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Louis XVI Summons the Estates General (May 4-5, 1789)

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Louis XVI Summons the Estates General (May 4-5, 1789)

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The French Estates-General, a general assembly that represented the French estates of the realm, convened for the first time since 1614 at the Estates-General of 1789. Crowned by King Louis XVI, the Estates-General met for several weeks in May and June 1789 to discuss remedies to his government's financial woes.

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Tennis Court and Creation of the National Assembly (June 20, 1789)

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Tennis Court and Creation of the National Assembly (June 20, 1789)

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The National Assembly, an assembly made up of people rather than estates, was the new definition of the Third Estate, according to their declaration. While extending an invitation to the other orders to join them, they made it plain that they planned to run the country's affairs independently of them. The King made an effort to push back. He gave the order to close the National Assembly's meeting hall on June 20, but the discussions were shifted to a tennis court close by.

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Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

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Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

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On July 14, at first light, a sizable throng equipped with swords, muskets, and other homemade weaponry started to assemble around the Bastille. Although Launay's men managed to contain the crowd, he flew a white flag of surrender above the Bastille as more and more Parisians converged on the citadel. Seven captives were released, Launay and his soldiers were brought into custody, and the gunpowder and guns of the Bastille were taken. When Launay got to the Hotel de Ville, where he was supposed to be taken into custody and put on trial by a revolutionary council, a mob grabbed him and killed him.

The fall of the ancien régime, symbolized by the taking of the Bastille, gave the French Revolution a boost.

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The abolition of Feudalism (august 4,1789)

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The abolition of Feudalism (august 4,1789)

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The elimination of feudalism was essential to the creation of an unhindered land market and a modern, contractual understanding of property. However, it had no direct impact on the amount of land owned or the standard rent or lease. Seigneurs continued to be landowners and landlords despite losing some of their traditional sources of income. Only the peasants who owned property fared better economically, even if all peasants gained rank and respect.

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Declaration of the rights of man and citizen (august 26,1789)

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Declaration of the rights of man and citizen (august 26,1789)

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The Constituent Assembly, which was established by the Estates General assembly to prepare a new Constitution and precede it with a statement of principles, came up with the idea for the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in the summer of 1789. It defines the "natural and inalienable" rights—freedom, ownership, security, and resistance to oppression. It also upholds the idea of the separation of powers and acknowledges equality before the law and the legal system.

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The of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution. On the morning of October 5, 1789, women in the marketplaces of Paris were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread. Their demonstrations quickly became intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries seeking liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarchy for The of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution. On the morning of October 5, 1789, women in the marketplaces of Paris were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread. Their demonstrations quickly became intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries seeking liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarchy for France.At the end of the Ancien Régime, the fear of famine became an ever-present dread for the lower strata of the Third Estate. Rampant rumors of a conspiracy theory held that foods, especially grain, were purposely withheld from the poor for the benefit of the privileged. Stories of a plot to destroy wheat crops in order to starve the population provoked the so-called Great Fear in the summer of 1789..At the end of the Ancien Régime, the fear of famine became an ever-present dread for the lower strata of the Third Estate. Rampant rumors of a conspiracy theory held that foods, especially grain, were purposely withheld from the poor for the benefit of the privileged. Stories of a plot to destroy wheat crops in order to starve the population provoked the so-called Great Fear in the summer of 1789.

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Royal Flight to Varennes (june 20, 1791)

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Royal Flight to Varennes (june 20, 1791)

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King Louis XVI attempted to flee Paris with his Marie Antoinette and their children in the middle of the night on june 20 due to incressing pressure a rick to their safety. they were recornized before they reached the loyalist forces in Varennes, arrested and brought back to Paris. this damaged the reputation and already precarious position of the monarchy. Public distrust increased and tension rose, untimately contibuting towards the abolition of the monarchy and implementation of a constitution.

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Execution of King Louis XVI (jan 21, 1793)

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Execution of King Louis XVI (jan 21, 1793)

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following the steadily increasing anti-monarch sentiments and suspicion from revolutions in France due to events such as the Royal Flight to Varennes, King Louis was accused of conspiracy and treason. He was arrested in August of 1792 following the abolition of the monarchy and tried bringing of December. he faced charges of attempting to overthrow the revolution. King Louis was executed at the On January 21, 1793. This represented the end of absolute monarchy and the rise of Revolutionary forces.

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The Reign of Terror & Robespierre (1793- 1794)

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The Reign of Terror & Robespierre (1793- 1794)

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A Tumultious period in the revolution known for political upheaval and Violence. Robespierre served on the committee of public safety, intended to protect the revolution internally and externally. Robespierre advocated for civic virtue for the revolution but guillotine executions were often unjust, leading to his doenfall.

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Napoleons Italian Campaigns (1796- 1797) 

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Napoleons Italian Campaigns (1796- 1797) 

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Napoleon commanded the french Army of Italy to Secure important victories to secure French control and gain terriotrys in northern Italy. These victories showcased Napoleons Military genius and his command and use of innovative strategies. It contributed to his growing infliuence and laid groundwork for his rise to power.

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Napoleons Invasion Of Egypt (july 1, 1798)

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Napoleons Invasion Of Egypt (july 1, 1798)

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Done as a strategic move aimed at weakening British influence in the Middle East and secure French intrest by gaining control of the nile area. Napoleon achieved inital success with large expeditionary force, but lost th battle of the nile. this left the frenh arm isolated until returning to frnach.

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Coup of 18th Brumaire (November 9, 1799)

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Coup of 18th Brumaire (November 9, 1799)

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A coup orchestraited by Napoleon with the support of other key military and political figures due to political instability and economic struggles. this established Napoleon as first console, putting power into his own hands.

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Napoleons Crowning as Emperor ( December 2, 1804) 

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Napoleons Crowning as Emperor ( December 2, 1804) 

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Napoleon crowned himself as Emperor during a coronation to consolodate power and legitimaize his rule. it represnted deprture from rvolution ideas and princbles of equality, marking the establishment of the first French empire.

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Haitian Revolution & War of independance  (1991 -1804) 

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Haitian Revolution & War of independance  (1991 -1804) 

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Enslaved Africans and other slaves in A french colony in the Caribbean rebelled aginst their oppressors, fueled by the ideas of liberty and equality. the revolution included brutal conflicts tumultucly shifting alliances, but ended with Haiti becoming an idependent republic. it inspired emaniption movent globaly by challinging the institution of slavery.

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A battle fought against the tird coalition near Austerliz, Austria. Napoleon deveived the coalition into thing the french forces were weakened, then executed an expert counterattack. thsi vicorty widlt regarded as one of Napoleons greatest tactical genius and soldified French dominance in Europe.

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The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement fought on October 21, 1805, between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of France and Spain during the Napoleonic Wars. It was a decisive victory for the British, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, despite his death during the battle.

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Napoleon's invasion of Russia, known as the French invasion of Russia or the Patriotic War of 1812, occurred in June 1812. Napoleon's Grand Armée, consisting of over 600,000 soldiers, invaded Russia with the aim of defeating the Russian forces led by Tsar Alexander I. However, the campaign turned into a disaster for Napoleon due to the harsh Russian winter, supply issues, and the scorched-earth tactics employed by the Russians. The retreat from Russia marked a significant turning point in Napoleon's fortunes and ultimately contributed to his downfall.

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Napoleon's Downfall: Invasion of Russia 1812 (Full Documentary)

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Napoleons Exile & 100 Days (20 March – 8 July 1815)

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Napoleons Exile & 100 Days (20 March – 8 July 1815)

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After his defeat in Russia and subsequent losses in other campaigns, Napoleon was forced to abdicate as Emperor of the French on April 6, 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba, off the coast of Italy, where he was given sovereignty over the island.However, he escaped from Elba on February 26, 1815, and returned to France, beginning what is known as the Hundred Days. During this period, Napoleon regained power in France and formed a new army, but his rule was short-lived

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So let's review how we got to where we are right now. In 1789 you have the Revolution in France. This makes the French very proud, a lot of nationalistic pride. It also makes the rest of Europe a little worried. They're all monarchies, they don't like this idea of overthrowing your kings. And so during this revolutionary period you have a series of wars with the rest of Europe. Revolutionary France does, essentially, the French Revolutionary Wars. And during that period Napoleon becomes quite famous as the French and maybe the best European military commander. So, now Napoleon is starting to become essentialy a hero in France. And by 1799 he is able to come to power in a coup d'état with a couple of other people and then he outmaneuvers them and then by 1804 he becomes the emperor Napoleon and in this whole period he is now trying to expand the Empire so these were the Revolutionary Wars, and these you can consider right over here are the Napoleonic Wars and the pic of the French Empire under Napoleon happens in 1812 and the real downfall if you ask my opinion and many other people would be when he invaded Russia that really decimated the French Grand Armée and we saw in the last video that by April 1814, the 6th coalition was finally succesfull against Napoleon and then he was exiled to the island of Elba where we're taking up the story he only hung out there for a little under 10 months he was separated from his family so that even though he was put in charge of this litle island it wouldn't have been what he wanted and he obviously was an ambitious person on top of that He caught wind of what was happening in France. Louis the 18th was there, the nobility returned they weren't treating the old Army veterans well which made him suspect that he may be able to retake control somehow On top of that the French Empire was being shrunken back to its original boundaries which made many people in France a lot less proud so Napoleon started to sense that maybe he could do something. On top of that, he caught wind that people might not leave him in Elba because he is Napoleon and they were afraid that he may come back so they might banish him to someplace even more remote, or there might be some attempts to assassinate him So with that in mind, being who he is, and being as creative as he is he's able to somehow escape from Elba, he's able to get a boat, land on the Southern shores of France. The French authorities are able to catch wind of this, they send the military to engage with him, this is the French military to essentially confront capture, kill Napoleon on the Southern shores of France and when he sees them, he dismounts from the horse that he's got, he walks up to them completely unarmed and he says, "go ahead, shoot your emperor" which is in my mind a fairly gutsy move to do And they rally around him and he's able to actually take control of the army that was sent to capture or kill him and he starts marching to Paris He starts marching to Paris, and Louis the 18th, the brave man that he is catches wind of this and escapes and so by March of 1815 Napoleon is able to retake control of Paris and essentially, France. And this is the beginning of what is known as the Hundred Days. It actually is about a 111 days, but it doesn't sound that good. So between March 1815, and July 1815 You can imagine, even before Napoleon was able to reach Paris word got around about what was going on That Napoleon was back, they didn't like it They essentially announced that they wouldn't stand by there and that were going to form a new coalition to stop him So Napoleon had two options once he gets in Paris, He could essentially sit and wait wait for the combined forces of Europe to reorganize and then attack him. Or he could go on the offensive, he could attack before they had a chance to fully regroup you can imagine, he viewed this as being his best shot so he starts going after the combined forces of Great Britain and Prussia in what is now Belgium And over there is where he engaged in probably some of the most decisive battles, the most decisive one was the battle of Waterloo which is possibly one of the most famous battles in history maybe due to also the Abba song about it and that is where he met the Duke of Wellington on the British side, and Blücher on the Prussian side Napoleon had seventy or eighty thousand troops The other side had a hundred and twenty/thirty thousand troops A extremely bloody battle, more than forty/fifty thousand people killed, injured, missing on and on and on. But in the end, Napoleon lost and many historians, there's different reasons for why he lost he actually did a pretty good job considering the scenario the ground because of the weather was very muddy and actually was not good for being on the offense It was very good conditions for being on the defense And you know, Napoleon was essentially trying to take out these somewhat remnant armies before the Coalition, the 7th Coalition essentially had a chance to fully get back to full force But he loses at Waterloo, there are a few skirmishes after that, but the French retreat back to Paris At this point Napoleon sees the writing on the wall He's not completely delusional He sees that if they were able to, especially if the Prussians are able to get him again, they might not let him live They might really do something crazy with him, so he surrenders himself to the British And then they exile him to the isle of Saint Helena which is one of the very remote island which is afraid to be exiled to to begin with. An just to give a sense of how remote it is This right over here is the South West coast of Africa This is Africa right over here. Saint Helena is right out over here Almost in the middle of the Atlantic between Africa and South America And that's where Napoleon would live out the rest of his life In a very uncomfortable situation much worse than what he had going on in Elba Separated from everyone else. And then he dies in 1821 The official cause and this is what many historians do believe actually happened Is that he died of stomach cancer Bu there are many theories that there might have been some type of assassination Some slow arsenic poisoning There was a lot of arsenic in his tissues His body was unusually well preserved after his death That's one of the things arsenic does Some people think that it might have been an inadvertent arsenic poisoning because of the environment that he was in Of the conditions he might have been in, of the paint in the walls, but either way, he really lived roughly throught the last six years in pretty unpleasant conditions, and then died of stomach cancer. And that was essentially the final end of Napoleon

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Hundred days and Waterloo (video) | Khan Academy

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So let's review how we got to where we are right now. In 1789 you have the Revolution in France. This makes the French very proud, a lot of nationalistic pride. It also makes the rest of Europe a little worried. They're all monarchies, they don't like this idea of overthrowing your kings.

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The Battle of Waterloo was the climax of the Waterloo Campaign and marked the end of Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French and the Napoleonic Wars.Despite initial successes, including the defeat of the Prussian army at the Battle of Ligny, Napoleon's forces were unable to secure a decisive victory at Waterloo. The timely arrival of Prussian reinforcements under Blücher, combined with the steadfast defense of Wellington's troops, turned the tide against the French.

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The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon's Decisive Defeat

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The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors from major European powers, held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. It aimed to redraw the map of Europe and establish a new balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars. Led by diplomats such as Klemens von Metternich of Austria, the Congress sought to restore stability and prevent future conflicts by establishing boundaries and a system of collective security. It also aimed to suppress revolutionary movements and uphold the principle of legitimacy, restoring legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

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He was exiled by the British to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he arrived in October 1815. Napoleon spent the remainder of his life in exile on the island under British supervision.Napoleon's exile on Saint Helena was marked by frustration and deteriorating health. He spent his time dictating his memoirs and engaging in intellectual discussions with his companions. However, his health declined rapidly, and on May 5, 1821, Napoleon Bonaparte died on Saint Helena at the age of 51. The official cause of death was recorded as stomach cancer, although some speculation and conspiracy theories surround his death.