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35 Kagan cooperative strategies is a set of teaching methods that introduced by Dr. Spencer Kagan to help students becoming more active in the classroom.

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- The main goal of the secondary English language curriculum is to improve students' skills in:

- Speaking

- Listening

- Writing

- Reading

- Language knowledge (including grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation)

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Speaking skills focus not only on speaking in front of the class but also on the ability to communicate with others, use language correctly, and apply effective communication strategies in daily life.

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In writing, learners should be able to write clear sentences to show they understand its purpose. They also need to know when and how to use different writing styles and formats.

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Learners need to listen and understand what others say. They should also use good listening strategies to meet the curriculum's standards.

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Motivation is important for teachers to focus on, as it can improve students' English proficiency. It encourages students to participate in classroom activities and helps them stay engaged and eager to learn.

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Brown and Beige Aesthetic Vintage Group Project Presentation

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Brown and Beige Aesthetic Vintage Group Project Presentation (1)

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Integrative motivation is when someone learning English in order to learn about the culture and the people.

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Instrumental motivation is when someone learning language for practical or functional reasons.

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Learning style can be define as learners' favorite way of learning that can help them in acquiring information efficiently.

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Brown and Beige Aesthetic Vintage Group Project Presentation (2)

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1. Visual Learners : Learn best from seeing things

2. Auditory Learners : Learn best from listening

3. Kinesthetic Learners : Learn best from movement-oriented activity

4. Field Dependence and Field Independence

5. Ambiguity Tolerance

6. Reflectivity and Impulsivity

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Strategies that used by learners in order to make the learning process easier.

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In ESL teaching, there are several different approaches and theories that teachers can use. These approaches are based on different types of theories.

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Brown and Beige Aesthetic Vintage Group Project Presentation (4)

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Behaviorist (B.F Skinner)

Language learning is a process of habit formation

Stimulus-response

Innatist (Noam Chomsky)

Universal Grammar (UG)

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Language acquisition happens naturally

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Cognitivist (Jean Piaget)

Mental process

Internal process of learning

Sociocultural (Lev Vygotsky)

Learning is social process

Cultural context and social interaction

Constructivist (Jerome Bruner)

Learners build their own understanding

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Behaviorist - Audiolingualism

Drilling, repetition and memorization

Innatist - Total Physical Response (TPR)

Learning should involve physical actions

Associating words with action

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Rally Robin : Students working in pair, alternate generating brief oral responses

Timed Pair Share : Sharing session between two students in certain amount of time.

Round Robin : Students take turns to respond orally.

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Rally Coach : One solving problems, one coach

Stand Up, Hands Up, Pair Up : Finding pairs in a short amount of time

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Cognitivist - Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Meaningful communication

Engage in task

Sociocultural - Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Peer interactions and group work

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Constructivist - Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)

Completing real-world tasks

Meaningful tasks, promoting deeper engagement

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Reading helps learners improve their English skills and learn vocabulary and grammar. It also helps them understand the context and expand their knowledge.

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Direct Strategies : Require mental processing of language that newly learned.

1. Memories Strategies

2. Cognitive Strategies

3. Compensation Strategies

Indirect Strategies : Provide indirect support for the language learning.

1. Metacognitive Strategies

2. Affective Strategies

3. Social Strategies

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Brown and Beige Aesthetic Vintage Group Project Presentation (3)

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What are the educational theories behind different ESL teaching methods? | ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ TESOL FAQs. (n.d.). tesolcourse.com. https://www.tesolcourse.com/tesol-faqs/tefl-tesol/what-are-the-educational-theories-behind-different-esl-teaching-methods/

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The difference between instrumental and integrative motivation. (n.d.). https://www.customerservicemanager.com/the-difference-between-instrumental-and-integrative-motivation/#:~:text=Instrumental%20motivation%20refers%20to%20the,company%20and%20thrive%20with%20it.

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Hasram, S., & Singh, B. K. A. (2021). VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES OF GOOD LANGUAGE LEARNERS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL. Scientific Research Journal, 9(2), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.31364/scirj/v9.i02.2021.p0221843

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Kagan’s FREE Articles - Research & Rationale - Research proves effectiveness of Kagan Structures. (n.d.). https://www.kaganonline.com/free_articles/research_and_rationale/330/the-essential-5-a-starting-point-for-kagan-cooperative-learning

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Muniandy, J., & Shuib, M. (2016). Learning Styles, Language Learning Strategies and Fields of Study among ESL Learners. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research, 12(1). http://www.melta.org.my/journals/index.php/majer/article/view/22/5

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Altun, M., Soran, & Khdhir, A. (2022). Arousing Students: Motivation in ESL classrooms; Increasing and enhancing participation, interaction and production. International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v9i2p111