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-Leif Erickson

-November 11th 1062

-Leif Erickson was a Viking

-they went a little off course and they found "Vinland" which today is Canada

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-He sailed the Ocean Blue in 1492

-He went looking for a spice trade route/Asia

-His mission actually failed

-The King and Queen of Spain financed his trip-King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

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-They went in search of freedom/financial gain

-They were blown off course and landed in Cape Cod Massachusetts

-The conditions were not good, the boat was not made to house people

-During the winter half of the people on the ship died

-A baby was born on the ship, and they named her, "Oceana."

-The Mayflower Compact was formed and could only be signed by men

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-The idea that the U.S should be sea to shining sea

-Also, the belief that the United States of America was destined to expand from East to West Coast.

-Historians believe that John O' Sullivan coined the term after he used it in an article that argued for the annexation of Texas that was later annexed that same year

-consequences of manifest destiny included, Mexican-American War, one of the factors of the civil war, and narrowly avoided war with Canada

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-the main reason for the war was taxation without representation

-sugar act, stamp act, town shed act and colonists were paying towards the debt from the French and Indian war

-The first shot of the war took place in Massachusetts

-there were many battles that took place

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-The author of the declaration of independence was Thomas Jefferson

-Other contributors were the founding fathers including, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and John Adams along

- There were 56 delegates

- The point of the Declaration of Independance was to gain independence from England

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-The convention took place in Independance Hall in Philadelphia Pennsylvania

-George Washington was in charge of the convention

-The convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation

-It took place in the summer in a very hot and humid room with lots of men from May 25th-September 17, 1787

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-best real-estate deal in History

-Thomas Jefferson was the President of the U.S and Napoleon was the king of France

-Thomas Jefferson wanted the land that was given to France by Spain due to it being a good trading port so he sent delegates to go talk to Napoleone to see about buying the land

-Napoleon offered them all of that land and more for 15 million dollars

-It doubled the size of the U.S

-France was still in debt to us due to wars so that is part of why the deal was made

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-the war happened due to trade restrictions with France from Britain and impressment of America into British Navy

-this war is also referred to the second war of independence

-the war was between America and Great Britain

-James Madison was president at the time and had to flee the White house in 1814 due to Britain burning it down

-Britain was also fighting France and so they had an insufficient number of troops which lead to the treaty of ghent

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-Francis Scott Key wrote the star-spangled banner after watching the bombing from the British at Fort Mchenry

-After we had been bombed, he saw an American Flag flying admits the damage which inspired the star-spangled banner

-He was a lawyer who originally went to free an American Citizen but he was detained on board the British ship during the battle

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-against America and Mexico

-fighting for territory of Texas due to Manifest Destiny

-Mexico was in the process of recovering from an intense 11 year war with Spain

-People in North Mexico were concerned with the U.S and told the president of Mexico that he wasn't doing anything

-the U.S started their way to the middle of Mexico where their capital was located

-Mexico defended their territory with Great Honor but in the end they still lost against the U.S

-That lead the U.S to gaining Texas

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-The war was between the North Union and the South Confederates

-The North had more factories, railroads and population

-The South had military geniuses that were very successful during the war

-The South was being led by Jefferson Davis with their confederate General being Robert E. Lee

-There were several reasons for war but essentially the North and South had different views on things including Slavery

-South was pro slavery and North was anti

-something I didn't know was that Abraham Lincoln was elected without a single Southern Electoral Vote

-The North Generals were fired by President Lincoln and once Ulysses S. Grant became the general the battles were won by the North leading to the North winning the war

-The Battle of Gettysburg was a major battle in 1863 and led to the North winning the war

-This left the South devastated and effected their communities immensely

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-It was the United States and Cuba vs. Spain

-Cuba wanted Independance from Spain

-Many Americans were living in Spain at the time so the U.S sent the U.S.S Maine to Havana to protect Americans

-on Feb. 15th, 1898, the ship mysteriously was blown up and sank

-It was blamed on Spain and later Spain declared war on April 24th, 1898, against the U.S

-On April 25, 1898, the U.S declared war on Spain

-we won the Battle of Manilla Bay and the Battle of San Juan

-on July 3, 1898, the U.S destroyed the Spanish fleet off of the Santiago Bay in Cuba

-On December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the war

-The U.S paid 20 million dollars for the control of the Philippines and the also had control over Guam and Puerto Rico

-Cuba was free

-Spain lost all control overseas

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-Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife were assassinated in 1914 sparking the start of WWI

-Allied powers and Central Powers

-Allied powers- Britain, Russia, France and Belgium (The U.S joined later in 1917)

-Central Powers-Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria

-U.S had been selling resources to Great Britain and France and a German U boat sank American ships leading to the U.S joining the war

-on November 11, 1918, the first world war ended although the treaty of Versallies was not officially signed until 1919

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-there began to be a new way of thinking about what it meant to be a woman and a citizen of the U.S

-the belief up until then was that women were to be a submissive wife and mother who were exclusively concerned with home and family

-in 1848 there was the Senaca Falls association that would gather in NYC to talk about women's rights

-there were a handful of women that attended these meetings

-Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the first leaders of the Women's Rights Movement

-Susan B. Anthony co-founded the American equal rights association

-the headquarters were located in NYC

-Lucretia Mott helped launch the women's rights movement

-The Declaration of Sentiments laid out what the rights of American women should be and compared the women's rights to the founding fathers fight for independence from Britain

-the 19th amendment was ratified on August 18. 1920

-it gave women the right to vote but unfortunately still did not include minorities

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There was a big stock market crash that took place in 1929

specifically on October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday) the stock market on wall street dropped 11%

it had been doing this for months and had 4 major low days

the press played a huge roll in this-people began to panic which led to the markets collapsing

Herbert c. Hoover was the president when this started

he tried balancing the federal budget to keep the economy afloat

Franklin D. Rosevelt later became president in 1933

his first 100 days in office he pushed congress to pass bills and reforms that created jobs and helped alleviate unemployment

WWII is what ended up bringing us out of the depression

The Dust Bowl was the drought that struck to the southern plains of the United States in the 1930's

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-Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Holocaust

-he wanted to get rid of all jews, LGBTQ+ and anyone with special needs

-Six million jews ended up dying

-It finally ended with the military defeat of Nazi

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December 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor was a large naval base in the U.S

Japan wanted to expand their land and they declared war with China, but America didn't like that.

The U.S threatened to close off their train routes and Japan didn't like that.

They bombed pear harbor and attacked many ships and killed lots of people.

The U.S fired a torpedo and later found out they hit a Japanese two-man ship.

In the end Japan failed to hit some major assets

December 8th Congress declared war.

Pearl Harbor wasn't as nig as 9/11 but it had the same effect of people coming together.

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-March 18, 1942 the war relocation authority was established and gave Japanese Americans 4 days-2 weeks to sell business, gather their things and report to camp

-after pearl harbor the U.S was scared which caused them to make these camps

-the conditions were terrible

-camps were closed when WWII ended

-congressional commission determined in 1983 that it was actually an act of racism

-President Reagen signed the civil liberties right and an apology was issued

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-allies vs. axis

-allies- France, Great Britain, Russia, U.S

-Axis- Japan

-U.S didn't get involved until the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941

-there were 50-85 million people that died making it the deadliest known conflict

war was sparked by Hitler's invasion of Poland

June 6, 1944 is now known as D day where the allies won but 10,000 still died

on August 6, 1945 the U.S dropped a bomb on Japan killing over 80,000 people and then dropped another one killing 40,000 causing Japan to surrender September 2, 1945

United Nations was established after to try and gain peace

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October 24, 1945

coined by Franklin D. Rosevelt

league of nations 2.0

intergovernmental organization

the first country to join was Afghanistan

Germany was not apart of the allied powers

when established 51 countries made it up

5 security counselors have permanent seats.

It was created to help children.

15 judges on the world corps

the secretary counsel is the most important

193 countries apart of U.N today

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1955-1975

-The starting mark was at the Geneva Conference in 1954

France was fighting with Vietnam and the U.S decided to take over for them.

Peace treaty happened in Paris, but the war kept going.

On the U.S side it divided us a lot- the hippie side and the go to war side

Economically it was our hardest hit-billions of dollars causing inflation.

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1954

-took place in Topeka Kansas

-children were refused admissions to a white school and had to travel very far from their homes for schools

-Oliver Brown was the first parent so the case is named after him

-Plessy vs. Furgeson was one of the cases and had a big impact on this case

-5 justices were needed for the ruling to be overturned and there were only 4

-the chief judge that was against him died and the new chief judge was for it

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-The little Rock 9

-In 1957 9 African Americans students went to an all-white school

-the national guard personally escorted the children into school

-this includes the Brown V Board

-Rosa Parks being arrested for not sitting in the back of the bus

-the civil rights act being passed in 1957

-the "I have a dream" speech in 1963

-Bloody Sunday in 1965

-Voting Rights act of 1965

-MLK assassination on April 14,1968

-Civil rights was also for women and those with special needs not just people of color

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1972-1974

happened during the term of President Nixon

break in a democratic HQ (water gate)

the break in was funded by the Nixon campaign.

he used his campaign money to pay people to break in and brush some things under the rug.

The vice president took over and pardoned Nixon for everything that happened.

He resigned before officially being impeached.

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-president Saddam Hussein was the president of Iraq who claimed the war

-he ordered invasion and occupation of Kuwait

-there were two operations of the war, Operation Desert Storm and Operation Desert Sabre

-Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the U.S to intervene

-President Hussein went against United Nations Security and demanded to withdraw from Kuwait and operation desert storm began

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al Qaeda- a terriost group dedicated to punishing Europeans.

-they attacked the U.S on September 11, 2001

they targeted the twin towers, the pentagon, and were likely going after the White House

Osama Bin Landen was the leader of this because he believed that the U.S supported attacks of Muslims due to their presence in a lot of things against Muslims

Planes were hijacked

19 militias were associated with the attack

2,976 victims died

this caused, higher security in airports, unified the U.S, memorials were erected, and it was a cause for rebuilding

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-March of 2003, U.S forces invaded Iraq to destroy Iraqi weapons to end the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein

- Saddam Hussein was captured, tried, and hung

-after 10 years of fighting the U.S declared the end of war on Dec. 15, 2011 but U.S troops were officially pulled out on Dec. 31, 2021

-The U.S continued to have a presence in Iraq/Middle East countries