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is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus associated with a series of five Marian apparitions, which are believed to have occurred in December 1531, and a venerated image on a cloak enshrined within the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City.

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Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire, was founded by the Aztec or Mexica people around 1325 C.E

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The Inca Empire, called Tawantinsuyu by its subjects, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco.

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19. Sistema De Castas - a porous racial classification system in colonial New Spain.

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several Nahuatl-speaking peoples of central Mexico in the postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology, especially the Mexica, the ethnic group that had a leading role in establishing the hegemonic empire based at Tenochtitlan.

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landowner, friar, priest, and bishop, famed as a historian and social reformer. He arrived in Hispaniola as a layman then became a Dominican friar and priest. He was appointed as the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians".

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17. La Malinche - a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, became known for contributing to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, by acting as an interpreter, advisor, and intermediary for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés.

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A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

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5. Cahokia - an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present-day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D.

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was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

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4. Pre-Columbian Environmental Disasters - earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis, mudslides, sinkholes, and droughts in Columbia

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a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims (Moors), who from the 8th century ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula.

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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

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Sugar, a sweet crystallizable material that consists essentially of sucrose, is transparent or white when pure, brownish when less refined. It is obtained primarily from sugarcane, and, since the early nineteenth century, from sugar beet as well.

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a gift-giving feast practiced by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada and the United States, among whom it is traditionally the primary governmental institution, legislative body, and economic system.

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3. matrilineal-  based on kinship with the mother or the female line.

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2. Three Sisters - The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various Indigenous peoples of North America: winter squash, maize ("corn"), and climbing beans

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system of social organization based on real or putative family ties.

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Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas refers to slavery of and by the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

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1. Columbian Exchange - the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas