close friends and family typically share. They feel comfortable in each others' presence, and are therefore much more open and willing to talk about things that they see as more personal.

All Three Explained in One Video (Video File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTNeMiQebT8

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With all the Western influence the Philippines has been subjected to, it's surprising how much of the original culture has survived throughout. A good example of this is the indigenous music that, to this day, is still extremely popular within the masses on both formal and informal occasions.

Indigenous Filipino music is mainly about various things that shape communities, like day-to-day activities and major events. For instance, birth, invitation ceremonies, graduation ceremonies, courtship, marriage, death, funeral rites, hunting, fishing, planting, harvest, healing, and armed conflicts are all popular topics within the genre. It is also closely related to other cultural traditions of Southeast Asia, and commonly referred to as a big part of the "Asiatic Oral Traditions" because of the way that it is transmitted orally throughout communities.

Usually, when performing Filipino indigenous music, participation rates are extremely high, and most all people make it a habit to have at least some form of dancing or physical movement. Traditionally, the audience is always greatly involved, the only exception to this being if it's a solo performance, in which case all the focus will be on the sole performer.

Example of Indigenous Filipino Music (Audio File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhWzj4FmcS0

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Another really popular type of music in the Philippines is the Spanish-influenced music. This genre is very popular within the people of the "Lowland" communities, as many forms of this type of music were introduced during the Spanish ruling period. Other similar forms are hybrid and syncretic forms, assimilated from other Western traditions. Some more additional ones are Westernized versions of Filipino pre-colonial songs such as nursery songs, lullabies, planting songs, ballads, and even love songs.

When people speak of "Filipino Folk Music," this is usually what they're talking about, which just comes to show the amount of power that the people of the "Lowlands" hold. To this day, the Spanish have arguably had the biggest impact on Filipino music.

During their period of reign, guitars rose greatly in popularity, and this was also when they were introduced to the Harana, the Kundiman, and the Rondalla, all of which can be heard in the country even now. These three forms especially have molded and shaped much of the traditional music, especially much of the popular dance music, due to the trio's Spanish-Mexican roots.

Example of Spanish Influenced Filipino Music (Audio File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7wzgF1c4xQ

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The Americans, too, have had a massive impact on Filipino music. During their 1898 to 1946 colonial period, they introduced many, many more genres to the country, the most notable of which being Jazz and Blues, with the addition of Hip-Hop and Rock music, which were both very popular at the time.

Today, a good deal of the Americans' influence can be seen in their Art music, Popular music, and Semi-classical music. The main reason for the spike in popularity of these specific genres was the amount of schools that they built. At the time, these types of music were especially popular with the younger generations, and when the kids from the two countries assimilated, the genres were introduced.

Also during the American colonial period, between the years 1906 and 1934, over 100, 000 Filipinos were sent to the US, mainly to Hawaii, to become fruit pickers or to work in fish canneries. During their times there, they were also inevitably introduced to other types and genres, which, when a lot of them returned, was in turn introduced to even more people and eventually popularized.

Example of American Influenced Filipino Music (Audio File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRUMa0Iyw_s

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Music isn't the only thing that the Spanish contributed to the Philippines. During their ruling period, they also introduced European, more specifically South European, architecture. Bahay na Bato, which can be translated into "Stone House," rapidly replaced Nipa Huts, the traditional houses at the time, as the most common Filipino house.

Though similar is many ways, there were many things Bahay na Bato had, that nipa huts didn't. For example, the two are similar in size and layout, but made with completely different materials. While Nipa huts are usually made with bamboo, Bahay na Bata are mainly built with stones or bricks. Since the design of these houses were first developed in Spain, a similarly hot and humid country, this style allowed Filipinos to enjoy a cooler and more heat resistant interior. They were also sturdier and much more durable.

The design became so popular that it was starting to be incorporated into bigger, more significant buildings, such as Spanish-era covents, schools, hotels, hospitals, and factories. Its popularity only increased as time passed, only starting to decline after the Americans took over during the post World War II period.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dPLQa3L7UueEYrY072bpVfHjq5hg2YCOAYxLYFcRGk0/edit?usp=sharing

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American and Commonwealth Period: Art Deco Buildings

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American and Commonwealth Period: Art Deco Buildings

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When the Americans arrived in 1898, the Philippines underwent a truly colossal bout of architectural change. Though they already previously experienced some Western architectural influence, they were not ready for the amount of change that would happen. Art Deco buildings first rose to popularity when theater and cinema was popularized.

The moment that architects Juan Nakpil, Andres Luna de San Pedro, Juan M. Arellano, and Pablo Antonio caught word of them, they made it their mission to support this style of buildings as much as possible. The four of them collectively built the majority of the aforementioned theatres, many of which can still be seen today. Eventually, Art Deco was also incorporated into house designs, which only further popularized the style.

Art Deco houses, of course, are the successors of Bahay na Bato that eventually eliminated them. Initially originating in France during World War I, the style was first introduced to America then introduced and popularized in the Philippines during and after the second World War. Being one of the more recent waves of architectural influence, many Art Deco buildings can still be seen, especially the theatres, which are what the previously mentioned architects are most famous for.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dPLQa3L7UueEYrY072bpVfHjq5hg2YCOAYxLYFcRGk0/edit?usp=sharing

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The Tikbalang, a demonic spirit that is said to have the body of a man, but the head of a horse, and abnormally long legs, is arguably one of the most famous of Filipino folklore. According to traditional folk tales, it is simultaneously the guardian of the woods, and also a malevolent creature that mainly sticks to scaring people at night. It is a very prideful creature with a colossal ego and rather impressive speed.

Being a demon of the wilderness, other special skills the Tikbalang possesses are extreme strength, immortality, shape shifting, and stealth. The main reason why they choose to terrorize people at night is for a number of reasons. For one thing, their illusions work better at night. For another, people tend to feel more on edge at night, and therefore are more jumpy and more fun to scare.

Tikbalangs are said to commit a number of crimes, including fearmongering, murder, assault, and battery, but the worst by far is rape. A big part of why they do what they do is their need to reproduce, which they do by terrorizing and raping unknowing women at night. They see scaring, harassing, and attacking as a hobby, and attack even men and children just because they feel like it.

The Legend of the Tikbalang (Video File)

https://dcmp.org/media/17687-monstrum-tikbalang#:~:text=The%20Tikbalang%20is%20a%20creature,head%20when%20it%20squats%20down

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Duwendes are little creatures that highly resemble dwarves, and have magical powers that can be both helpful and harmful. According to Filipino folklore, they typically use their powers for good, protecting nature and their own habitats, but if their habitats are harmed in any way, they will have no hesitation to get their revenge through inflicting incurable illnesses or diseases.

There are many types of Duwendes, but a basic breakdown of their natures are that white Duwendes are always benevolent, while colorful Duwendes are benevolent by default, but can turn malevolent if angered or if their habitats are harmed. Black and red Duwendes, however, are always malevolent. They are the most evil of the lot, and will sometimes cast curses on people for fun.

"Do not do unto others what you do not want others to do unto you" is the main rule that Duwendes with for people to follow. They wish to be treated with respect, just like many other invisible creatures. Most only attack if they have a good reason to. it is also partially because of their fear of getting cursed that so many Filipinos are also polite while using the bathroom, or throwing out dirty water.

The Duwende of the Fields (Video File)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtaHvso8FAg

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One of the most deadly creatures of Filipino folklore is the Tiyanak. Tiyanaks are said to be humanoid creatures that have disproportionate legs, sharp claws, sharp teeth, and bloodshot eyes that disguises itself as a baby. Their chosen place of attack is in the middle of the woods or another abandoned place, wailing to catch the attention of passersby, then, when picked up, will immediately drop its disguise and bite and maul the unfortunate victim to death.

Tiyanaks are malevolent creatures that are said to be the unborn children of Matiyanaks, another vengeful female creature that had failed during childbirth, and was out to get revenge by roaming around at night and ripping out male genitals. According to this theory, Tiyanaks and Matiyanaks would actually be creatures of Spanish mythology, brought to the country when the Spanish took over.

Another theory is that Tiyanaks are linked to the Aztec Chaneques, a creature highly resembling a small child that finds fun in making travelers lost their way, or hurting or harming them. Others state that the Tiyanak is neither, and that it is actually the spirit of all aborted children in the Philippines. It is unlikely that we will ever know for sure.

The Protean Tale of the Tiyanak (Text File)

https://www.victormanibo.com/blog/e1dx8xmxq52ea7yxqyaeg424iwr86t

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Otherwise known as the "pañuelo," Alampay is basically a triangle-shaped shawl that is often worn over a Kimona. Usually Alampay have designs that are embroidered, lace-like, sequined, or have cut-work. Though their most traditional use is as a shawl, they are also rather commonly used at church as head covers or as something to hide women from the glare of the sun. Its original shape is that of a square that is later folded in half. Alampay can be made from a variety of fabrics. Some of the more popular and common ones are piña, organza, and, of course. lace.

In the Philippines, they were quite a commodity. However, when the Spanish took hold of the design, it was made quite a big deal, and in more Western countries, they were soon classified as strictly luxury goods. This traditional garment is so popular that, even now, it can still be seen very commonly around the Philippines, and is especially popular with older women, though the designs have lessened in decoration, and are plainer. Their chosen inner garment has also changed, the most popular one now becoming a Terno.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E24z9739G1t238EhaBn1ivhipetojuU9zML_yWrDxyU/edit?usp=sharing

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Kimona, more commonly known as Filipiniana, is a traditional Filipina top, the most notable feature of which is its bell sleeves. Like many other items of Filipina fashion, it is often decorated with embroidery, paint, or beads. It is also said to be very light and airy, which makes it especially popular with younger women. An alternative sleeve type is butterfly sleeves, which are slightly limper and much more flowy, making them preferable when dancing is involved.

Compared to traditional ones, modern versions of Kimonas are much more tapered and fitting, while still holding their slightly billowy form. If they are made with organza, Kimonas usually come with an undershirt of some sort, or a polyester lining.

It comes as no surprise that such an elegant garment was mostly only worn by the rich and famous, or to fancy events such as weddings or formal dances. Nowadays, a modern version has been designed that is more casual with a lot less detail that can be worn casually.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E24z9739G1t238EhaBn1ivhipetojuU9zML_yWrDxyU/edit?usp=sharing

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Out of all the traditional Filipino garments that have evolved into modern fashion, the Terno is by far the most successful. Since it was first introduced in the early Spanish colonial period (the 1700s), it has always been the most futuristic of traditional Filipino fashion, and have been victorious in standing the tests of time. What it is is basically a blouse with an alampay (pañuelo) wrapped around the shoulders, and another small rectangular cloth wrapped around the waistline of a long skirt.

Back in the day, skirts with striped or checkered patterns were thought to be a sign of wealth, as only the wealthiest of families could afford such decorative fabrics. The shirts, officially given the name "camisa," became more intricate in design as time progressed, appearing with embroidered patterns and bigger and bigger bell sleeves. When the Americans arrived, however, they began altering the designs to make them more efficient, making the sleeves and train smaller, also snatching the waist, and eventually combining everything into what we now know as a zip-up dress.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E24z9739G1t238EhaBn1ivhipetojuU9zML_yWrDxyU/edit?usp=sharing

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Arta, with no alternate name, is an Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, and Northern Luzon language. It is 80% confirmed to be critically endangered, and only has 11 native speakers, and 35-45 semi speakers worldwide. The language is spoken in the Barangays of Disimungal, San Ramos, Pongo, and Sangbay in the Municipality of Nagtipunan, and several Arta communities in Purok Kalbo, Pulang Lupa, and Tilitilan of Disimungal.

Only 11 fluent speakers of the language remain, and most of them are over 50. Some 35-45 year olds can partially speak the language, but not properly communicate. The main problem now is that the language is not being passed on to the children, though there is no need to, since the communities are all multilingual.

Media: 404 (Not Found)

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Bontok is an endangered language spoken by the Bontok indigenous people in the Mountain Province of the Philippines. It is an Austronesian and Malayo-Polynesian language. The current amount of speakers is unknown, though it is known to be critically endangered, and the lack of data suggests that the number is so small that it may not even be known.

A couple efforts have been made to preserve the language, though none have worked, and the people of the older generations are not teaching it to the younger generations, so the language is predicted to become extinct very soon.

Media: 404 (Not Found)

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Dumagat (Casiguran), known by other names as Agta (Casiguran Dumagat), Casiguran Dumagat, Casiguran, Baler Dumagat, and Agta, is an Austronesian, Malayo-Ploynesian, Northern Luzon, and Northeastern Luzon language. It is 100% confirmed to be threatened, and less than 600 people currently speak it worldwide. The Casiguran Agta people live in the foothills and seacoast of the Sierra Madre near the town of Casiguran, Aurora Province, Philippines.

Though children are usually taught to speak Agta, not many of them are marrying out of the community, decreasing their inter-generational transmission. With a current 40% intermarriage rate, and most children of the new generation now bothering to learn the language, things are not looking good for the future of the language.

The only one of the three that I could find (Dumagat)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe0-6WuobL0

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Imelda Marcos, best known for being the wife of former Filipino president Ferdinand Marcos, led a very extravagant, drama-filled life. She was born in 1929, and first rose to fame in 1965, when she was 36 years old. For the next 21 years, she was given the title of First Lady of the Philippines. Imelda was most well known for her opulent lifestyle, having an immense liking for collecting fancy, expensive things like jewelry, art, and luxury. Her biggest achievement by far, though, is her colossal shoe collection.

Here are some of Imelda's biggest achievements:

1. She was one of the main people of her time that promoted the country's art and culture.

2. She funded he building of many of the country's most important buildings, such as hospitals, schools, and other facilities.

3. She made many connections for the country with other world leaders

4. She established many charities in her time that helped out many people

5. She had the biggest shoe collection of her time, an astounding 3000 pairs, and an equally lavish wardrobe that was equally legendary.

"How Imelda Became the Philippines' Most Enduring Marcos" (Biography)

https://time.com/6298212/here-lies-love-imelda-marcos-legacy/

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Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang is one of the most famous and influential women in Filipino history. More commonly known as Gabriela Silang, is best known for her role as a revolutionary leader in the late 18th century. Born in 1731, she first took over the Filipino forces when her husband Diego was assassinated by the Spanish in 1763. She took her husband's place, and soon became the first Filipina war hero, and the first and only Filipina to lead a revolt. Though she was successful in bringing the country together, she did not succeed in her ultimate attempt, and was captured and killed the same year. However, she still remains a hero of the Philippines. She will not be forgotten.

Here are Gabriela's biggest achievements:

1. She became known as the leader of the Ilocano Revolt

2. She successfully united many groups across the country for the revolt.

3. She was the first Filipina woman to achieve something this big, which in turn inspired other women of her country.

4. She became an official symbol of resistance. Her legacy remains to this day.

5. She was given the title "Heroine of the Philippine Revolution."

"Gabriela Silang: Anti-Colonial Fighter in the Philippines (Biography)

https://www.liberationschool.org/07-04-27-gabriela-silang-anticolonial-f-html/

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"Aponibolinayen and the Sun" is a Filipino folk tale that highlights the themes of love, magic, and the interplay between the worlds up above and down below. In the story, a girl with special powers named Aponibolinayen is carried to the upper realm by a vine, where she meets Ini-init, her future lover. As time passes, the two fall in love. Ini-init leaves every day for his job to be the sun, while Aponibolinayen stays home and cooks dinner.

One day, Aponibolinayen asks to go with Ini-init to his job. Though he warns her against it, she is persistent, and says that she'll be okay as long as she brings blankets to hide under. Reluctantly, he lets her go. However, the blankets do not work, and Aponibolinayen is turned to oil.

To save her, Ini-init has no choice but to wrap her in the blankets and drop her back down to the world underneath. There, she is found by the people and soon has a baby. When her parents demand to meet the father. Though unwilling to attend, Ini-init eventually does show up, and once he has gained the approval of her parents, the two take their child to the upper world and live happily ever after.

Aponibolinayen and the Sun (Text File)

https://www.worldoftales.com/Asian_folktales/Filipino_folktale_1.html#gsc.tab=0

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"Gawigawen of Adasen" is a tale that highlights the importance of language, communication, and unrelenting courage and determination. In the tale, a woman named Aponiboliyanen was sick with a headache, and craved for some oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen. Her husband, Aponitolau, having heard her say something, asked what she wanted. To prevent him from risking his life, she lied to him many times.

Eventually, he grew suspicious and finally caught what he was saying. And so he set off on the perilous journey to obtain this mythical fruit. Aponitolau encountered many obstacles, and was told to turn back many times, but he didn't relent, and managed to obtain two of the fruits. Alas, after getting them, he fell on a knife that was a branch, and impaled himself, killing himself and being cursed to stay in the realm for all of eternity.

Aponiboliyanen was devastated when she heard that her husband had died, but had enjoyed the delicious oranges, and soon after had a child of hers and Aponitolau's. The child, whom she named Kanag, grew fast and strong. One day, when he angered an old lady, she let slip the news of his father. He immediately rushed home to confront his mother, and upon hearing the news confirmed, he immediately rushed into the realm to bring back his father. He breezed through the obstacles, strong and fearless, and eventually succeeded in defeating Gawigawen. When he returned with his father, victorious, the riches of the town also became theirs, and their family lived happily ever after.

Gawigawen of Adasen (Text File)

https://www.worldoftales.com/Asian_folktales/Filipino_folktale_3.html#gsc.tab=0

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"The Story of Dumalawi" is a story that highlights many Filipino values such as respect for family, and the importance of communication and cherishment. In the story, Dumalawi, son of Aponibolinayen and Aponitolau, gets into a big fight with his father. Out of revenge, Aponitolau begins plotting ways to kill his son. First, he takes him to make bamboo stakes, and tells Dumalawi to throw them at him, but he refuses, saying that is he really wanted to kill him, he could try.

Aponitolau tried and tried, but failed every time. Eventually they went home, Dumalawi feeling sad that his father wanted to kill him. The next day, Aponitolau tricked him into drinking some very old wine, and got his really drunk, before sending him off to a faraway place. That day, he returned home, ecstatic.

When Dumalawi awoke, he used his powers to build an entire civilization from betel nuts, and when he awoke for a second time, it was complete. While touring the community that he made, he found himself a wife. For their wedding, he sent betel nuts out with invitations to everyone in the world. When his mother received the invitation, she was glad to know that her son was alive. While crossing a river on the way there, Aponitolau was dragged out of the boat by a crocodiles and killed. Dumalawi was glad to see that his mother was unharmed, but refused to return with her. He and his wife, Dapilisan, then lived happily ever after.

The Story of Dumalawi (Text File)

https://www.worldoftales.com/Asian_folktales/Filipino_folktale_5.html#gsc.tab=0

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Among one of the most well-known and well loved of Filipino desserts, the Leche flan, which in English is "Milk Flan," is originally of Spanish origin, the word "flan" meaning c*stard, and the word "leche" meaning milk. The dessert was first introduced during the Spanish colonial period, and quickly became popular with the locals. It is said to have a creamy, silky texture ,and is often served on special occasions.

Leche flan is made simply using song eggs, condensed milk, evaporated milk, and sugar. It is then steamed or baked until it achieves a solid form and a brownish color, upon which a deliccious caramel sauce will be added to the dessert, adding a pop of sweetness. While most prefer the traditional recipe, other variations of the dessert have been made, some adding additional things such as vanilla extract or citrus vest to add flavor, whereas others add daring ingredients such as cream cheese or pandan. Regardless, leche flan is a well loved dessert throughout the Philippines, and trying it is a must.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1IOHZcMgafXzqgcEeGEBsv12FjRozoqH3E3XNjxO7jyw/edit?usp=sharing

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Cassava cake is another extremely popular dessert in the Philippines. Traditionally, it is a moist cake made of grated cassava, coconut milk, and condensed milk, topped with a layer of leche. Most commonly, it is made for an event called Merienda, a light afternoon meal between lunch and dinner, and many of the Spanish-influenced countries' equivalents of a British Afternoon Tea. The root "cassava" is a Latin American plant that was introduced to the Philippines in the 16th century, and is described to have both a sweet and bitter taste, depending on the variety of the plant. However, it is mostly the sweet variety that are baked into cakes.

The cake itself is rather different to other bibingkas (traditional baked cakes), as the usual ground glutinous rice is replaced with grated cassava, though it is reportedly delicious, so it must not really matter. Typically, when being baked, the mixture is poured into the bottom of a pan lined with banana leaves of greased, then cooked until a golden brown. Other variations of the dish may include additions of butter, margarine, vanilla, evaporated milk, or additional sugar.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1IOHZcMgafXzqgcEeGEBsv12FjRozoqH3E3XNjxO7jyw/edit?usp=sharing

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Chicken Adobo is yet another Spanish influenced dish, its name originating from the Spanish word Adobar. Usually with a base of meat, seafood, or vegetables that are browned in oil, it is most well known for its immensely slow cooking process. After the base is browned, it is then marinated and simmered in vinegar, salt, soy sauce, and garlic. Often called the national dish of the Philippines, the dish is arguably the most famous of all famous Filipino recipes.

What makes it so special is the fact that a lot of the usually store bought materials are made by the people themselves, using the country's traditional alcohol fermentation methods to create their own vinegars in particular. Some of the most popular ones to make are coconut, cane, nipa palm, and kaong palm vinegar. One of the most common misconceptions about Filipino chicken adobo is that it is similar to its Spanish counterpart. While the two both have garlic and vinegar in their recipes, many things used in the Spanish adobo, such as chilis, paprika, oregano, and tomatoes, are not used in the Filipino adobo.

Link to Art Gallery

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1IOHZcMgafXzqgcEeGEBsv12FjRozoqH3E3XNjxO7jyw/edit?usp=sharing

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The Republic of the Philippines, or Republika ng Pilipinas, is a country best known for its stunning natural landmarks and its unique culture. The country itself is comprised of 7, 641 islands, and speaks somewhere between 120 and 175 languages. However, as the times have changed, so have the people, and the gradually changing culture is greatly affecting what once was completely uninfluenced traditional Filipino culture. This can be seen through the obvious Americanization of the world, where countries like the Philippines with a majority that speaks English have growing amounts of people that are beginning to disregard their own traditional languages. It would be a real shame to lose what once was such a beautiful culture, and though I do believe in fair and equal shared values, culture aside from that is unique to each country, and people should embrace their own and respect other cultures just the same. Not only does culture help us gain a better understanding of other countries, it also allows people to learn about each other and reflect on themselves. Culture doesn’t divide people, it brings them together, and is an excellent learning opportunity. The separation of the older generations from the younger generations, combined with the younger generations’ general scorn towards the subject, is one of the main reasons why Filipino culture is dying so rapidly. This is precisely why the Philippines needs to do all that they can to preserve their culture, because once it is lost, it will likely never be found.