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Colombian Exchange was sharing of plants, animals, diseases, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres as a direct result of Columbus’ arrival to the Americas.

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#1 Native Populations Before European Arrival (1000-1492 CE)

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#1 Native Populations Before European Arrival (1000-1492 CE)

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Great League of Peace: A political confederation of five (later six) Iroquois tribes, which sought to coordinate collective action. Each tribe maintained its own political system and religious beliefs.

When the European countries began to come to North America, the nations began to import more and more good, once finding many useful and valuable resources.

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Virginia Company: The collective name for two joint stock companies (one of London, the other of Plymouth) that had identical charters but different (if overlapping) territorial claims. Chartered in 1606 by King James I in order to settle the North American eastern coastline.

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The war of 1812 began with president James Madison declaring war due to increasing advocacy from the “War Hawks” a political group hell-bent on starting a war. The final straw that led to the war was an economic blockade of US-France trade enforced by the unmatched British navy. The economic denouement included a reopening of US-French trade, but more importantly it gave the US more incentive to become less economically dependent on Europe.

The free trading of America had been challenged by The British, but this had only brought America to invest in its internal infrastructure and economy. When the war concluded America was only more well equipped to begin trading with the war, but it first needed a way to bring the resources to its factories from the newly, acquired Louisiana territory.

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It provided Americans with the manufactured tools and weapons from Europe to conquer and settle North America, along with supplying Americans with the slave labor from Africa it needed to grow cash crops like tobacco.

The triangular trade demonstrates how people were reduced to commodities to be sold.

• Goods such as metal, cloth, beads and guns went from Europe to Africa, enslaved Africans went to America and the Caribbean, and raw products such as sugar, tobacco and cotton came back to

Europe.

Since many European countries were receiving things through the colonies in North American, it had led to a full blown war after incidents in the upper Ohio River valley, which the French and British governments both claimed as their territory. Eventually the war would come to fruition after seven long years in 1763.

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Indentured servitude was a common practice for those who could not afford passage to America. Prospectors offered contracts of servitude (slavery) in exchange for the debt of passage to the new world. Servants were mistreated and made to work long hours to “get their money’s worth” until their often 5-7 year contracts were over. once servants were released, they may or may not be given resources to begin their new lives.

The influx of commodities coming from the east drove the need for workers sky-high. Europeans of lower social classes often jumped at the prospect of a better life and this influx of labor filled the demand, but still there was too much land to be settled and not enough people, so further efforts and incentives were devised for European powers to harvest and further exploit the new world for all its riches.

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The Patroon system granted vast tracts of land to whomever, most likely investors, that could settle 50 colonists within 4 years. This would be done at the investor’s expense. This system eventually lead to increased settlement and most notable the New Netherland Colony.

With the rapid expansion of European markets, money, and colonists this system began to funnel them into America. This gave rise to an increase in population, but also competition for land and imperialistic power. This led to the eventual harsh taxation of the American colonists.

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The Intolerable Acts were a series of acts enforced upon Massachusetts colony as retribution for the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Port act had significant economic damage to the northeast due to the closing of the Boston port. This starved the people of Boston, and drove unemployment up. Ultimately, it showed how fragile the new northeast economy was and how dependent it was on the Atlantic trade.

The colonists, now under increased pressure from their mother country, needed to find a way to strengthen their internal economy and be less reliant on the much more powerful European nations that ruled them, at this time, and the sea.

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President John Adam’s signed an agreement with France following growing tensions from the XYZ affair. The XYZ affair came from the refusal of 3 diplomats to pay a bribe to speak with the French foreign minister. This treaty, also known as the treaty of Mortefontaine, ended the Treaties of Alliance and Commerce between France and the US following the Revolutionary War. This had given the United States the right to free trade.

The funding from the BUS, made it easier for Americans to transition into the global market that was now available after the treaty.

This free, global trade would be challenged by the most powerful navy at the time after its tensions with France rose. They could not let a new, and economically-driven, nation supply their enemy.

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The Bank of the United States, under strong leadership from Alexander Hamilton and fierce opposition from Thomas Jefferson, acted as the fiscal agent for the new and improved federal government. The bank enforced the taxes, provided loans to the federal government and private citizens, secured government funds, and payed the governments bills. The newest, and largest financial institution of the time with a charter of $10 million dollars gave economic prosper and control to the newly forming nation.

The new bank solidified the federal government’s power over its economy for the next 20 years until it needed to be rechartered.

It then gave the United States government more purchasing power and credibility when it came to international affairs. The bank also gave funding and opportunity to those who sought to venture into global or domestic markets.

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#11 Transportation Revolution (early 1800’s)

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#11 Transportation Revolution (early 1800’s)

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The Transportation Revolution of the early 1800’s greatly changed the way America was run. With things like the turnpike system, canal digging, and the steamboat, people as were able to get around the country a lot quicker. The most important part of this revolution was the introduction of the railroad which made it so that goods could be shipped around the country and people could also move west a lot quicker.

The outcome of the war of 1812 served as the main cause for this change. Following the war, America became more independent from Europe and as a result they had to figure out how to ship more goods like cotton and foods across the country without their help. These changes would continue develop and change the way goods were exchanged.

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#12 Second Great Awakening(early-mid 1800’s)

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#12 Second Great Awakening(early-mid 1800’s)

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The Second Great Awakening took place from the beginning to the middle of the 1800's and was a huge movement in America's history which saw a huge change in belief about religion and also changes in education. About 75% of the population attended church and at this timed everyone believed that god was real, but the only thing that began to divide them was slavery. They also built many colleges for both men and women, yet slaves were unable to be educated whether in the north or south.

With the changes made from the transportation revolution, people were able to get across the country a lot quicker. This would lead them to be able to spread their ideas a lot faster. Both people from the east and the west would be able to exchange their beliefs and would lead to a time of somewhat peace except for the difference in their ideas on the topic of slavery.

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Throughout the 19th century, the production of cotton essentially ruled America. Both the north and south relied on its production but the north grew increasing disapproving of slavery. Internal reproduction became the main source of new slaves entering the trade and thanks to the Missouri compromise, it stayed in the south. Many more debates sprung on this topic and this led to growing tensions between the north and the south, both fighting to make it so that slavery was either supported or abolished.

The Second Great Awakening was major factor in the disputes over slavery. The idea of everyone being unified under God was the main belief of the abolitionists sparked by the awakening. The people in the south mainly did not feel that way and this change in belief caused by the second GA would set up the future of America.

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The tensions between the north and the south grew to the point where the Civil War erupted. This saw the union fighting against the newly established confederacy over the continuation and expansion of slavery. Many battles were fought over the course of these four years and went on without any interference from European powers. Eventually the North came out on top as they were suited for a long term battle with their industrialized economy and the south was forced to give up.

The central cause of the Civil war was obviously slavery and its growing popularity among the southern states. The debates previously mentioned led to the secession of the southern states as they worried that their desire for in the expansion of slavery would be brought to a close, and ultimately led to the civil war.

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The period of reconstruction was both figurative and literal. As many things were destroyed in the war, people spent this time cleaning the mess that was made. Banks and railroads were destroyed which left many people out of jobs and the economy greatly suffered. They took the time to rebuild what was broken but also create new acts and laws to better the economy. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments gave new rights to African Americans and saw that many more were freed, but they would later lose some of their rights after Reconstruction ended. The last major part of reconstruction was Seward's purchase of Alaska which would come to greatly benefit America in the future.

The Civil War was the sole reason for Reconstruction as this time period would not have existed without it. There would be no mess to clean up and no new acts as there would not be a cause for them. Reconstruction also acted as a great way to get America back on track and put more unemployed people in new jobs and rebuild its economy.