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Many of the English words we use today like beer, hand, mother and love have all survived from Old English. Neil and Georgina discuss where the English language we use today really comes from.

This week's question

The year 1066 is remembered for a famous battle when the French-speaking Norman king, William the Conqueror, invaded England - but what is the name of the famous battle? Is it...

a) The Battle of Waterloo?

b) The Battle of Hastings?

c) The Battle of Trafalgar?

Listen to the programme to find out the answer.

Vocabulary

invasion
when an army of country uses force to enter and take control of another country

suffix
letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word

in common parlance
using the words that most people use in ordinary conversation

building blocks
the basic parts that are put together to make something

through someone's eyes
from someone else's point of view; how someone else would experience something

at heart
used to say what something is really like
Transcript
Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

Georgina
And I'm Georgina.

Neil
Gōdne mergen! Mé lícap pé tó métanne!

Georgina
I beg your pardon, Neil? Is something stuck in your throat?! Are you speaking a foreign language?

Neil
Ha! Well, actually Georgina, I was saying, 'Good morning, pleased to meet you' in English - but not the English you and I speak. That was Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, the earliest form of English, spoken in the Middle Ages - so, between the 5th and 15th century.

Georgina
It doesn't sound anything like the way people talk nowadays.

Neil
No, but it's surprising how many of the words we use today have survived from Old English - beer, wine, drink, fish, bread, butter, eye, ear, mouth, head, hand, foot, life, love, laughter, mother, daughter, sister, brother, son, father - all Anglo-Saxon words!

Georgina
Wow, so many everyday words! But what about the classics - Latin and Greek? I thought a lot of English vocabulary came from there.

Georgina
Like the Roman invasion of Britain?

Neil
Right, and later invasions too, by Norse-speaking Vikings and Germanic Saxons. In fact, Georgina, that reminds me of my quiz question.

Georgina
Go on then, but in modern English if you don't mind...

Neil
OK. Well, the year 1066 is remembered for a famous battle when the French-speaking Norman king, William the Conqueror, invaded England - but what is the name of the famous battle? Is it:

a) The Battle of Waterloo?,
b) The Battle of Hastings?, or,
c) The Battle of Trafalgar?

Georgina
Hmm, my history's not great, Neil, but I think it's, b) The Battle of Hastings.

Georgina
Right, like adding 's' to make something plural, as in: one bird, two birds. Or the 'ness' in 'goodness' and 'happiness'. And 'dom', as in, 'freedom' and kingdom'.

Neil
Poet Michael Rosen is fascinated by Old English. Here he is talking about word suffixes to Oxford University professor Andy Orchard for BBC Radio 4's programme, Word of Mouth.

Georgina
Listen out for the proportion of modern English that comes from Anglo-Saxon.

Michael Rosen
'I walked' - that 'walked' the 'et' bit on the end.

Professor Andy Orchard
Yeah, the 'ed' ending. Most modern verbs - if we were to say, 'I texted my daughter', I mean text obviously comes from Latin... 'I tweeted' - we still lapse to the Anglo-Saxon.

Neil
Professor Orchard estimates that 80 percent of spoken English in common parlance comes from Anglo-Saxon. In common parlance means the words and vocabulary that most people use in ordinary, everyday conversation.

Neil
He also thinks that the languages we speak shape the way we see the world.

Georgina
Here's Michael Rosen and Professor Andy Orchard discussing this idea on BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth:

Professor Andy Orchard
Well, in Old English poetry it's always raining and I suppose it's always raining today. There is a retrospective element, that we're still inhabiting that worldview, those ideas; the same words, the same simple ideas that they inhabited. And what's extraordinary if you think about the history of English is despite the invasions by the Norse and by the Norman, and then despite the years of empire when we're bringing things back, the English that we're speaking today is still at its root Old English word, at its heart Old English word, still very much English.

Neil
Michael Rosen asks if English speakers see the world through Anglo-Saxon eyes. When we see something through someone's eyes, we see it from their perspective, their point of view.

Neil
Wow! So much history crammed into six minutes! And now, time for one more history fact.

Georgina
Do you mean your quiz question, Neil? What's the name of the famous battle of 1066?

Neil
What did you say, Georgina?

Georgina
I said b) The Battle of Hastings.

Neil
Which was... the correct answer! The Battle of Hastings in 1066 played a big part in the Norman Conquest and mixing French words into the language.

Georgina
And I also know how the English ruler, King Harold, died - shot through the eye with an arrow!

Neil
That's all for this programme. Join us again soon at 6 Minute English but for now, 'far gesund!' - that's Old English for 'goodbye'!

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BBC Learning English - 6 Minute English / Is English really English?

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Many of the English words we use today like beer, hand, mother and love have all survived from Old English. Neil and Georgina discuss where the English language we use today really comes from. The year 1066 is remembered for a famous battle when the French-speaking Norman king, William the Conqueror, invaded England - but what is the name of the famous battle?

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