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Samuel Slater integrated the system and technology used in British cotton mills to the establishment of the first textile factory in 1791. As new factories emerged, they prospered as a result of domestic manufacturing and protective tariffs enacted by Congress from the War of 1812. Additionally, as said by the AMSCO Advanced Placement United States History textbook: "As the factory system expanded, it encouraged the growth of financial businesses such as banking and insurance."

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The caption reads: The Hand That Will Rule the World-One Big Union.

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As the factory system emerged so did poor working conditions, long hours, and low pay. As a result, trade or craft unions were organized by factory workers in major cities. The primary goal of these unions were to reduce work hours, however, obstacles such as immigrant workers, state laws, and economic depressions at times made the significance of unions weak.

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While throughout the 19th century the Southern states' main cash crop was cotton, it would not have been possible without Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin, a device that separated cotton's fiber from the seeds. As a result, the device transformed the agriculture of the entire region. The cotton industry bloomed as it connected to the South's economy and planters invested their capital in purchasing enslaved African Americans and new land.

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A diagram of the interchangeable parts of a rifle

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During the War of 1812, Eli Whitney developed the invention of interchangeable parts, components of a rifle that can be assembled to make the final product. Under this system, guns were mass-produced and this in turn increased the efficiency of making guns and other items. This system went on to be the foundation of for mass production methods in North factories.

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Image of the Clermont, a steamboat made by Robert Fulton that made a successful voyage up the Hudson River and began the rise of steam-powered transportation.

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During this time, there began a rise in the development of transportation, with many methods and machinery being made. Built in the 1790s, Pennsylvania’s Lancaster Turnpike connected Philadelphia with the wealthy farmlands around Lancaster. It’s influenced made it that more privately built, short toll roads were made, eventually connecting most of the country’s major cities. The National, or Cumberland road, a paved highway and a major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois was made between 1811-1850s. The Erie Canal, made in New York in 1825, linked the economies of western farms and eastern cities. Due to its influence, more canals were made and eventually all canals joined all the major lakes and rivers east of the Mississippi, improving transportation which caused lower food prices in the East, more immigrants in the West, and stronger economic ties between the two sections. The steam engines had the ability to be set up anywhere. The rise of steam-powered travel began in 1807, with the voyage up the Hudson River of the Clermont, a steamboat made by Robert Fulton. Steamboats made a great impact in travel, increasing its speed and decreasing costs. Finally, the last major development of transportation during this era was railroads. The first U.S. railroad lines, made in the late 1820s, allowed more fast and efficient links between cities. By the 1830s, they were competing with canals and were seen as an alternative for both carrying goods and passengers. These rapidly developed towns into commercial centers and improved transportation between regions.

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Caption reads: Bank of the United States, in Third Street, Philadelphia 

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During the early 1800s, farming became more commercialized and lead to an increase in cash crops. This switch was promoted by: large areas of western land were more available at low prices by the federal government, state banks made the process of gaining land easier by farmers now having access to loans at low interest rates, and the development of canals and railroads opened new markets in the growing factory cities in the East.

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A map of New York. Caption reads: The City of New York

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In 1811, New York passed a law so businesses could incorporate and raise money through the selling shares of stock easier. Eventually, other states were influenced by this decision as well. This made it so that owners of a corporation would only be risking the money that they invested in a venture. These changes in state corporation laws made it so that large amounts of money to help construct factories, canals, and railroads were easier to gain.

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A drawing of two women working on a mill

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During the 1830s, Francis Cabot Lowell invented a labor production model that was designed so that every step of the manufacturing process was done under one roof and preformed by young women instead of children or young men. This system increased the efficiency of textiles and ushered in a new area of creation in the United States, building up the American textile manufacturing industry.

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An image showing the telegraph, Samuel F. B. Morse, and the Morse Code alphabet that was used to communicate.

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In 1844, Samuel F. B. Morse invented a successful telegraph. The telegraph could transmit messages along wires almost instantaneously. Wires strung around the country were often strung along railroad tracks and eventually under ocean. This marks the first time that humans could communicate as fast as electricity could travel. People like managers, government officials, and military leaders could speak to people from very far distances easily.

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Image different steel plows that were sold.

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The Old Northwest was made up of six states that joined the Union before 1860. These states were Ohio(1803), Indiana(1816), Illinois(1818), Michigan(1837), Wisconsin(1848), and Minnesota (1858). These were initially territories ceded to the national government in the 1780s by one of the original 13 states and were eventually made states due to the Northwest Ordinance passed by Congress in 1787. During the early 1800s, the Old Northwest relied on the Mississippi for the transportation of grain to southern markets and the port of New Orleans. Eventually, the states were tied to the northern states due to military campaigns by federal troops driving American Indians from the land and the construction of canals and railroads establishing common markets between the Great Lakes and the East Coast. Inventions like the steel plow, made by John Deere in 1837, and the mechanical reaper, made by Cyprus McCormick in 1831, allowed for more efficient farming and the planting of more acres. It also reduced the amount of labor, since there were few workers needed for the inventions.