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a general description of the material /method
a current overview of use within the science and engineering field-general & broad

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a brief historical overview of how the material or method has evolved over time

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Evaluate uses of the 3 examples you have chosen in the method section

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Hey, below are just some examples of resources I've found - might be useful, might not, let's see :)

Introduction - a fragment of this abstract can be useful to cite - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6365195/

Bone marrow transplant (search 'transplant' in the paper) - there's a few good fragments - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jcb.10127?casa_token=m7ozSoxeCw0AAAAA%3AHNJKe28Z3YUTyoQDrGXvH8meZUhQlZBKBM6eSInPgOTeerZaWBRVCtIVPaPgD4HXTEBVYCG9R062aA

Therapeutic cloning - conclusion here is great, but would need to be put more simply I think - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779900014347?casa_token=jKkkv-1SrAEAAAAA:cDdBl0n-1whPNrTLWTP2k8cZJDFuOsBRlaZJSXjmVJnQ4ps417Fzq-Gjk5ugTPbZUcAPh1Rv & 'Tissue Engineering' part here - https://www.nature.com/articles/nm0999_975

Liver disease - this one seems perfect to reference, please check the summary and conclusions - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827811005654

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https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/treatment/stem-cell-bone-marrow-transplants

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/treating/high-dose-chemo-and-stem-cell.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536951/

Harvard referencing:

Cancerresearchuk.org. (2018). Stem cell and bone marrow transplants | Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK. [online] Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/treatment/stem-cell-bone-marrow-transplants.

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Stem cell or bone marrow transplant is a way of giving very high dose chemotherapy. This treatment aims to cure some types of cancer, including Hodgkin lymphoma.

What is bone marrow

Bone marrow is a spongy material that fills the bones.

It contains early blood cells, called stem cells. These develop into the 3 different types of blood cell.

When you have a stem cell or bone marrow transplant

You have a stem cell or bone marrow transplant after very high doses of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy has a good chance of killing the cancer cells but also kills the stem cells in your bone marrow.

Before your high dose chemotherapy, your team collects your stem cells or bone marrow. Or they collect a donor's stem cells or bone marrow. After the treatment you have the cells into a vein through a drip. The cells find their way back to your bone marrow. Then you can make the blood cells you need again.

Why you might have a stem cell or bone marrow transplant

You might have this intensive treatment if your Hodgkin lymphoma comes back after the first course of treatment. It can get rid of the lymphoma again for many people. Your doctor might also suggest this treatment if your Hodgkin lymphoma has not responded to the standard treatment.

You might have a course of high dose BEAM or LEAM chemotherapy. Then most people with Hodgkin lymphoma have their own stem cells or bone marrow back after the high dose treatment. This is called an autologous transplant.

Stem cell transplant

You're now more likely to have a stem cell transplant (also called peripheral blood stem cell transplant) than a bone marrow transplant.

This is because:

it's easier to collect stem cells from the blood than the bone marrow

your treatment team can usually collect more cells

your blood cell levels tend to recover faster

Collecting your stem cells

You have injections of growth factors before, and sometimes after, the stem cell transplant. Growth factors are natural proteins that make the bone marrow produce blood cells.

You have daily injections of growth factor for between 5 and 10 days. Sometimes you might have low doses of chemotherapy with the growth factor injections.

On the collection day

After your growth factor injections, you have blood tests every day to see if there are enough stem cells in your bloodstream. When there are enough cells, you have them collected. This is called harvesting. Collecting the stem cells takes 3 or 4 hours. You are awake during this process. You lie down on a couch. Your nurse puts a drip into each of your arms and attaches it to a machine.

Your blood passes out of one drip. It goes through the machine and back into your body through the other drip. The machine filters the stem cells out of your blood. They are collected and frozen until after your high dose treatment.

You may need to go back the following day for a second harvest if they don't have enough cells from the first collection.

Side effects

You might feel very tired after having your stem cell collection.

You might have:

tingling around your mouth

muscle cramps

This happens if your calcium level gets low during your collection. Your nurses will give you extra calcium through a drip if this happens.

Having your bone marrow taken out

You have your bone marrow taken (bone marrow harvest) under a general anaesthetic. This means you are asleep and can't feel anything during the procedure.

You lie on your side on a couch. Your doctor puts a needle through your skin into the hip bone (pelvis). The doctor gently draws out the bone marrow through the needle into a syringe. To get enough bone marrow the doctor needs to put the needle into several parts of the pelvis. You have about 2 pints (1 litre) of bone marrow taken out and then it's frozen until it's needed.

Having stem cells or bone marrow from a donor

You might have a stem cell or bone marrow transplant using cells from a donor. This is called an allogeneic transplant. The cells need to be as similar as possible to yours.

So these can be from:

a brother or sister (a sibling match)

someone not related to you but whose stem cells are similar to yours (matched unrelated donor)

You might have bone marrow from a donor if:

your lymphoma has come back after a transplant using your own cells (autologous)

your lymphoma is quite advanced and is in your bone marrow

Doctors are still learning how best to use allogeneic transplants for Hodgkin lymphoma.

Possible side effects

The side effects of having a stem cell or bone marrow transplant are caused by high dose chemotherapy.

The main side effects include:

increased risk of getting an infection

low blood cell counts

increased risk of bleeding

a reaction called graft versus host disease, the donor cells can sometimes attack some of your own body cells

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Stem cell or bone marrow transplant is a way of giving very high dose chemotherapy. This treatment aims to cure some types of cancer, including Hodgkin lymphoma. Bone marrow is a spongy material that fills the bones. It contains early blood cells, called stem cells. These develop into the 3 different types of blood cell.

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Hali - Application 1
Marissa - Application 2
Princess - Application 3
Fartoun - Intro and History
Anna - Application and Conclusion

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Project M2 Task planning sheet_ online (1)

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https://www.canva.com/design/DAFOFWCuTmQ/TfnVCu0GVL4_7E5ZK_ZaOg/edit?utm_content=DAFOFWCuTmQ&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton

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Monday  10th - Research completed
Friday 14th - First draft
Thursday 18th - Final Poster
Tuesday 19th - Rehearsal
Tuesday 25th - Recording

Monday  10th - Research completed
Friday 14th - First draft
Thursday 16th - Final Poster
Tuesday 18th - Rehearsal
Tuesday 25th - Recording
Alternatives: 17-20th final poster (if deadlines cannot be met)

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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1YQdTgtYkWLiX_7xNqNLYXbM8YoahiWVb

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Liver failure:

https://doaj.org/article/9dcbab511bf04443b014d6a9c1d7d39b

https://doaj.org/article/3d58e05f9ce84a64ad295758b32e9fae

Harvard Reference:

Asrani, S.K. et al. (2019) “Burden of liver diseases in the world,” Journal of Hepatology, 70(1), pp. 151–171. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.014. (Accessed: 10 OCT 2022).

Liu, Y. et al. (2022) “The assessment of mesenchymal stem cells therapy in acute on chronic liver failure and chronic liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials,” Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 13(1), pp. 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-022-02882-4. (Accessed 10 Oct 2022).

Xu, R. et al. (2022) “Ccr2-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells targeting damaged liver enhance recovery of acute liver failure,” Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 13(1), pp. 1–15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-022-02729-y. (Accessed 10 Oct 2022).

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy (May 2022)

Affiliations

Yuwei Liu

Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University

Yutong Dong

Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University

Xiaojing Wu

Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University

Xiaotong Xu

Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University

Junqi Niu

Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University

Abstract

Read online

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy is showing potential therapeutic effects on liver function improvement in patients with chronic liver disease; however, the consensus on efficacy and safety of MSCs has not been reached. Methods We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MSCs therapy for patients with chronic liver disease. A detailed search of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases was conducted to find studies published prior to September 15, 2021. The outcome measures were survival rate, model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, albumin, total bilirubin, coagulation function, and aminotransferase. Results A literature search resulted in 892 citations. Of these, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. It was found that compared with conventional treatment, MSCs therapy was associated with improved liver function including the MELD score, albumin levels, and coagulation function. However, it had no obvious beneficial effects on survival rate and aminotransferase levels. Subgroup analyses indicated that MSCs therapy had therapeutic effects on patients with both acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) and cirrhosis. BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs treatment had similar efficacy to improve liver function. The effectiveness varied slightly between the peripheral intravenous injection and hepatic arterial injection. Five studies reported that the only adverse event of the MSCs therapy was fever, and no serious adverse events and side effects were reported. Analysis on clinical symptoms showed that encephalopathy and gastrointestinal hemorrhage events were reduced after MSCs therapy. Conclusions In conclusion, this study suggested that MSCs therapy could be a potential therapeutic alternative for patients with chronic liver disease in clinical practice.

Keywords

Published in Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN

1757-6512 (Online)

Publisher

BMC

Country of publisher

United Kingdom

LCC subjects

Medicine: Medicine (General)

Science: Chemistry: Organic chemistry: Biochemistry

Website

http://www.stemcellres.com/

About the journal

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy (May 2022) Affiliations Yuwei Liu Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University Yutong Dong Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University Xiaojing Wu Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University Xiaotong Xu Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University Junqi Niu Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University Read online Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy is showing potential therapeutic effects on liver function improvement in patients with chronic liver disease; however, the consensus on efficacy and safety of MSCs has not been reached.

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Therapeutic cloning - cell division - AQA - GCSE Biology (single science) revision - AQA - BBC bitesize (no date) BBC News. BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.c

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a methods section with 3 examples of the method or material's current use. each application should include:
1. how each application/process works
2. very brief results
3. possible applications

Therapeutic Cloning:

Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical organisms through natural (reproductive cloning) or artificial (therapeutic) means. In other words, swapping the nucleus of an egg cell, which houses the genetic material, with that of an adult cell. The nuclear DNA of the produced embryo is genetically identical to that of the adult cell donor.

During the therapeutic cloning process, cloned blastocyst (fertilized embryos) is used to extract embryonic stem cells [1]. These stem cells show promise for the research of genetic illness since they are genetically identical to the donor organism.

Also, therapeutic cloning, despite ethical debates, holds great promise for the future of regenerative medicine by circumventing immunorejection. Therapeutic cloning is tied to ethical and moral debates regarding the destruction of remaining embryonic cells [2]. Cells that are genetically similar to a patient might be created using this method and these cells might be put into a patient without the complications of immunorejection. Both uses of therapeutic cloning remain a working progress and possibility of the future.

Kfoury, C. (2007) Therapeutic cloning: Promises and issues, McGill journal of medicine : MJM : an international forum for the advancement of medical sciences by students. McGill University. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323472/#:~:text=Therapeutic%20cloning%20is%20the%20transfer,genome%20as%20the%20nuclear%20donor. (Accessed: October 17, 2022).