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Hi Sabrina

As you had not had an opportunity to look at the topic we covered in our previous lesson, we used today's lesson to work through the exercises on clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result. As I said, if you can learn the grammar rules, you will certain improve the scores achieved:

Ex 1 = 8/10, ex 2 = 6/10 and ex 3 = 6/10.

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/clauses-contrast-purpose-reason-result/

What delightful news you shared today: a holiday in Algeria to find your wedding dress! I wish you a safe, happy and successful trip.

I await to hear from you as to dates for future lessons.

Regards

Sandra

LINK TO RECORDING:

https://hipekids.zoom.us/rec/share/zyuCBzJMcdXbD2LUUNlfvZOuB-uct6XojGwUwXkrZbg9-9ysRhuL4m-4-ys9lyGJ.mMyYkBClXCYphesB

Passcode: s$DXB@1m

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Clauses of contrast

Although, even though

We can use although/even though at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence followed by a clause (subject + verb). We NEVER use a comma after although or event though.

However

We use however to connect two different sentences. We normally use however at the beginning of the second sentence after a full stop (.) or a semi-colon (;). However is ALWAYS followed by a comma.

We can also use however at the end of the sentence.

Despite/in spite of

Despite and in spite of are normally followed by a noun or a - ing verb. They can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

We can use a clause (subject + verb) after despite/in spite of + the fact that.

Clauses of purpose

To + infinitive

The most common way to express purpose in English is to + infinitive.

In order to/so as to + infinitive

In order to or so as to + infinitive are more common in formal English, mainly in writing. The negative forms are in order not to and so as not to + infinitive.

We can also use the structure in order for someone/something to do something.

So that + clause

We can also use so that + subject + verb to express purpose. We normally use a modal verb with this connector, e.g. could, can, would, etc.

For + noun

We can also use for + noun to express purpose.

We can use for + - ing verb (instead of to + infinitive) to talk about the purpose of an object or action when we use the verb used or when we imply it.

In case + clause

To express purpose, we can also use in case+ subject + verb. We use this form to talk about precautions, when we do something because something not wanted might happen.

Clauses of reason

When we want to explain the reason why something happened or why someone did something, we use a clause of reason introduced by a conjunction ( as, since, because) or a noun phrase introduced by because of, due to, owing to, or on account of.

Because

We use because before a clause (subject + verb). It can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence (at the end is more common). A comma is used when the clause of reason is at the beginning of the sentence.

As/since

We use as and since in a very similar way to because. They are followed by subject + verb and can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. However, as and since are more formal expressions, and more common in written than in spoken English.

Because of

We use because of before a noun.

Due to/owing to/on account of

We can also use before a noun. They mean 'because of' but are more formal.

Clauses of result

We use clauses of result to talk about the result of an action or situation.

So

We can use so + subject + verb at the end of a sentence to mean 'this is why'.

For this reason

We normally use for this reason at the beginning of a sentence. We use a comma after it.

As a result/consequently/therefore

As a result, c onsequently and therefore are more formal and more common in written language. They are normally used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.

We can also use consequently and therefore in mid position (before the verb, after be as the main verb, or after the first auxiliary verb).

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result - Test-English

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result. Advanced English grammar and exercises. In spite of, despite, although, in order to, so as to, due to, etc.

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Hi Sabrina

Good to see you earlier. Today's lesson content was challenging but you waded through the rules and we had some time to start exercise 1. I suggest, when you have time, you review the rules for purpose, reason and result and then try to do the exercises. If you do so, make a note of your scores for the exercises. We can always do more work together if needed.

A note from the lesson: When asking yourself a question - "What did I do yesterday (last week etc)? When I ask you a question about a past event I would say "What did you do yesterday".

Our next lesson will be held on 29 November and I will send Google calendar meeting requests shortly. We can always make alternative arrangements if necessary.

Regards

Sandra

VIDEO LINK :

https://hipekids.zoom.us/rec/share/2qPrE6Ln15J6yVf4ZwpeGMFCk_qcw6FFMmEmYszldXMwlGKVL-V_VgWuar1yPdXv.A3pxekMrCOh0sNA7

Passcode: jz$e32!B

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Clauses of contrast

Although, even though

We can use although/even though at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence followed by a clause (subject + verb). We NEVER use a comma after although or event though.

However

We use however to connect two different sentences. We normally use however at the beginning of the second sentence after a full stop (.) or a semi-colon (;). However is ALWAYS followed by a comma.

We can also use however at the end of the sentence.

Despite/in spite of

Despite and in spite of are normally followed by a noun or a - ing verb. They can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

We can use a clause (subject + verb) after despite/in spite of + the fact that.

Clauses of purpose

To + infinitive

The most common way to express purpose in English is to + infinitive.

In order to/so as to + infinitive

In order to or so as to + infinitive are more common in formal English, mainly in writing. The negative forms are in order not to and so as not to + infinitive.

We can also use the structure in order for someone/something to do something.

So that + clause

We can also use so that + subject + verb to express purpose. We normally use a modal verb with this connector, e.g. could, can, would, etc.

For + noun

We can also use for + noun to express purpose.

We can use for + - ing verb (instead of to + infinitive) to talk about the purpose of an object or action when we use the verb used or when we imply it.

In case + clause

To express purpose, we can also use in case+ subject + verb. We use this form to talk about precautions, when we do something because something not wanted might happen.

Clauses of reason

When we want to explain the reason why something happened or why someone did something, we use a clause of reason introduced by a conjunction ( as, since, because) or a noun phrase introduced by because of, due to, owing to, or on account of.

Because

We use because before a clause (subject + verb). It can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence (at the end is more common). A comma is used when the clause of reason is at the beginning of the sentence.

As/since

We use as and since in a very similar way to because. They are followed by subject + verb and can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. However, as and since are more formal expressions, and more common in written than in spoken English.

Because of

We use because of before a noun.

Due to/owing to/on account of

We can also use before a noun. They mean 'because of' but are more formal.

Clauses of result

We use clauses of result to talk about the result of an action or situation.

So

We can use so + subject + verb at the end of a sentence to mean 'this is why'.

For this reason

We normally use for this reason at the beginning of a sentence. We use a comma after it.

As a result/consequently/therefore

As a result, c onsequently and therefore are more formal and more common in written language. They are normally used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.

We can also use consequently and therefore in mid position (before the verb, after be as the main verb, or after the first auxiliary verb).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result - Test-English

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result. Advanced English grammar and exercises. In spite of, despite, although, in order to, so as to, due to, etc.

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Hi Sabrina

Nice to see you again earlier.

We worked through two more web based vocabulary exercises and, after working through the meaning of some words and phrases, you did well in exercises 2 and 3. I have made some notes for your to review below about some previously unknown words.

As I said in the lesson, your reading is delivered well but please take care to read words as they appear and to make sure an 's' at the end of a word is spoken and heard. EXAMPLE plural nouns = flights, parents, tickets or possessive forms = the dog's ball, the company's sales.

The link to the lesson resource appears above if you would like to have another look at the explanations or any of the exercises.

Enjoy your long weekend and see you next Friday.

Regards

Sandra

NOTES:

"Snowed under" is an idiom that means to be overwhelmed or overpowered, especially by something that is beyond one's capacity to deal with. For example, you might say "I'm snowed under with work right now".

Being laid off from work means that your employer has terminated your work contract, either temporarily or permanently, through no fault of your own.

A dead-end job is a job that offers little or no chance of career advancement or improvement. It can also refer to a job that requires further education to progress, but that education is difficult to obtain.

Perks are special benefits that are given to people who have a particular job or belong to a particular group. ...a company car, private medical insurance etc.

To struggle to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something: [ + to infinitive ] The dog had been struggling to get free of the wire noose

VIDEO RECORDING:

https://hipekids.zoom.us/rec/share/pJvtf-f1iMAlzkdSFSJQ7nrY2QU5997PaB2_mYqB8rzuE3Kt9R-fQISxsUi5pGCz.NdASQmYtRsREcqJL

Passcode: n?pWs4xg

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Work and jobs – B2 English Vocabulary - Test-English

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Qui utilise Linguaskill ?

Exemples d'entreprises et d'établissements d'enseignement supérieur qui utilisent et acceptent Linguaskill :
En savoir plus
Contactez-nous

Besoin de conseil ? Contactez notre équipe à Paris pour plus d'informations sur nos examens.
Contactez-nous

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Comment préparer Linguaskill | Cambridge English

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Exemples d'entreprises et d'établissements d'enseignement supérieur qui utilisent et acceptent Linguaskill : En savoir plus Contactez-nous Besoin de conseil ? Contactez notre équipe à Paris pour plus d'informations sur nos examens. Contactez-nous

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Pour passer la certification CLOE English, rien de tel que la pratique ! Entrainez-vous sur GlobalExam à l'aide d'exercices d'anglais corrigés, d'examens blancs chronométrés et de fiches de révision spécifiques au CLOE English. Accédez à votre préparation en ligne sur mesure !

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Qu’est-ce que la certification CLOE ?

Permettant de certifier les compétences d’un candidat en langues étrangères, la certification CLOE est disponible en anglais, allemand, espagnol, italien et français langue étrangère. Pour les entreprises, elle représente un gage de crédibilité supplémentaire, puisque qu’elle porte sur la communication écrite et orale au quotidien ainsi que dans le cadre professionnel.

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Please click the link to complete this form.

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Introduction - getting to know Sabrina!

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We talked about intonation and stress - did : https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/activities-for-learners/c1p054-word-stress I alo sent the TED talk https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do_schools_kill_creativity?subtitle=en

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Learn English with our free online listening, grammar, vocabulary and reading activities. Practise your English and get ready for your Cambridge English exam.

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Hi Sabrina

It was nice to 'meet' you earlier today and to spend a little time getting to know you. As I said, the Zoom link for all lessons with me is constant and unchanging. I have, for record purposes, amended our Google meeting entries to include the link.

After each lesson (it can take a maximum of 48 hours for reports to be posted) I will update your Padlet with a summary of the lesson, any commments and links that might be useful to you.

Today's lesson was based on B2 vocabulary for work and jobs. We worked through exercise one and the score you achieved was 7/10. There were some phrases in the sentences that were new to you and you can always click on the link (above) to have a look at them in your own time.

Thanks and regards,

Sandra

NOTES:

We 'do' sport

Plants (in a manufacturing environment) and, if there is more than one, is a plural noun.

Made to spec - that is made to specification.

VIDEO AND PASSWORD LINK: All lessons are recorded and below is the link and password needed to access the video recording. Please note that videos are only stored for five days, after which they are permanently deleted.

https://hipekids.zoom.us/rec/share/nAxt0eubsiS7xMoMZUHp0Gj2POjJq_IUkJQrZi7hM13kxiQrdAZJwUTLDEKp059y.3Yo8A-XpMG-XYpdd

Passcode: 7m+!qg4U

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Work and jobs

In this Pre-advanced Vocabulary Lesson about Work and Jobs, you will learn various terms and phrases associated with employment and the workplace. Explore the pictures below and read the definitions and sentence examples.

Nouns and phrases

A 1 nine-to-five job is a full-time job that you do during normal office hours, and a 2 demanding job is a job that demands a lot of attention, energy, and hard work.

A 3 dead-end job is a job that leads nowhere, with few prospects of promotion or career advancement. In contrast, a 4 steady job is a reliable job that guarantees you regular hours and income.

If a person is 5 out of work, they are currently unemployed. If someone works 6 shifts, they work during different scheduled periods in the day or night.

If a person works or does 7 overtime, they work for more hours than they are contracted to work, usually for extra money. Working long hours can often result in 8 burnout. When you suffer from burnout, you become exhausted and ill after working too hard for an extended period.

9 Perks and benefits are words that are similar in meaning, as they both refer to the privileges that a job provides you with. Benefits are things like insurance or tax payments that most employers cover, while perks are additional advantages such as free passes or tickets for transport, entertainment venues, etc.

If you have 10 job security, you are in a job that is reliable and from which you are unlikely to be dismissed.

A 11 bonus is money you receive on top of your annual salary, usually for achieving good results.

12 Maternity, paternity, and sick leave are all types of extended absences from work. Maternity and paternity leave refer to the time men and women, respectively, take off after the birth of a child, while sick leave is an absence from work due to illness or an accident. If you are sick and you can't go to work, the doctor gives you a 13 sick note (or doctor's note) saying that you need to stay off work.

A 14 job vacancy refers to a position that a business is currently trying to hire someone for, while an 15 apprenticeship is an arrangement in which a person works for a fixed period of time to learn a skill by working under others qualified in that profession. Employers will only hire people if they have suitable 16 qualifications, and qualifications are certifications, such as diplomas and degrees, that qualify a person to do a particular job.

Verbs and verb phrases

When a person 1 does work experience or does an internship, they work in a job for a short period of time to gain experience in a specific trade, and when a person 2 has experience in something, they have either held a similar previous position or done something entailed in the job description before.

When people 3 talk shop, they talk about work outside working hours or when they are not at their workplace.

When you 4 clock in at work, you arrive at work and start working at the beginning of a day or shift. Clock off has the opposite meaning, and when you clock off, you stop working and leave your workplace once your day or shift has ended.

If you have to 5 meet a deadline, you need to complete a project or assignment within the required time. Meeting deadlines can sometimes be stressful, leading you to 6 be snowed under, which means that you feel stressed about dealing with so much work and meeting those deadlines. When this happens, it's important to know how to 7 switch off, or relax and stop thinking about work.

If a person 8 is sacked or fired from a job, they are dismissed from their job because they have done something wrong, whereas when you're 9 laid off, you lose your job because your employer is struggling financially or is closing down. 10 Being made redundant also means losing your job; however, when you're made redundant, you lose your job because a person is no longer needed to fill that position.

When you 11 are promoted in your job, you are given a position with more responsibility within a company, and when you 12 take early retirement, you stop working for good before the normal age.

When you 13 resign from a job, you leave a job, either because you've found another one or for other reasons, while if you 14 step down, you resign from a position of authority in a company. Before you can actually stop working, you must 15 hand in your notice, and when you hand in your notice, you inform your employer in advance of your intention to leave your job.

When you are ill and can't go to work, you 16 call in sick, which means that you inform your workplace, usually by phone, that you are ill and unable to attend work.

After completing the exercises in this lesson on Work and Jobs, you can use the unit's Vocabulary Flashcards to revise and help you memorize the terms.

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Work and jobs - B2 English Vocabulary - Test-English

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In this Pre-advanced Vocabulary Lesson about Work and Jobs, you will learn various terms and phrases associated with employment and the workplace. Explore the pictures below and read the definitions and sentence examples. A 1 nine-to-five job is a full-time job that you do during normal office hours, and a 2 demanding job is a job that demands a lot of attention, energy, and hard work.

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29/11/2024 - 25 minutes

15/11/2024 - 25 minutes

08/11/2024 - 25 minutes

04/11/2024 - 25 minutes

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https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/activities-for-learners/c1s002-stressed-words-and-meaning

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Health problems and injuries

In this English vocabulary lesson, you will learn about various health problems and injuries. It covers essential terms and phrases to help you communicate effectively in healthcare situations. Explore the language of symptoms, treatments, and medical emergencies to enhance your ability to discuss health-related topics with confidence. Check the pictures below and read the definitions and descriptions.

Common health problems and injuries

A 1 cold is a common illness that is passed from one person to another. When you catch a cold, you have a runny nose and a sore throat, and you often cough and sneeze a lot.

An allergy is a reaction to something you have eaten or been exposed to. When you have an allergy, you may sneeze excessively or get a 3 rash, which is a reaction on your skin.

We use the suffix -ache to mean 'pain'. For example, a 4 headache is a pain in the head.

When you experience stomach pain, it is called a stomachache. This can be caused by a 5 stomach bug, which is a virus that you caught from another person, or 6 food poisoning if you've eaten something bad. Stomach aches, stomach bugs, and food poisoning may be accompanied by 7 nausea (wanting to vomit) or 8 diarrhea.

A 9 sore throat can be a symptom of a cold, the flu, or an infection, and when you have a sore throat, you may lose your voice and find it painful to swallow.

A 10 cough is your body's way of reacting to something that is caught in your throat, causing you to make frequent noises to try and clear it. A cough is often a symptom of a cold or the flu.

12 Backache is pain in your back. It can be caused by many different things, such as lifting something heavy, an injury, or sleeping in an uncomfortable position.

A 14 bruise is a discoloured area of skin on your body caused by an injury or accident. Bruises are usually purple or blue but change colour as they heal.

15 Blisters are small bubbles on your skin that are full of liquid. They are usually caused by uncomfortable shoes or something rubbing against your skin.

16 Sunburn is your skin's reaction to over-exposure to the sun. When you've got a sunburn, your skin is red and sore, and often feels hot to touch.

Verbs and verb phrases

If you 1 throw up or if you are sick (UK Eng.), you vomit, i.e. you bring up the contents of your stomach.

If you 3 come round after passing out, you regain consciousness.

If you 4 suffer from an illness or condition, you have that illness or condition.

If you 5 get better, you recover from an illness.

If you 8 treat a condition, you deal with an illness or injury with medicine or therapy.

If you 10 undergo surgery, you have an operation.

Medicines

Painkillers are medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen and paracetamol used to treat pain.

Antibiotics are medicines prescribed by doctors to treat infections.

Cough syrup is a medicine in liquid form that is used to treat coughs and sore throats.

Laxatives are medicines used to treat constipation.

Antidepressants are a variety of medicines used to treat depression and anxiety.

Sleeping pills are medicines used to treat insomnia.

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Health problems and injuries - B1+ English Vocabulary - Test-English

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Learn English vocabulary about Health Problems and injuries with our pictures, definitions, examples, and fun exercises and games!

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Learn English with our free online listening, grammar, vocabulary and reading activities. Practise your English and get ready for your Cambridge English exam.

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Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Flo-Joe.

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B2 First, (Cambridge English First, FCE) Open Cloze: practice with prepositions

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Keep this for next time after holiday ...