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PAUL VREDEMAN DE VRIES (1567–1630)Interior of Antwerp Cathedral, 1612 Oil on panel, 241⁄4 x 311⁄4 in.  This painting is an example of one-point perspective. With a pencil and ruler, find the vanishing point and trace the converging lines.

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The perfect illusion of three-dimensional space in a two-dimensional work of art is something that many artists, such as Pieter Saenredam, labored to achieve. The illusion of space is achieved through perspective drawing techniques and shading.

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Persian low relief from Qajar era in the style of Persepolis, located at Tangeh Savashi.

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He Can No Longer at the Age of 98, Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes, 1819–1823

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The relationship of positive to negative space can greatly affect the impact of a work of art. In this drawing, the man and his shadow occupy the positive space, while the white space surrounding him is the negative space. The disproportionate amount of negative space accentuates the figure's vulnerability and isolation.

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Real space is three-dimensional. Space in a work of art refers to a feeling of depth or three dimensions. It can also refer to the artist's use of the area within the picture plane. The area around the primary objects in a work of art is known as negative space, while the space occupied by the primary objects is known as positive space.

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LINE, SHAPE, FORM, PATTERN, SYMMETRY, SCALE, AND PROPORTION ARE THE BUILDING blocks of both art and math. Geometry offers the most obvious connection between the two disciplines. Both art and math involve drawing and the use of shapes and forms, as well as an understanding of spatial concepts, two and three dimensions, measurement, estimation, and pattern. Many of these concepts are evident in an artwork’s composition, how the artist uses the elements of art and applies the principles of design.

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The Flower Seller was painted in 1941

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For Classical artists, perfection was found in geometric ratios and proportions, and no shape was more perfect than the circle. Renaissance artists enthusiastically adopted this mentality, using shapes, like the circle, to create compositions of order, logic, symmetry, and ideal beauty.