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When Enlightenment ideas were brought into account, the Spanish colonial economy started to fail. The enlightenment ideas brought on the ideas of freedom and independence, and this was brought back to Quito. This really pushed Ecuadors Independnce in action. The Ecuador population now statred to fight fo their independence. After the victoey of the battle of Pichincha, Ecuador has earned their freedom.

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On this page: Spanish Economic Decline | Enlightenment Ideals, the Seed of Independence | Identification With the South American Independence Movement | Heeding the Call for Help |

The colonial economy of Ecuador's Sierra region revolved around textiles and other light manufactures, while the coastal economy, based largely in Guayaquil, relied on shipping and trade. The eighteenth century brought hardship to Spain, and consequently, to its colonies. Ecuador suffered a severe depression throughout most of the eighteenth century. Textile production, the staple of the Sierra economy, fell to less than half of its seventeenth century height. The weak economy hurt the "haves" more than the "have-nots"; by some accounts, the situation actually improved for Ecuador's native population during the colony's economic decline.
Enlightenment Ideals, the Seed of Independence
At the same time the Spanish colonial economy began to fail, messages of the Enlightenment being wrought in Europe penetrated Quito's cultural isolation and began to be disseminated throughout the country on the backs of missionaries. Enlightenment ideals embodied notions of nationalism and individualism and the concepts of equality and freedom. The failing economy and flagging administrative authority of the Quito Audencia combined with the introduction of Enlightenment ideals set the stage for Ecuador's independence.

Criollos formed the thrust that finally lead to independence.

Civil disturbances plagued the Quito
Audencia, particularly in the Sierra, from the mid-eighteenth century until the end of the colonial era. However, it was not until the criollos (persons of pure Spanish descent born in the New World) entered the revolutionary picture that independence really began to take form. The criollos resented the privileges afforded to the peninsulares (persons from Spain) and, as a result, sought independence from the crown.
Identification With the South American Idependence Movement

Antonio José de Sucre Alcalá lead the Ecuadorian separatist forces to victory.

Ecuador's criollo population tried several times to take control of the Quito Audencia in the decade that followed Napoleon's invasion of Spain, but it was not until 1820 that the criollos had enough force to realize emancipation from Spanish colonial rule. In October of 1820, in Guayaquil, a junta under the leadership of José Joaquín Olmedo declared Ecuador's independence from its colonial master. Unlike the earlier juntas, Olmedo appealed to Argentina and Venezuela for support. Ecuador's identification with the wider South American independence movement - led principally by Venezuelan Simón Bolívar Palacios and the Argentinean José de San Martín - was ultimately what permitted it to throw of the shackles of Spanish domination as early as it did. Without help from Bolívar and San Martín, Ecuador likely would have languished under colonial rule for at least a few more decades.
Heeding the Call for Help
Bolívar and San Martín heeded Olmedo's call for help, sending him significant contingents of troops and a number of skilled offers. Antonio José de Sucre Alcalá led the combined Ecuadorian and foreign forces to a number of successive victories before finally being stopped at the city of Ambato in the highlands south of Quito. The royalist success was short lived, Martín sent Sucre the necessary reinforcements and the brilliant young lieutenant went on the offensive again. After another series of triumphs and a decisive victory at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822, Ecuador achieved its independence. Within hours of his victory on the slopes the volcano outside of Quito, Sucre received the formal surrender of the Quito Audiencia.

On this page: Spanish Economic Decline | Enlightenment Ideals, the Seed of Independence | Identification With the South American Independence Movement | Heeding the Call for Help |

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The History of the Independence of Ecuador

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On this page: Spanish Economic Decline | Enlightenment Ideals, the Seed of Independence | Identification With the South American Independence Movement |

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In the 1820's and 1830's Italy's Unification grew significantly. When Garibaldi and his army of Redshirts  defeated Sicily and Naples, the northern states were joining with Piedmont-Sardinia and accepted Victor Emmanuel II as their King. When the king gave Italy Sicily and Naples it was declared a kingdom. Only Venice and Rome remained under foreign control, they became part of Italy in 1866 and 1871.

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The role of Piedmont

In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections. The victorious Liberals installed a new cabinet under Massimo d'Azeglio, a moderate trusted by the king. D'Azeglio introduced the Siccardi law, which curtailed the power of ecclesiastical courts. In October 1850 another prominent moderate, Camillo Benso di Cavour, entered the cabinet and directed a laissez-faire economic policy. He formulated international commercial treaties and drew on foreign capital to reduce the public debt, stimulate economic growth, and develop a railroad system. Cavour's dynamism alarmed conservatives and even d'Azeglio. In 1852, through an alliance with centre-left deputies that became known as the connubio ("marriage"), Cavour displaced d'Azeglio as head of the cabinet. Despite disagreements with the king (who favoured the clerical party and occasionally displayed absolutist tendencies), Cavour introduced various ecclesiastical, judicial, and fiscal reforms.

A number of events promoted Piedmont's prestige in Italy and abroad. In March 1854 France and England intervened in support of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War. To obtain Austrian support, they were prepared to guarantee the status quo in Italy. Only Piedmont was in a position to disrupt it at that time, and Cavour negotiated an alliance with the Western powers. In May he sent to Crimea an army that performed brilliantly. As a result, Piedmont was able to assume a place among the victors at the Congress of Paris (February 1856). From this platform Cavour, achieving a diplomatic coup for Piedmont and Italy, declared that the only threat to peace in Italy, and the root cause of subversive plots, was the burdensome Austrian overlordship. Cavour's pronouncements at the congress increased the standing of Piedmont among nationalists.

Meanwhile, Mazzini's democratic and republican movement was crumbling. In February 1853 an insurrection against the Austrians failed in Milan. The discovery and execution at Belfiore (1852-53) of the leaders of a conspiracy in Mantua, as well as abortive insurrections in Cadore and Lunigiana, discredited the democratic movement and discouraged its most dedicated adherents. Mazzini faced complete isolation for his support of an expedition to the southern mainland to incite insurrection, known as the Sapri expedition (June-July 1857), in which the Neapolitan republican and socialist Carlo Pisacane and some 300 companions lost their lives. The democrats were divided and unable to carry on the revolutionary struggle; nothing was to be expected from the restored governments. In Lombardy-Venetia, Austria carried out stern repressive measures. Pius IX, now under the influence of the reactionary Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli, refused to grant any reforms in Rome. Liberal Catholicism could not remain viable without reforms in the Papal States. In Naples and the duchies, reaction became pervasive, although the grand duke of Tuscany sought to make his subjects forget that he owed his throne to Austrian military intervention. Only in Piedmont was there any hope left for the reformers.

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Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State

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Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State: In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections.

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Germany's unification came through war and diplomacy. In 1866 the German states allied with Prussia. After the wars of Unification, Germany was left with a very little population of German speakers. Eventully Germany got rid of a large numbers of Poles and Polish Jews in 1885.

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The movement to make Italy one whole, was know as the Risorgiment. Giuseppe Mazzini and his people failed to make Italy unified by democracy. meanwhile,Italy sent troops to fight with Germany,Britian, and France.Italy was unified in 1848-1871.

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During the Reformation the control of the German states dwindled.During the Nepolianic wars Germany joined forces with Prussia and helped them fight against France.This did not help the rivalry against Prussia and Austria so the ideas of freedom began to grow. Germany went to war with France and Germany crushed them. Bismarck took over the power of the Catolic church and then Germany was unified.

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Quito was founded in 980 BC by the Karcass tribe. It was named after the Ke2 tribe. The Spanish thought Quito as an inca treasure buried there, this is why they chose. Quito won it's independence in 1822.

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🧐𝐄𝐂𝐔𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐑: Independence History | First cry of Freedom | 24 de  Mayo de 1822 | Ecuador a full ✨