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Era spanning from end of the civil war to the turn of the 19th century defined by industrialization, economic expansion, great divides in wealth, immigration, and more.

Causes:

Beginning of significant industrial growth and tech advancements

Expansion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 leading to rapid western settlement and ease of transportation for goods and people

Wealthy industrialists, bankers, and politicians generated great amounts of wealth and political power

Rise in immigration due to industrialization and economic opportunity, but a change from Western europeans to mostly Eastern europeans such as Russians

Effects:

Great wealth disparity

Rapid population and therefore housing shortages, poor santiation, and disease

Economic depression such as the panics of 1873 and 93

Gilded age ended with the panic of 1893 resulting in sweeping reforms

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A significant aspect of the gilded age were large corporations and trusts gaining significant power through wealth.

Causes:

Industrial innovation along entrepreneurs and risky business ventures allowed for some of the richest people known during that period

Railroad expansion

Government support through financing infrastructure projects and granting 150 million acres of land to railroad companies

High tarrifs

Effects:

Monopolies and trusts

Great wealth disparity

Increase in political corruption --> corporate titans were able to purchase out politicians

Rise of political machines and expensive political campaigns

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Rockefeller's standard oil was an enormously large oil corporation during the gilded age

Causes:

Industrial innovation in oil industry which allowed him to become one of the richest Americans of his time

Expansion of railroads and government support allowed for oil to become so successful

High tariffs protected Rockefeller from foreign competition

Effects:

Standard oil was responsible for most of the oil production, processing, marketing, and transportation in the U.S. This was due to cunning monopolizing practices of buying out competition, sometimes at the expense of short term profits

Increase in wealth disparity

Political corruption

Rockefeller donated over 500 million to schooling, religious, and scientific causes

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Carnegie's advancement and expansion of the steel industry, particularly making it cheaper, was an important aspect of the Gilded age and allowed for cities such as NYC to begin growing upward and was responsible for great feats of innovation such as the brooklyn bridge

Causes:

Industrial innovaiton

Railroad expansion

Govt support

Effects:

Carnegie's steel corporation became the largest steel manufacturer and therefore monopolized the industry

Contributed to wealth disparity

Economic impact and allowed for further urbanization

Great philanthropist

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Vanderbilt is highly renowned, or infamous, for his railroad tycoon and monopolization of the industry

Causes:

Industrial innovation in the railroad industry

Railroad expansion propelled American economy and had the support of the U.S. govt

High tariffs supported Vanderbilt

Effects:

Monopolization of railroad industry, such as controlling rail traffic from NYC to Chicago, revolutionizing rail operations through standardization of procedure and timetables, and therefore an increase in efficiency and decrease in transportation time

Increase of wealth disparity

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Financier and investment banker who dominated/controlled corporate finance on Wall Street during the Gidled Age, beginning as an accountant and drove the wave of industrial consolidations in the U.S. while spearheading the formation of prominent corporations such as Steel and General Electric

Causes:

Need for financial solutions and services for organizations led to the creation of J.P. Morgan's company

Provided credit, financing, treasury, and payment to help businesses

Father guided his early career

Effects:

Significant impact on global economy by helping companies all around the world

Helped businesses grow through financial solutions

Organized financiers that saved the U.S. Monetary system from collapse in 1907

Helped transform American economy

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Significant piece of legislation which prescribed a rule of free competition in commerce, prohibited anticompetitive agreements, and unilateral conduct that monopolizes or attempts to monopolize the market.

Causes:

Passed after a growing hostility against monopolizing companies

Examples being American Railway Union and Standard Oil which purchased smaller competitors to form conglomerates

Consumers were hit with high prices on goods while competitiers failed due to attempts by large corporations to keep other enterprises out

Effects:

Promoted economic fairness and competitiveness

Paved way for more laws like the Clayton Act

Violations of the act resulted in firms being dissolved by courts and injunctions to prohibit practices

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Policy of minimum governemntal interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society under the beliefs that the market will be balanced through supply and demand but failed to consider monopolies.

Causes:

Strong support in classical economists from Great Britain under Adam Smith's "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"

Adopted during the Gilded Age and influenced government policies toward labor relations

Effects

Gave businesses increased autonomy and space from government regulations that would inhibit business activities

Allowed for companies to take risks and invest in economy

REsulted in monopolies

Harmed consumers through high prices

Led to wealth inequality

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Theory developed in 19th century that applied the laws of natural selection to human groups and races. This also led to increased nativism sentiment and prejudice against the poor. Some ideas included eugenics and prevention of reproduction in the poor.

Sumner was an American social scientist and developed this idea through his reading of classical economists and by his study of American monetary experience. His beliefs in social Darwinism and laissez-faire supported the idea of the "survival of the fittest"

Causes:

Growing hostility against monopolizing specific markets and used to justify the growing gap between the rich and poor

Effects:

Used to justify imperialism, nativism, racism, social inequality, and eugenics

Linked to dysfunctional psychological characteristics such as admiration for power and desire to dominate

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Eugene Debs was an american socialist and political activist and one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and 5x candidate for the socialist party of America for president of the united states (what a mouth full)

Causes:

Deeply influenced in reading Karl Marx

Critical of traditional political and economic concepts of capitalism

Effects:

Inspired millions into the emancipation of the working class

Helped spur industrial unionism and progressive social and economic reform

The Socialist Party of America was a political party which was established in response to the expanding capitalist system

Causes

Desire to promote an alternative to capitalism to improve working class society and create an egalitarian society

Effects:

Won seats in city councils and townhalls

Elected in union positions

Led to prominent defections, official repression, and vigilante persecution

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Samuel Gompers was a labor union leader who founded the AFL, the American Federation of Labor, and served as the organizations president until his death

Causes:

Hostile to labor organization in the United States

Effects:

Developed principles of voluntarism which called for unions to exert coercion by economic actions such as strikes and boycotss

Effects:

Organized and founded the AFl

Secured shorter work hours and higher wages through collective bargaining and strikes

The AFL was a national federation of labor unions in the U.S. to provide mutual support

Causes:

Dissatisfaction of many trade union leaders such as the Knights of Labor

AFL was organized as an association of trade unions in 1886

Effects:

Obtained imrpvoed working conditions and higher wages

Obtained an exemption of labor from antitrust legislation as proof of the success of its conservatism in comparison with other unions

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A continuous railroad which existed in the Eastern U.S. to the Pacific Coast

Causes

Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 chartered the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies which tasked them to build a transcontinental railroad that would link the East to the West

First settlers began moving westward across the U.S., increased dramatically after the gold rush

increase in chiniese immigration after hiring of chinese immigrants for mines

Supported by Vanderbilt's train tycoon

Effects:

Made Western U.S. more important and created California into a major economic and political force

The railroad, by the 80s, transported about 50 million dollars of freight each year

Facilitated westward expansion, esclataing conlficts between natives and settlers

Railroad was completed by exploited labor and wiped out buffalo population

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A secret society of tailors in Philly created a labor organization in the goal of achieving better rights for laborers

Causes:

Formed in response to growing industrial economy

More americans took jobs in factories, mines, and mills, all with poor working environements, poor pay, and long hours

Founded by Uriah Stephens who believed that all wage earners had to be brought into a single organization to fight for interests of them all to fight back against the capitalists

Effects:

Pushed for 8hr workdays and a society where workers would own the industries they labored in

Sought to end child labor and convict labor

Knights organized a strike against the Pacific Railroad 10% wage cut

Membership collapsed following the 86 Haymarket Square riot

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Series of violent rail strikes across the United States, beginning in West Virginia after the Baltimore and Ohio railroad cut wages for the third time in the same year

Causes:

Fourth year of an economic depression

Strikes were caused by wage cuts

Railroad work was poorly paid and dangerous

Railroad companies took advantage of economic troubles to break trade unions that were formed by the workers before and after the civil war

Strikers declared that no trains would leave unless the cut was rescinded --> federal government intervention.

Effects:

Spread to other parts of the country and even turned into a general strike in numerous cities

Largest strike at the time, involving 100,000+ workers

Brought railroad lines to a halt

Railroad companies and elected officials sent strikebreakers to attack workers

Uprising did not lead to any widespread victories for railroad workers

Demonstrated the key role workers played in keeping the U.S. economy up

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Violent labor dispute between Carnegie Steel Company and many of his workers at his Homestead factory. Carnegie was in Scotland during the incident.

Causes:

Wage cuts announced by baltimore and ohio railroad

Centered on a new contract between the workers of the Homestead Steel works of whom were represented by the AA and carnegie steel company

Henry Frick announced pay cuts

Frick shuttered the homestead steel mill and locked workers out

Effects:

Ended steelworkers unions where violence shed turned many against the union and made membership numbers dwindle

Strikebreakers ended the strike and killed workers, homestead people, and even a kid

Lasted 5 months and was a victory for the company

Blacklisted many union leaders from steel industry for life

Replaced skilled workers with unskilled workers

Steel industry remained without unions until the great depression of the 1930s

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Labor protest in near Chicago's haymarket square which turned into a riot after a bomb was thrown at police

Causes:

Labor radicals were rallied to protest killing and wounding of several workers by Chicago police during a strike the day before

Strikes by industrial workers were common at that time due to poor wages and bad conditions

American labor movement included radical factions of socialists, communicsts, and anarchists who did not believe in capitalism

Many radicals were immigrants, particularly from Germany

Effects:

Setback for the organized labor movement

Viewed conviceted men as martyrs

Wave of xenophobia as many foreign radicals and labor leaders were rounded up in chicago

Grand jury indicted 31 suspected labor radicals in connection with the bombing

Resulted in the destruction of the Knights of Labor

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The Gospel of Wealth was an essay written by Carnegie which was considered a tenet of the field of philanthropy. Carnegie believed in giving wealth back during one's lifetime, believing that a surplus of wealth is best put to use when it is administered carefully by the wealthy. He disapproved of charitable giving that maintained the poor in their impoverished state, and preferred to give opportunities to the poor (such as through libraries and music programs) so that the poor who have the will to get out of poverty will actually be able to.

Causes:

Gilded age encouraged the gospel of wealth through rapid industrialization, innovation, and wealth accumulation

Great inequality of wealth was a natural consequence of the newly industrialized society

Shift from small shops to domestic manufacturing produced a new class of wealthy industrialists

Effects:

Influenced wealthy to engage in philanthropy

Ensured that deserving poor people had opportunities to improve themselves

Promoted administration of wealth toward reducing the stratification between the rich and poor

Canegie made an example by donating significant portions of his wealthy to philanthropic causes

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Jacob Riis was a famous american reporter, social reformer, and photographer who experienced and photographed the worst aspects of American urbansim, crime, squalor, and poor lodging in order to bring to light the poor living conditions of many Americans at the time.

The other half lives was an early photojournalism publication by Riis which depicted the poor living conditions of NYC slums in the 1880s. Slum conditions shocked readers and his photographs became powerful tools for social reform.

Causes:

Firsthand experience with poverty and appalling conditions in tenements

Work as a police reporter for NY Tribune through covering the city's crime-ridden districts gave him a perspective on the living conditions of the lower class

Effects:

Writings caused investigations into unsafe tenement conditions

The 1887 small park act was a law that allowed the city to purchase small parks in crowded neighborhoods to increase the quality of living in the areas

Influence muckraking journalism by exposing the slums to NYC upper and middle classes

Stimulated significant NY legislation to curb tenement poor conditions

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A widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted rail traffic in the Midest of the U.S. The federal government responded to the unrest and it was the first time that an injunction by the government was used to break a strike.

Causes:

Pullman Car Company cut low wages of workers by 25% but did not introduce reductions in rents and other charges at Pullman, a company town near Chicago

Many workers and families faced starvation

Delegation of workers tried to present grievences about low wages, poor living conditions, and 16 hour workdays to the company's president, but Pullman refused to meet with them and ordered them to be fired

Effects:

Violence and destruction of property

Federal goverment got involved and President Cleveland sent in federal troops to handle strikers, causing more violence

Railway companies started to hire nonunion workers to restart business

Strike costed millions of dollars in lost revenue and looted and damaged property to railroad companies

Striking workers lost more than 1 million in wagtes

Brought Eugene Debs national attention and led directly to his conversion to socialism

Prompted Cleveland to propose a bill to make Labor Day a national holiday on 1894, June 28

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Legal case which led the U.S. supreme court to uphold the government's use of the injunction against the labor strike such as the Pullman Strike. Leader of the American Railway Union, Eugene V. Debs, was convicted of contempt of court for ignoring an injunction ordering the union workers back to work

Causes:

American Railway Union on Strike

Federal court issued an injunction ordering the union memebrs to return to work

Injunction based on the grounds that the strike was affecting interstate commerce and the federal postal servcies

22 railroad companies that were affected by the strike carried millions of passenders to and from Chicago, millions of freight, federal mail, and could be used to transport fed troops and equiment if necessary

Workers refused to listen to the injunction where Eugene Debs was one of the union leaders found in contempt and served jail time

Effects:

Court's decision was a set back for labor rights

Federal courts may enjoin a strike if it intereferes with interstate commerce and federal postal service

Constitution grants fed. govt the authority to regulate interstate commerce and a postal service

Can be done through legislative action, executive enforcement, or judicial intervention

Actions do not require a trial by jury

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Immigration station opened in NYC located at the mouth of the Hudson where an estimated of 40% of all current U.S. citizens ancestry can be located from Ellis island

Causes:

The island was vacant following the civil war until the govt decided to replace it with an immigration station

Control of immigration was responsible by the federal governemnt with 75,000 dollrs were appropriated to construct the first federal immigration station on the island

The conversion of the island resulted in the removal of naval buildings and the construction of a new immigration station

Effects:

Served as the nation's major immigration station from 1892 to 1924

Estiamted 12 million immigrants passed through ellis island where they were proceed by immigration authorities and obtained permission to enter the U.S.

First and second class passengers were checked only briefly on board their ships and were allowed straight into the city

Third class passengers had medical and legal checks

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Located in San Francisco Bay, Angel Island was the main immigration facility on the West Coast where many chinese or asian immigrants were detained for extended periods due to discriminatory immigration laws

Causes:

The immigration station was created on Angel Island to control and regulate asian immigration into the U.S.

Result of federal, state, and local attempts to prevent Asians from entering the United States altogether

Effects:

Replaced detention prisons on steamships in the San Francisco harbor and became the central enforcement area for rules that were disnged to keep Asian people out of the U..S

Served as an immigration and deportation facility

Discriminatory policies employed at angel island immigration station were an outgrowth and implementation of the Chinese expulsion act of 1882

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Tenements were multi-story apartment buildings to house as many people as possible in the least space possible, most typically immigrants, in large cities across America. They were overcrowded and unsanitary. NYC population roughly doubled every 20 years from 1800 due to these new practices.

Cases:

Rise of tenement housing was due to influx of immigrant, many of them fleeing the Irish Potato Famine, or Great Hunger in Ireland, or the revolution in Germany

Arrivals concentrated themselves on the lower east side

Effects:

Unsafe living conditions

Rapid spreading diseases

Fires were deadly

Cholera epidemic

Ghettos were arts of cities which members of a minority group live, especially due to social, legal, or economic pressures. These areas usually speak the native tongue of the ethnic peoples and illustrate their culture. These areas are also known for being more impoverished than other areas of the city

Causes:

Economic and social forces

Seen in cities with significant economic disparity

Discrmination and segregation also play a role

Effects:

Gang wars

Higher rates of crime, poverty, unemployment

Poor healthh, inadequate education opportunities, lower levels of pulbic services

Fostered a sense of community and cultural identity among residents.

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Opposition to immigration focused on the fear that foreigners within the United States promoted political radicalism and saw a rise in nativism. This opposition was primarily directed at Irish and Chinese due to anti-catholic beliefs and ethnic discrimination.

Causes:

Driven by economic and cultural tensions

Ethnic discrimination

Many immigrants who came to the U.S. did so to send money back to their home countries (commonly chinese)

Influx of immigration was creating a lot of competition and lowering wages

Effects:

Implementation of immigration laws such as Chinese exclusion act of 1882

Debates continue even to this day

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Federal law which was the first and only major federal legislation to suspend immigration for a specific nationality. The law prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country.

Causes:

Racial hostility and anti-immigration sentiments of Americans

Nativism

Stereotypes of Chinese as diseased heathens combined with fears among labor unions and other West Coast residents that Chinese manual laborers represented unfair competition for jobs

Growing anti-Chinese movement

Effects:

New era in the U.S. where it changed from a country that welcomed almost all immigrants to a gatekeeping one

Set the precedent for later restrictions

Geary Act of 1892 extended the exclusion acts ban on Chinese immigration for 10 more years

Required Chinese residents in the U.S. to carry special documentation

Immigrants caught not carrying certificates were sentenced to hard labor and deportation

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Political machines were organizations that politically influenced cities and counties which were characterized by a boss who commanded allegiances of local business leaders, elected officials, and loyal supporters., In return for their support, the machine provided social services, jobs in government.

Causes:

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialiation in the U.S.

Missing government social services

Many immigrants and poor people relied on political machines for jobs and services

Thrived in urban atmospheres where access to power was unequally distributed

Effects:

Played a crucial role in shaping national party politics

Led to people being elected into governmental positions (such as in NYC). Manipulation into elections, control nomination processes, and exert influence over policy decisions

Detrimental to democratic process

Hindered fair representation of diverse interests and perpetuated inequality

Bribery and corruption undermined integrity of elections and misuse of public funds for personal gain

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Boss Tweed was a NYC corrupt politician behind Tammany Hall political machine and rose to prominence through his competitive nature and seemingly helpful nature by helping anyone who came to him through social services. He became a state senator and had cronies who were able to control major nominations. Tweed pushed to create a board of audit which controlled the city treasury. Through schemes such as faked leases, unnecessary repairs, overpriced goods, and kickbacks, was able to launder hundreds of thousands of dollars of city funds.

Tammany Hall was the executive committee of the Democratic Party in NYC which exercised political control through typical bassist blend of charity and patronage.

Causes:

Rapid urbanization and industrialization

Many poor people relied on political machines for jobs and services

Political machines thrvied in urban atmospheres where access to power was unequally distributed

Effects:

NYC lost more than 200 million dollars of taxpayer dollars

Tammany became synonymous with corruption and the subject of Thomas Nast's most effective cartoons

Many elections were manipulated

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Movement in Portestantism in America that emerged due to aims to apply Christian ethics to social problems such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, child labor, etc.

Causes

Industrial and urbanization led to rapid growth of industries but also poverty, inequality, and harsh living and working conditiosn

Large waves of immigrants faced poor living conditions and exploitation in labor

Large wealth disparity

Lack of social services

Religious revivals

Effects:

Reform movements aimed at addressing social injustices which included child labor laws, child welfare, and public health intiatives (this will bleed into the progressive era)

Advocates influence legislation and achieved safety regulations in the workplace

Imrpovements in education

Charities

Labor rights were achieved through unions

Women and Church involvement in addressing social issues

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The spending of money on luxury and services to public display economic power. This behavior was a hallmark of the Gilded Age due to rapid industrializaiton, improvements in tech, and extremely wealth disparities

Causes

Wealth inequalities created a wealthy class eager to display their economic status

Advances in manufacturing and production made a wider variety of goods available

Growth of cities and urban areas allowed wealth to be displayed publicly and conspiciously

Effects

Exacerbated wealth divisions and made the gap between wealthy and poor

Developed consumer culture

Encouraged spending and investment in luxury goods

Led to rise of marketing and advertisements aimed at promoting luxury consumption and lifestyle

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Surprise attack on a camp of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians in Colorado by American Troops under Co. John Chivington. More than 230 natives were killed, including children, women, and elderly

Causes

Disputes over territory, land, and resources between Americans and Natives

The Plains Indians responded with outrage and retaliatory attacks on white settlements and military outposts

long conflicts for control of the Great Plains of eastern Colorado

1862-63 Dakota Uprising in Minnesota

Effects:

Chivington first labeled as a victor, but later labeled as a massacre

Chief cause of the arapho-cheyenne war

Treaty promised reparations, but none were paid

Fueled wars in great plains

Further native retaliation

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Several acts passed by Congress which appropriated Indian land. It allocated funds to move Western tribes onto Indian reservations where they were supposed to be protected and enclosed. Made all natives wards of the federal government, nullified treaties of them, and no longer saw them as sovereign nations.

Causes:

Instituted due to the country's fixed amount of land

Conflict with natives over land

Dangerous security and insurance concern for enterprising Americans

Federal government expected to respond with solutions

Effects

Loss of traditional lands

disruption of native american cultures

rise of poverty and disease on reservations

Natives were wards of the U.S.

Protests of policies

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Authorized presidents to confiscate and redistribute tribal lands in the west. Sought to destroy social cohesion of Indian tribes and to eliminate vestiges of Indian culture and society.

Causes:

Passed due to need for more land and wish to assimilate natives into american culture

Security concerns

Native resistance

Effects:

Shifted native lands into the hands of native men, removing the control that women had previously

Women worked on the land and thus controlled source of food production. This influence mostly disappeared after.

Anglo-american hunger for native lands

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Institutions established by the U.S. government meant to educate Native children into American culture. This was apart of their strategy of assimilating and integrating natives into mainstream American Society

Causes:

Carlisle Indian Industrial School was the first government funded off-reservation boarding school for natievs, being created to assimilate natives into white culture. They were forced to abandon language, cultural traditions, cut their hair, adopt new names and clothes (labeled as cultural genocide)

Government policies of government funded institutions

Believed that educating natives into american culture that they could be assimilated

Policy was influenced by racist believes that natives were inferior

Effects:

Destroyed native culture

Loss of cultural identity

Physical and psychological trauma

Ostracized from indian culture

Disrupted native families and communities by taking away children

Some students achieved higher education

Affects legacy of natives to this day

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Battle of bighorn involved federal troops against a band of Sioux and Cheyenne warriors, where Custer and his forced were outnumbered and overwhelmed. The battle was a short lived victory for the natives.

Causes:

Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on native land

Natives missed a federal deadline to move to reservations causing Custer to confront them

Effects:

Marked the most decisive american victory

Indian victory enraged americans, partially contributing to the massacre of wounded knee

Indians were eventually forced out

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Ghost dance was a spiritual movement among Natives. Its principal ideas were that the spirits of the dead would be raised, the buffalo would return, and European settlers would be driven away. A dance was the central focus of the ritual. The massacre occurred due to Custer's 7th Cavalry slaughtering Sioux men, women, and children, marking the end of Indian resistance to the encroachments of white settlers.

Causes:

Ghost dance instilled fear in white colonists due to widespread influence of the tradition

Paranoia spread

Movement symbolized the clash of cultures

Effects:

Ghost dance triggered a last wave of resistance to the encroachments of white settlers and their way of life

Marked the end of the wars

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Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

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Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

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Critical piece of work that examined US govt treatment of natives. Jackson documented series of injustices, broken treaties, and acts of violence commited against Natives by the United States. The book shaped public opinion and policy regarding native American rights.

Causes

Broken treaties

Policies aimed at forcing native assimilation, relocation, and containment of natives caused great suffering and injustice

Attitudes of cultural superiority and discrimination against natives and a lack of respect for their cultures and rights

Jackson was motivated through senses of deep injustices and a commitment to activism

Effects:

Raised public awareness about injustices faced by Natives

Led to change in policies towards natives such as the Dawes act, but actually had adverse consequences

Inspiration for reform led other activists groups to commit to improve govt policies towards natives

The book led the groundwork for future advocacy and reform movements to achieve rights for Natives

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Homer Plessy, a 1/8th African American man refused to leave a railroad car designated for whites only in Lousiana which challenged the States segregation law

Causes:

Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in public places to ensure white supremacy

Louisiana Separate Car Act of 1890 required separate railway cars for blacks and whites, with Plessy's challenge being a test case organized by the Comite des Citoyens to challenge this act.

Systemic racial discrimination

Effects:

Legalization of segregation under the doctrine that separate facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were equal

Provided legal frameworks for Jim Crow laws

Setback for African American civil rights

Galvanized African Americans to resist segregation which laid the groundwork for future civil rights movements

Brown V board of Educcation (1954) overturned plessy v ferguson

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Henry Grady was a journalist and orator known for his promotion of the New South which advocated for economic modernization, diversification, and reconciliation between the North and South. However, the New South's new industrialization mostly failed and could not match the North's deep industrial roots.

Causes:

Economic devastation of the civil war

End of slavery

Northern investment into the south

Desire for nation reconciliation

Effects:

Industrial growth in the south in textile, tobacco, and iron production

Urbanization

Continued racial inequality

South still remained economically dependent on agriculture and low wage labor, still lagging behind the North in terms of industrialization

Promotion of new southern Identity, spearheaded by Grady

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Prominent Afircan American educator, orator, and advisor to several President who was born into slavery at the West Virginia mines. He is know for his approach to combating racial discrimination while also best avoiding the dangers of lynching at the time. He advocated for self-reliance and accomodation to segregation as strategies for black advancement. However, due to these less radical beliefs, he was widely criticized.

Causes:

Return of white supremacy which instituted Jim Crow Laws

Economic conditions where Africans lived in economically depressing and opportunity bare

Washington believed that pursuing civil rights through confrontation was unlikely to succeed at that time due to widespread lynching

Belief in pragmatism

Effects:

Founded the Tuskegee institute which taught students trades and skills to achieved economic independence

Known best for his 1895 Atlanta Exposition speech

Suuport for white philanthropy

Criticsm from black leaders

Acclaimed for making significant contributions to Afircan American

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Harvard graduate who was born into moderate wealth in the North and a prominent African american sociologist who advocated for education for African Americans and founded the NAACP. He offered a counter-narrative to Brooker T. Washington's approach to radical issues.

Causes:

Dissatisfaction with Brooker T. Washington's approach to reform

Educational and professional achievements gave him insight and informed his understanding of race relations

Frustration with the status quo resulted in him to found the Niagra Movement in 1905 which called for full civil rights, end of racial discrimination, and educational equality among the races

Effects:

Advocacy for civil rights through education

NAACP Co-founder

1903 Book "The Souls of black folk"

Key figure in pan-africanism

DuBois influenced generations of black intellectuals and activists by emphasizing education, cultural uplift, and political action

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Series of racist laws that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans, therefore instituted white supremacy

Causes:

End of reconstruction and the withdrawal of Union troops

White supremacist ideology

Supreme court decisions through Plessy v Ferguson

Effects:

Legalized racial segregation

Disenfranchisement of african americans through ltieracy tests poll taxes, grandfather caluses, and other restrictive measures

Economic inequality

Education disparities

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American female activist, journalist, and feminist who led anti-lynching crusades in the through her work of awareness through her writing.

Causes:

High amounts of racial violence and lynching

Injustice of jim crow laws

Wells recognized the power of the press in exposing injustices

Effects:

Anti-lynching campaign

Public awareness

NAACP involvement

Wells took her anti-lynching campaign to the UK and gained international support

Her work as a journalist left a significant legacy

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Piece of legislation which encouraged western migration by providing 160 acres of public land where homesteaders paid a small filing fee and required to develop the land over 5 years to receieve ownership of the land

Causes:

Encouragement of westward expansion and develop western territories

Offering free/cheap land to settlers was a way to alleviate poveryt and stimiulate economic growth

Abolitionists supported the act as a means to settle the west with farmers who opposed slavery

Effects:

Increased migration westward

great conflicts with natievs

Development of agriculture

Influx of settlers contributed to economic transformation of the west through infrastructure, towns, and markets

Intensive farming and grazing depleted the land

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The Grangers:

Causes:

Monopolized power of railroads and grain elevators causing farmers to face high transportation and storage costs

High interests rates from banks

Lack of political power

Effects:

Regulations of railroads and grain eleavtors

The grange established coopoeratives to help farmers buy goods at lower prices and sell crops more effectively (like unionizing)

Grange provided social networks and educational resources for rural ocmmunities

The Farmers Alliances

Causes:

Continued financial difficulties due to low crop prices, high debt levels, and unfair market practices

Inadequate governemnt support

Effects:

Alliances were responsible for the formation of the populist party

Subtreasury plan which proposed a system for the govt to provide loans to farmers based on stored crops to break the cycle of debt and low prices

Increase in awareness and advocacy

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Prominent political activist, speaker, and writer. She was known for her work with the Populist party to advocate for farmers rights, womens suffarge, and labor issues. She is remembered for encouraged farmers to raise less corn in response to declining prices and hardships

Causes:

Falling prices high railroad rates and large debts

Political disenfranchisement

Social injustices through lack of suffrage and labor exploitation

Effects:

Lease became a leading pigure in the populist movement

Public awareness through her speeches and writings

Helped womens suffrage through advocating for womens rights to vote

Remembered as a fiery orator and staunch advocate for change

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Piece of legislation that helped reform the government civil service system which aimed to eliminate the Spoils System which allowed the hiring and promotion of federal employees with a merit-based system

Causes:

Corruption and ineffiency of the spoils sytem leading to govt positions being filled by individuals based on political connections rather than qualifications

Assasination of James A Garfield by a patron, highlighting dangers of the patronage system

Public demand for reform

Effects:

Establishment of the civil service

Merit based hiring

Protection for employees

Reduction in corruption

Shift in political campaign financing

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Political party in the US that represented interests of farmers and laborers, seeking to address economic grievances due to rapid industrialization and the failure of the government to manage the economic and social changes

Causes:

Economic hardships for farmers due to declining crop prices, high transportation costs, and increasing debts (mostly due to monopolistic railroad companies)

Poltical discontent and lack of representation

Influence of farmer alliances

Debate over using silver and gold vs just gold to ease debts (farmers wanted inflation)

Effects:

Most successful third party in US history

Party ran candidates in 92 and 96 with the Populist endorsed candidate showing significant electoral strength (but did not win)

Legislative reforms which included the direct election of senators

Populists influence future legislation reforms in the progressive era

Party began to decline after 96 as economy got better

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Party platform adopted by the populist party which outlined key political and economic reforms which farmers wanted to alleviate issues faced by farmers and other working-class. Key proposals included free coinage of silver, govt control of railroad, graduated tax income, direct election of senators, govt control of communications, subtreasury system, and an 8 hour workday

Causes:

Economic distress amongst farmers

Monopolies

Political disenfranchisement

Demand for monetary reform

Effects:

Influence on politics and elections

Legacy of reform

Decline of the party

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Severe economic downturn in the US which was one of the worst depressions in the country's history at that time due to widespread bank faiilures, unemployment, and a collapse of business activity

Causes:

Overexpansion and specuilation in railroad industry funded by unsustainable levels of debt

Bank failures

Stock market crash

Failing agricultural prices

International gold standard limited money supply making deflation and debts harder to pay

Withdrawal of British investment

Effects:

Widespread unemployment

Business failures

Brankruptcies

Labor strikes and unrest

Increased homelessness poverty

Reform movements

Political consequences and the rise of the populist party

coinage of silver

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Protest march to DC led by Coxey which sough tot address economic distressed caused by the depression of 1893 were presidents were not working to alleviate the issue.

Causes:

Economic depression

laissez-faire government

Demand for public work jobs

Failure of traditional relief methods

Effects:

Public attention to economic issues

Coxey was arrested for trespassing on U.S. capitol grounds

Limited immediate impact

Influence on future policies

Political mobilization

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Taking place during economic uncertainty and political realigment, the election featured Republican President Ben Harrison running for reelection, Grover Cleveland who served as a president from 1885 to 1889, and Populisat party candidate James Weaver. It was a rare instance where a former president successful regained office.

Causes:

Economic concerns

Tariff debates

Antitrust sentiments and demands for more robust antitrust regulations

Agricultural distress

labor unrest

Effects:

Cleveland is elected

Populist party had a great prescence

Continued economic downturn

Shift in political landscale

Tariff reductions

Calls for monetary reform

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Election marked by significant economic and political issues, especially over the gold standard. The election is notable for the emergence of William Jennings Bryan as a champion of populist causes

Causes:

Economic depression

Monetary policy debate

Populist movement

Divisons within the democratic party

Republican emphasis on the gold standard

Effects

McKinley election as president solidified the gold stadndard in American monetary policy for years

Decline of populism

Economic recovery

Shift in political strategy

Realignment of democratic party

Legitimization of corporate influences and increased scrutiny and criticism of corporate influence in politics

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William Jennings Bryan/“Cross of Gold” Speech

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William Jennings Bryan/“Cross of Gold” Speech

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Delivered at the Democratic National Convention on July 9, 1896, Bryan advocated for the free coinage of silver and opposition to the gold standard, seen as detrimental to the nations economic health.

Causes:

Economic hardship due to depression of 1893

Monetary policy debate

Populist movements

Effcets:

Democratic nomination

Rallying the populist cause

Polarization over monetary policy

Lost the election of 1896

Continued influence in American politics, advocating for progressive causes and running for president two more times