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During the Napoleonic Wars which lasted from 1803-1815, Britain and France both imposed trade restrictions on each other, which was done to weaken each others economies. These restrictions didn’t only affect the warring nations but also the United States, it disrupted trade and, their neutrality. And as time continued the British increased their harassment of American ships, which included impressment of American men and seizure of their goods. After the Chesapeake Affair in June 1807, which included the battle between the British warship Leopard against the American frigate Chesapeake, the president at the time (Thomas Jefferson) ultimately chose and economic option to assert the American rights, which was the, “Embargo Act of 1807.”

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During the congressional election in 1810, the War Hawks were a group of young, new Democratic-Republicans that advocated their eagerness for war against Britain. They quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives. Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun, they argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.

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The Battle of Tippecanoe was a conflict during 1811 of American settlers pushing westward into American Indians territory. Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Prophet attempted to unite tribes east of the Mississippi River against the settlers. General Henry Williams destroyed the Shawnee headquarters, which ended Tecumseh’s efforts to form an Indian confederacy. Although the British provided only a little aid to Tecumseh, Americans blamed the British for instigating the rebellion.

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Madison won his first term in 1808, overwhelmingly, his presidency was mostly dominated by foreign affairs. In 1810 Madison proclaimed non-intercourse with Britain, stopping trade and promising war if the British did not relinquish the stolen American goods and vessels. Though tensions grew, Madison sought peace. In 1812, however, Madison was under pressure from the so-called War Hawks to make good on his promise. By 1812, the war had started creating a backdrop for the election. He was then re-elected in May 1812.

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A poorly equipped American army initiated military action in 1812 by launching a three-part invasion of Canada (Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain). The American army was easily repulsed by the British defenders. An American raid and burning of government buildings in York (Toronto) in 1813 only served to encourage retaliation by the British.

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U.S. Warship Constitution Victory (1812)

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U.S. Warship Constitution Victory (1812)

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in late 1812, the U.S. warship Constitution defeated and sinker a British ship off of Nova Scotia. American privateers, motivated by both patriotism and profit, captured numerous British merchant ships. These gains were offset by the success of the British navy in establishing a blockade of the U.S. coast, which crippled trading and fishing.

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The Battle of Lake Erie with American Captain Oliver Hazard Perry was the most important naval battle of the war. It led the way for Henry Harrison’s victory at the Battle of Thames, in which Tecumseh was killed, and Thomas Macdonough’s victory in 1814 on Lake Champlain. As a result, the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England.

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The defeat of Napoleon in Europe enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. A British army marched through the nation’s capital, Washington D.C., and set fire to the White House, the Capitol, and other government buildings. The British also attempted to take Baltimore, but Fort Henry held out after a night’s bombardment—an event immortalized by Francis Scott Key in the words of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

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In March 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in present-day Alabama, General Andrew Jackson ended the power of an important British ally, the Creek nation. The victory eliminated the Indians and opened new lands to White settlers. The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815 after the Treaty of Ghent.

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The Treaty of Ghent was the treaty that ended the War of 1812 and was signed in Ghent, Belgium. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States. The Treaty of Ghent said nothing at all about the grievances that led to the war and Britain made no concessions concerning impressment, blockades, or other maritime differences. Thus, the war ended in statement with no gain for either side.