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French Revolutionary War against Great Britain

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In 1793, France declared war on Great Britain, escalating tensions in Europe that would impact America. By 1794, General Anthony Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers facilitated American expansion into present-day Ohio. The Louisiana Purchase in 1804 added over 800,000 square miles to the U.S., significantly expanding its territory. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of France in December 1804, marking a shift in European power dynamics. The Non-Importation Act passed in April 1806 aimed to protect American interests, while Napoleon's Berlin Decrees in November increased friction with Britain.

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The maritime conflict intensified on June 22, 1807, when the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake, heightening American resentment. The British 1807 Orders in Council restricted U.S. trade with France, leading to the Embargo Act in December that same year, which aimed to assert American neutrality but caused economic distress. By March 1809, James Madison was inaugurated as the fourth President. The early 1810s were marked by military confrontations, including the USS President firing on the HMS Little Belt and the pivotal Battle of Tippecanoe in November 1811, which foreshadowed the impending war.

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On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain, driven by issues like trade restrictions and impressment of sailors. Initial military actions included General Hull's invasion of Canada from Detroit, followed by the surrender of Fort Michilimackinac. A series of early setbacks culminated in Hull's surrender of Detroit on August 16. However, the USS Constitution achieved a significant naval victory over the HMS Guerriere on August 19, boosting American morale, despite British-Canadian forces winning the Battle of Queenston Heights in October.

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In 1813, Great Britain declared war on the United States, further complicating the conflict. Key battles included the tragic Battle of River Raisin, resulting in significant American losses, and the decisive naval victory at Lake Erie under Oliver Hazard Perry. The death of Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames in October marked a turning point in Native American resistance. The American military faced ongoing challenges, but victories like the capture of Fort Niagara in December demonstrated resilience.

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Key Battles and the End of the War (1814)

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Key Battles and the End of the War (1814)

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The year 1814 saw critical engagements, including the Battle of Lundy’s Lane, one of the fiercest battles of the war. Following Napoleon's abdication, British focus intensified on the American front. The burning of Washington, D.C. on August 24 represented a significant humiliation for the U.S. However, successful American defenses at the Battles of Plattsburgh and Fort McHenry in September helped galvanize national pride. Peace negotiations began, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, which officially ended the war.

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The Hartford Convention concluded on January 5, 1815, reflecting regional discontent over the war. The Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, despite occurring after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, became a celebrated victory. The Senate ratified the treaty on February 16, formally concluding the War of 1812. The conflict left a lasting impact on American nationalism, military strategy, and foreign policy, while the USS Constitution’s engagement with British ships highlighted the lingering tensions even after the war's end.

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Source used with more dates and detailed information: https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/war-1812-timeline#1815

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This timeline provides a brief overview of events that occurred before and during the War of 1812.