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Sex refers to the biological classifications that we are assigned at birth, whereas gender refers to the socio-cultural roles that are associated with being male or female. the characteristics of gender vary across different countries and cultures and may also change with time.

MASCULINITY these are the traits that are socially and culturally attributed to being male.These may include physical strength and assertiveness.

FEMININITY refers to traits that are socially and culturally accepted and associated with being female. feminine traits may include qualities like emotional intelligence and an emphasis on interpersonal relationships and caring nature.

SEXUALITY means ones practices, identity and sexual attractions .These may or may not be in alignment with the individuals sex and or gender

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Women who display masculine, agent traits are viewed as violating prescriptions of feminine niceness ( L.A Rudman, 1998).

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The availability of sexually explicit media has a very crucial impact on how we are socialised to do gender in Ireland. The pornographic material that is consumed on the internet mostly contains acts of aggression particularly towards women which results in women being seen as sex objects as the perpetrators are usually males. Porn can desensitise males to treating women as sex objects and misinterpretation of signals from females. Porn has also put pressure on girls to try and look a certain way as some of the celebrities that they see on social media. women are expected to take care of their bodies and not be overweight. Many women are now socialised to feel inadequate because their bodies do not look like celebrities which causes mental health problems and depression.

Sun et al (2014) suggests that processing of these sexual scripts is done with little forethought, primarily out of habit as consumers of pornographic material use pornographic sexual scripts to navigate the real world.

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GENDER - is a constantly changing collection of meanings that we contrast through our relationships with ourselves, with each other and with our world ( Kimmel, 1994).

GENDER is a dynamic set of socially constructed relationships ( Emslie and Hunt, 2008).

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SEX- these biological traits that the society associates with being male or female.

GENDER- refers to the cultural meanings attached being feminine or masculine that influences personal identity.

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School uniforms being used to define gender 

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School uniforms being used to define gender 

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Happel (2013) argues that uniforms are not just school clothes but they play a role in shaping people's identity and equality within the school and societal setting.

" Because gender is not a fact, the various acts of gender create the idea of gender, and without these acts there would be no gender at all" (Butler 1988, p.903).

The majority of girls in schools wear skirts and boys wear trousers. This norm has made it socially acceptable for girls to be wearing skirts and these skirts will then define how girls have to conduct themselves. Skirts do not allow for girls to be running around playing sports like football. These uniforms will also define how girls sit as they have to keep the legs closed inorder not expose themselves.

The use of uniforms in schools has made it acceptable that girls and boys have to dress and behave in a certain way that is different from the other. Skirts and dresses restrict movement and wearing one imposes considerations that one would not need when wearing trousers. Girls are then restricted to being indoors most of the time while the boys are outdoors playing. This ritual grilling of young women has socialised girls to be less adventurous and they are often indoors learning how to take care of the household.

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Many young people in this day cannot imagine their life without internet access and their mobile devices are as good as part of their body. However social media plays a role a role in shaping how we do gender. Images and videos circulate on the internet and most of the young people now want to navigate their reality applying and trying to look like the characters they see on the internet. Some males have resorted to using steroids which are harmful to their health as a way to build up their physique to be like the celebrities.

This results in the emergence of some unhealthy behaviours such as toxic masculinity and aggression in boys and girls may try to emulate the behaviours of female celebrities they see with surgically modified bodies and very small waists in women this can lead to eating disorders as they are trying to conform their bodies to societal standards, this has a negative impact on mental health as it becomes difficult to socialise in a healthy manner, leading to loneliness and depression.

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in the Irish society a man that worries too much and expresses their concerns cannot be respect. therefor for one to be considered a real man they must be stoic and be independent. A man that does not fight back when pushed to fight back is considered to be at the bottom of the hierarchy because a man is expected to be physically aggressive.

Men are expected to be hypersexual partners and are not punished for it. In Ireland a man who is gay is not considered a real man, however it is okay for straight men to be friends with gay men..

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Men are socialised not to be vulnerable or to ask for help. instead men are taught to dismiss their emotions ignorer not to be seen as vulnerable. we see this from an early stage is childhood as boys are often told that big boys do not cry. IN Ireland boys are raised to be tough and males are generally punished for showing empathy, this leads to increased aggression and assertiveness as the males try to prove themselves by resorting to violence and aggression. Men often find it difficult to express their emotion or show any vulnerability when they are sick and this hinders males from seeking preventative healthcare and most of the times they go to the doctor the ailment will have been well advanced and affecting daily life.

Butler (1993). suggests that gender appears natural because of its repetition but it has no natural origin.

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Find the perfect handmade gift, vintage & on-trend clothes, unique decor home & living and more on Printerval.com

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Women are socialised to be ladies of the household

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Women are socialised to be ladies of the household

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Women who behave in ways that do not conform to the feminine gender stereotypes such as being aggressive or assertive are considered to be less desirable in the society and in some instances can even be called names such as "tomboy".

Women are socialised to take responsibility of the caring role within the society whilst men are expected to be the independent providers for the family.

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Rudman, et all (2012) suggests that men are relegated to the high end of the gender hierarchy compared to women.

We have less women in leadership positions and men usually earn more money for the same job compared to women.

Women work more part time hours compared to men this is because women are socialised to be carers of the household. Therefore

women tend to earn less money in Ireland compared to men.

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The use of gendered toys and the assigning of colours to a specific gender, such as girls toys being pink in colour and usually contain dolls and kitchen sets. Girls are socialised from a young age to be carers of the household because of the toys they play with.

At the same time boys have blue coloured toys and they are often encouraged to explore the outdoor while girls are playing house.

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How gender stereotypes can affect our health outcomes

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How gender stereotypes can affect our health outcomes

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Having a job and being the breadwinner of the family is considered as as being a man in the Irish society. being a man in their active age and not being employed puts pressure on men as they feel they are not doing enough which can lead to negative mental health outcomes. The men suffering from mental health may often lack ways to express themselves as they are socialised from a young age that a man must be strong. The bottling of emotions will sometimes lead to the increased death rate by suicide in men compared to females.

Harmful gender norms such as rigid masculinity which promotes boys to be hyper sexual and engage in harmful tendencies such as smoking may expose them to health complications such as sexually transmitted diseases and emphysema

compared to women who may receive some form of education on the importance of their health when it comes to puberty and mensuration, boys rarely receive such an education and therefor they often only got for medical checkups when they feel too unwell to function normally.

Boys are socialised to be independent and stoic and they may think that the hospital setting is a female setting and acknowledging that one is sick may be seen as a form of giving complete control of one's life to the healthcare practitioner.

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According to the World Health Organisation, gender interacts with but is different from sex, which refers to the biological and physiological characteristics of male, female and intersex people, such as chromosomes, hormones and reproductive organs. Gender and sex are related but different from gender identity.

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Gender is a key determinant of health status in Ireland 

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Gender is a key determinant of health status in Ireland 

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Males are socialised to be stoic and independent within the society therefor they are more likely to engage in risky behaviours and may also avoid seeking help from healthcare professionals or even to get preventative advice. This causes men to die quicker and women to get sicker

WHY MEN DIE QUICKER

1) Pressure to be masculine- going to the doctor is seen as giving independence and in some instances may be regarded as being gay. most men do not seek help because of this

2) The alcohol culture in Ireland where boys are encouraging each other to binge drink because it is the societal norm and everyone wants to fit in but alcohol has a lot of negative health impacts on the body and brain. Men in Ireland consume more alcohol compared to women thus we have more alcohol related health issues in men.

3) The healthcare system is dominated by females and the men men would see the hospital setting as a place for women and kids.

4) Most men do not have the knowledge of various health conditions and possible interventions because from a young age they were barely educated on their health but instead were socialised to be strong and not show their weaknesses or vulnerabilities.

5) Most males fear that by going to the doctor or to healthcare professionals to seek help would be considered as loss of identity because males are taught to be strong and assume the leadership role.

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Men are socialised to engage in high risk behaviours such as hyper sexuality which often exposes them to sexually transmitted diseases and infections

healthcare avoidance is common in men because going to the hospital may sometimes mean loosing time off work and also money to pay for the healthcare services. Avoiding healthcare for men will result in getting treatment when it is too late and as a result men die quicker.

Men engage in more risky behaviours for example more older men smoke and drink alcohol compared to women of the same age group therefore the males are more likely to be overweight. Obesity is a leading factor to many chronic illnesses such as diabetes.

Men are less likely to watch their diets and do not regularly include fruits and vegetables in their diet, this has a negative impact on the colon and men are more likely to develop colon cancer

O' Brien et al (2005) suggests that manhood does not evolve biological makeup, but is created in culture.

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Flemming et al, (2014) argues that men who do not express dominant and traits of manhood are relegated to lower social status.

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Women are more likely to experience medical gaslighting compared to men because they are considered to be less independent and strong than men.Therefor they are more likely to be misdiagnosed for depression and mental health problems.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ulh0DnFUGsk