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1. Who am I?

-I am a leader, an introvert, a dancer/cheerleader, a person who listens to music all the time, a binge watcher, but lastly I am a strong woman.

2. Who do I pretend to be?

-I feel as if I don't pretend to be anybody or because I have anybody that inspires me in a way that I would want to be them. But I do pretend I am more social, I always tend to think or practice what I will say or do when I walk into a room but it never works.

3. Who do people think I am?

-People assume that I am mean and stuck up because I don't speak and because I hold a mean facial expression. When in reality I'm really a sweetheart, people just never give me a chance to speak and open up.

4. Who do I wish I could be?
-I wish I could be a successful African American woman that don't have to worry about my skin determining if I'm a great fit for a job or just fit for anything I have going on in that moment of time.

5.How has race or ethnic identity played a role in any of these responses?
-Race and ethnic identity plays a role in my responses because being African American  I am already set at a standard that Im not as smart as others, I won't be as successful as others, and that I will grow up to be "arrogant" if I'm not already. Which means I have to push and prove the point that I'm not nothing that "they" have already set out for me and I will be better.

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Prompt 2: First Experience With Race Activity 

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Prompt 2: First Experience With Race Activity 

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My first experience with race(that I could remember) was when I was about nine or ten years old. My family always used to have big gatherings for the holidays, so at the time it was 4th of July and we were at my auntie's house in Vegas. She she stayed in a gated community where it was predominantly only whites that stayed in the area, my aunt house sat around the corner from the park. My cousins and I went to the park so we could play for a while. We were told to be back before it got dark so we could watch the fireworks but as us being stubborn children we stayed at the park little over dark so we could see the other fireworks. Out of nowhere two cops cars pulled up and drew guns on us well on my guy cousins and was telling all of us to get down. We were scared and confused because we didn't do anything. The police searched us and asked us questions we didn't even understand. They were rude and made very racist and offensive comments about us, and we didn't quite understand why because we were only at the park to play. A close by neighbor that knew my aunt called her and let her know to come to the park because something happened. Once our parents talked to the officers we were let go. Somebody by the park called the police and told them that somebody was shooting a gun and since we were the only ones there the police assumed it was us. It was a scary experience because for starters that was my first time having to deal with the police and also they had guns pointed at us. Now that I'm older me I do wonder would the police have shot us if we were in the times we are in now. But it also has made me take situations very seriously. When the police is around I get a certain feeling and when it comes to my guy friends and family, I pray that they don't have to encounter the police. It has always made me look at police officers different and it has only me think the worse of them after all of African American's lives we've lost to them.

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Prompt 3: Positive Sense of Self Brainstorm 

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Prompt 3: Positive Sense of Self Brainstorm 

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Having a positive sense of self and dealing with race and identity could play with you're mental I assume, but I also consider that if a person keep experiencing it they would grow to not care enough so that it won't affect their sense of self. I believe a person could have good mental health, self image, self esteem, etc but the moment they are faced with race and ethnic identity it could be a downfall on their sense of self. For an example if a person considered themselves' as one race but is told they're a difference race because of the way they look it could mess with with their sense of self for a while. They would probably question what is wrong with them and what makes them different from everybody else. But overtime if same person keeps hearing it after a while they will probably grow to not care about it so it will no long effect their sense of self.

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2.4 Ubuntu, Afrocentricity, and Nguzo Saba  

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2.4 Ubuntu, Afrocentricity, and Nguzo Saba  

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Theory 1:
1: I believe is and it isn't live in the African American culture today. He mentioned words like respect, caring, helpfulness, etc in the video and if you look around only certain people have those qualifications. People don't be wanting to say or hear it but a lot of people now aren't respectful nor do they care about others, they don't be having no manners and tend to forget about the care of others.
2:Both are truly decent societies. The same way Africans care about one another African Americans do likewise. Both don't play with regards to their kin. There may be a few things we don't do likewise yet with regards to regard and insurance of our kin, I profoundly feel it's comparative.

Theory 2:
1: Spiritness: "to be full of life"
I feel like this word best present the African American community because when our community is down, there isn't a time when we try to bring each other up and or they're isn't a moment when we aren't trying to make the best the out of something for an example, African Americans will throw a block party, party, and a celebration for any reason. Just so we can be together having a good time.
2: Human Authenticity: "genuine and sincere"
This word least describes the African American community I feel because like no matter how much we are there for each other and no matter what we do for each other, a lot of African Americans aren't genuine and sincere. They will do things for you and throw it back in your face or turn around and make it seem like you owe them for them whatever they did for you. Some African Americans just don't do things out the kindness of their hearts.

Theory 3:
Kujichagulia: "self-determination"
I feel like Kujichagulia best defines me out of the choices because I try so hard to be independent. I push myself so I don't have to want and or ask others for stuff. I also see this in the African American community a lot now because a lot of young adults like me are starting to become independent as well. They start their own business, work extra jobs, find others ways to get money just so they don't have to depend on others.

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3.4 Three Self Assessments, Racial Identity Development, & Identity Resource 

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3.4 Three Self Assessments, Racial Identity Development, & Identity Resource 

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3.1-3.3- Three Self Assessments:
3.1: Within the category Natal Measures I chose grandparents and siblings because my grandparents are very important people in my life, they play major roles in my life, as well as my siblings. My siblings are a hit or miss situation, even though I'm not the oldest sibling I still move and act a certain way to make sure not only my younger siblings but my older siblings are ok as well. -Within the category Behavioral Measures, I chose music and clothing preferences because I love fashion and a lot of African American stylist/icon inspire some of my looks of style. I chose music because I love listening to music, it's an escape to me. Genres like R&B and hiphop are my favorites.
-Within the category Subjective Measure, I chose self-idenification of a preferred ethnic group and preferred reference group because I love hanging around people that have similar situations and family backgrounds I do, it make talking and hanging out with them a little easier.
-Within the category Situation-contextual Measures, I chose Home-Family because I love being surrounded my family, they don't judge me and they're very important to me due to the fact thats they're backbone, they push me in my education and more.

3.2: My Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure score is 44. To me this score means that I am very true and apart of my community but I could spend a little more time being around them and getting to know them.I think that this means that I have a strong bond with the African/Native American community because surround myself around them and tend to always learn something about them. Im surprised I didn't score lower than a 3 on each questions because sometimes sometimes I don't feel like I know so much about my family.

3.3: I scored a 24, this means a lot to me because it shows me how I let me positive days overrule my negative days and that it's ok to not be "perfect". I believe this my number because I do have days were I feel like I should be in a better spot than I am but I have to understand things take time.

3.4: I feel like I sit between personal identity and choice of group. I feel that way because I'm not as close to my Native American side due to the fact they live all over the country and most of my granny siblings have passed so I tend to be around my African American side and consider myself to be African American than Native American.

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This important to me because it reminds me no matter how I look, my hair, skin ,etc I still will overcome anything that is in my way. This poem reminds me to stay confident and to keep my self-esteem high as a black person.

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They took my lover's tallness off to war,
Left me lamenting. Now I cannot guess
What I can use an empty heart-cup for.
He won't be coming back here any more.
Some day the war will end, but, oh, I knew
When he went walking grandly out that door

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Still I Rise - Discover the meaning behind Maya Angelou's inspiring poem, with an audio recording of actress Rosie Perez reading this classic work, which has been celebrated by Serena Williams, Cory Booker, and other public figures.

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1. Please post a response to the audio clip above. What types of "isms" can you identify in the audio clip above? What types of racism did you notice in the audio clip? Give examples.

-The main types of "ism" I noticed was sexism, racism, and ableism. I noticed sexism when the lady spoke about her sexuality and comments were made about the way she carry herself, just because she doesn't look how others looked she was told she doesn't look lesbian. When the Asian lady spoke about her weight and things people blamed it on her being Asian which shows racism. Lastly I also noticed ableism when the African American lady said due to her ability to speak how she speak for an African American the lady was surprised but to her she felt like the lady was only saying that because she was black not knowing she had plenty of degrees and knowledge.

2. From the chapter reading, do you think that we live in a     post-racial society? Please state why or why not.

-I feel like we don't live in a post-racial society because if we did it wouldn't be nomore discrimination, racism, prejudice actions, etc but yet there is. Every time we look up on social media, the news, etc there is some type of prejudice/ racism situation going on.

3.What is your personal definition of race and do you think that race is a social construct, a biological construct or something else? Please explain your reasoning.
-Race to me means people related by heredity. I do think race is a social construct because yes are DNA doesn't change but we do. We tend to dye our hair, wear contacts, etc to change the way we look. So when we change things about us and go around certain people they tend to assume we are something that we're not compared to being around other people who know what you are.

4.What stood out to you most about this unit's topics, reading, podcast or subject matter?
- What stood out to me after the unit was how much race can be a big impact on people. I was glad I was able to listen to the podcast and watch the videos that was in the lecture slides because it gave me a better understanding.

6.State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit.

-Something that stood out to me was the different types of "ims" I knew about sexism and racism but it was good to learn about and read experiences about the other three "ims"

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On a recent road trip with my sister, a doctor, we were talking about how race is a social construct. (We're not the best conversationalists.) She asked, "If there's no biological basis for race, then why do some medications work better for people of some races than others?" Which is a good question. Since we had a long drive ahead of us, I stalled by pointing out the window at a pretend elk and changed the subject, then did some furious Googling when we stopped for gas.

For hundreds of years, we've been told that each race is a discrete group of people defined by specific genetic and biological differences. As a result, we've used race as a way of explaining observed differences in health: Sickle Cell Anemia is considered a black person disease; Cystic Fibrosis is considered a white person disease; we've said people of color are genetically pre-disposed to diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and other chronic conditions; the FDA has approved drugs for different races; and through " race-based medicine" we've established care standards ( such as responding to patients' pain) that vary by race. But it's all wrong.

In the early 1800s, Dr. Samuel Morton conducted research to demonstrate biological differences between races. His extraordinarily flawed and biased findings have since been used to justify hundreds of years of horrors like slavery and genocide. Since then, science has unequivocally demonstrated that race isn't biologically real. The genetic diversity that exists across the entire human race is very, very small, and race isn't even a good proxy for what diversity does exist. That's why we say race is a social construct: it's a human-invented classification system. It was invented as a way to define physical differences between people, but has more often been used as a tool for oppression and violence.

Which brings us back to the original question, though. If there's no biological basis for race, how do we explain the health differences we observe? As I've since learned, there are a couple reasons for it. First, race is inaccurately used as a proxy for geography. Certain diseases or conditions originate in particular areas of the world where the environment has caused an evolutionary response or genetic impact. Sickle Cell Anemia, for example, is an evolutionary adaptation to malaria exposure, and is most common in populations with ancestors that lived in regions of the world where malaria is or was common. So while we see it at higher rates in people of Sub-Saharan African descent, we also see it in higher rates of people of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent, because malaria is or was widespread in those regions.

The other aspect of what we see as racial health differences is explained by the field of epigenetics. Epigenetics is the study of how we inherit changes in the way our genes our expressed-whether they're turned on or off-without actually changing our DNA. The things we eat, the environment we're exposed to, our life experiences-these can all modify our gene expression, and then those changes can be passed on to future generations. So, the incidence of a disease or condition within a racial group might actually be caused by environmental, political, economic, and other forms of systemic racism. For example, pre-term births are 60 percent more common with black babies than white babies, which is a leading contributor to our unacceptably high infant mortality rate. One study showed that chronic stress was the primary reason for this disparity, and other studies have shown how chronic stress can be transmitted from generation to generation. So, black women aren't more likely to have pre-term births because they are black, but because stressors like racism and poverty disproportionately affect black women.

This paradox, where race is both not biologically real and yet incredibly socially and politically real, is an unusual challenge for the health care system. We must de-emphasize race in how we provide health care, classify our patients, and assign causality, while increasing our emphasis on race in how structural and institutional racism lead to health inequities. So, I hope this answers your question, doctor!

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Race is a Social Construct - Center for Health Progress

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For hundreds of years, we've been told that each race is a discrete group defined by specific genetic and biological differences. But it's all wrong.

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1. From the reading, what do you think makes the Black family unique? Please provide descriptive examples.

-I think what makes Black families unique is how they are able to overcome anything and still be able to be strong. They've been going through stuff since slavery, it's been situations from Jim Crow laws all the way to the BLM situation we have going on. No matter what happens to black families they always find a way to rise out of the negative.

1. What do you think are the strengths and challenges of the Black family? Please state why you think so and provide examples.

-Racial Socialization influences dark families due to generalizing. Whenever the vast majority see individuals of color they consequently accept ghetto and unfit. So when they really do meet an individual of color that was brought up in a rural region, they are stunned and think they are not like the rest, when in reality we just grew up in different areas.

1. How do concepts such as racial socialization affect parents and children in Black families? Please explain.

-Racial Socialization affects parents and children in Black families because sometimes the parent might think there doing something to keep their child safe and or keep their child in their community but sometimes looking in as an outsider it won't be seen that way.

1. Based on our reading, what factors do you think have impacted Black families the most since slavery and why?

-Factors that has impacted black families the most since slavery  are frail family structures. There has been an expansion in single-parent families. Which leaves an adverse consequence on the families to the extent that the help, negative measurements ascending higher, and the younger ones accepting any penalty for it.

1. Search and find one academic resource that helps you understand this topic better and post it to your Padlet.

- https://www.everyculture.com/North-America/African-Americans-Kinship-Marriage-and-Family.html

1. State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit.

-Something I learned during the unit reading and lectures was the Ghanian's Family Components. I never knew about it so it was good reading and getting an understanding on it.

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Theme Two: The Imposter Syndrome & Women of Color in the Workplace

1. Imposter Syndrome is the inability to absorb one's accomplishments and the persistent fear that one will b exposed as a fraud.
2. After listening to the lady experiences she listed during the video I feel like imposter syndrome could affect a student in their educational journey and their career experience by either making them or breaking them. It could push the child to do better or it could push them to want to take a step back, not be as open to answering questions and or taking on high job positions.
3.Imposter Syndrome messes with a person self-esteem and mental health because it makes you question yourself. You're always doubting yourself and thinking to yourself, do you belong here and is this the place for you. This could cause a person to become depressed and have anxiety.
4. After reading the article race and gender play into African American women's experience in the workplace, African American women have to code switch. Meaning when they get to work they have to carry themselves a certain way so they won't receive negative comments, even though they still do.
5.A strategy that could be used to used to improve the workplace is to address the elephant in the room. Women should stand up for themselves. They should stop code switching and be who they are. After a while people won't have a choice but accept them for who they are.
6.Something that I learned during this unit is Imposter Syndrome. I didn't know that was a thing, I've experienced it and didn't even know I was experiencing it.  This unit opened up my eyes to help me understanding how Imposter Syndrome and situations like this work.

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7.6 Intersectionality, Bias & Microaggression

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7.6 Intersectionality, Bias & Microaggression

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1. Undesirable outcomes can come about coming about because of subliminal racial insults. The most huge and significant one is a general sensation of distance among society. Many will feel incredibly corrupted by the thoughts which are by and large subliminally inferred. It might likewise lead them to be discouraged.
2. Some stereotypes could be that people are too smart for their race, or they are judged for acting a certain way due to the way they look.
3.  The African American community can devastatingly affect ones identity. Serious sensation of dejection, outrage, gloom, nervousness.
4.These hypotheses influences African American individuals since they feel like they are less and not qualified to be incredible because of shade of their skin.
5. (resource above) I picked this resource because it helps me understand the topic more, it gives great examples for me to process the situation better. For an example, how most people assume an African American child is only at college for an Athletic scholarship.
6.I feel like the best strategy could be is to start correcting people when they do that. Most people just let it blow over but when they make little jokes and say certain things that we know aren't right we should speak up and let them know it's wrong.
7. Microaggression in general this week, I learned so much about it, this week lecture shed light in all the right places following micro aggression.

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Racism comes in many forms - and that includes the insidious microaggression.

Columbia University professor Derald Wing Sue, who studies the psychology of racism and anti-racism, summed up racial microaggressions as the "everyday insults, indignities and demeaning messages sent to people of color" by individuals who are often oblivious to the offensive nature of their words or actions. Microaggressions - a term first coined by Harvard psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce in the 1970s - can be directed at members of any marginalized group, including the LGBTQIA+ community, women and people with disabilities. Here, we'll focus on those geared toward the Black community.

Microaggressions are broken down into three categories: microassaults, microinsults and microinvalidations.

Microassaults are the more obvious and deliberate discriminatory behaviors, such a cashier purposely skipping over a Black customer in line, telling a racist joke or wearing a T-shirt with a Confederate flag on it.

Microinsults and microinvalidations, on the other hand, tend to be unconscious, unintentional and less obvious. In fact, well-intentioned perpetrators of microinsults often believe they're being complimentary when they tell a Black colleague that they're "so articulate." An example of a microinvalidation is when a white person says they're "colorblind" to racial differences (thus minimizing the struggles that non-white people have dealt with because of their skin color) or tries to claim that racism doesn't exist anymore.

Vladimir Vladimirov via Getty Images

"It's a monumental task to get white people to realize that they are delivering microaggressions because it's scary to them," Sue told the American Psychological Association. "It assails their self-image of being good, moral, decent human beings to realize that maybe at an unconscious level they have biased thoughts, attitudes and feelings that harm people of color."

The perpetrator and even the recipient of the microaggression may try to brush off these comments as if they're no big deal, but the cumulative effect of these interactions can be damaging to Black, Indigenous and people of color's mental and physical health. The stress of being exposed to these incidents over time is linked to depression, psychological trauma, anxiety and high blood pressure, among other negative health outcomes.

Below, Black people share the microaggressions they've personally had to deal with and why they're offensive:

1. When an airport gate agent questions why you're in line for business class.

"I travel a lot as a wedding photographer and because of my airline frequent flyer status, I'm upgraded most of the time and get to fly in business class. Ticketing and gate agents always ask me if I'm in the correct line. They want to make me aware that I'm in a line of privilege. I'm usually singled out and asked if I'm flying business. At first, I used to say yes, but I started noticing that I was the only one asked most times, especially if I was the only Black person in the business line. Now, I audibly question why they single me out." - Joshua Dwain, wedding photographer

2. When someone tells you you're so pretty that they 'don't even think of you as Black.'

"Although the insult here should be obvious, the several well-intentioned people that paid me this 'compliment' seemed to have no idea how insulting and hurtful this is. The idea that one cannot be both Black and pretty runs deep in this country. While growing up, every single example of beauty in the media and in my beloved books were white girls or women. Black people, particularly with hair like mine, were often relegated to the role of the dowdy best friend - if they appeared in the show, film or book at all. Nothing I read or saw growing up told me that Black was pretty." - Laura Cathcart Robbins, writer and host of "The Only One In The Room" podcast

3. When people assume you got into a college because of an athletic scholarship.

"As an alumni of a private university, when someone asks if I played basketball in college, it implies that I was accepted on a sports-related scholarship instead of an academic basis. This is an assumption that all African Americans are athletic and mainly attend college through sports scholarships. I have never been a part of a sports team and I attended my university on a partial academic scholarship." ― C.D., nurse

4. When a retail employee follows you around the store because they assume you're going to shoplift.

"When I'm shopping in a store, like at the mall, and the store clerk follows me around the store constantly asking, 'Do you need help finding anything?' Asking once is fine, as I understand the need for good customer service. However, being constantly watched with the intent of criminality is another microaggression experienced by Black people. It assumes that we are stealing or don't have the money to buy the clothes in the store. Anytime I notice this behavior, I decide not to spend my money there. " ― Erlanger Turner , psychology professor

5. Or when a retail worker immediately directs you to the sales rack.

"A few years ago, I went to Macy's on 34th St. I walked into the Louis Vuitton section to find a gift for my mother. As soon as I walked in, the sales associate greeted me and, without any prompt, proceeded to direct me to the sales rack. I was dumbfounded. I didn't understand, only to realize I was the only Black customer who had walked into the store and the only one who wasn't dressed in designer brands. I left the store right then and there. I didn't even want to get a gift for my mother after that. I just looked around window shopping then eventually went home. I spoke to my husband and some friends about it but never truly addressed how it bothered me." ― Jan-Kristòf Louis-Mansano, school counselor

6. When people ask to touch your hair - or just do it without your permission.

"I was at a party where a white woman, who I had met several times before, asked if she could touch my hair (even though she had never asked before). Then, before I could respond, she had both hands on my Afro.

"To be colorblind is to disregard my or any Black person's humanity."

It was done to draw attention to me and embarrass me. This woman grew up in the 70s and has probably seen more Afros than me, but she acted like Afros were a brand new concept. Secondly, she violated my personal space and touched me without my permission because she felt she had the right. That entitlement and violation is racism." ― Valencia Morton, blogger at Millionairess Mama

7. When they make you feel invisible.

"White people have the amazing ability to ignore what is different than their norm. My presence has been ignored in plenty of white spaces for no other reason than the color of my skin. In work settings, this is demoralizing and causes racial trauma." - Renée Cherez, travel writer

8. When they say you have good hair because it's 'not nappy.'

"This statement implies that to have good hair is to have hair resembling Eurocentric features. 'Kinky' or 'nappy' hair isn't seen as beautiful in the eyes of society and wouldn't be referred to as 'good hair.'" - C.D.

9. Or when they tell you your hair isn't 'professional.'

"Years ago, when I was working in a very corporate banking environment, I decided to chop off all my hair. I wanted to start over and embrace my natural texture instead of beating it into submission every month with relaxers. I remember when my supervisor caught wind of my plan to chop my hair off that weekend, she made a point to stop by my desk and lean in before saying, 'I know you want to be an individual and everyone loves your energy. But I don't think cutting off all your hair is going to fly here. It's not very professional.' She was telling me that showing up as my authentic self - and my most healthy self - would not be accepted and possibly not even tolerated. I chopped my hair off that weekend and quit a few months later."- Ashley Simpo, writer and content strategist

10. When people marvel at how 'well-spoken' you are.

"This statement implies that it's shocking that a person of color is able to not only articulate their thoughts but hold an intellectual conversation. This is an assumption that people of color are less educated than their counterparts." - C.D.

11. When a white person tells you they 'don't see color.'

"If you can look at me and not see color, then you are denying my racial experiences and my existence. As a Black woman, my race and my womanhood are interwoven. I am both at the same time, all the time. To be colorblind is to disregard my or any Black person's humanity." - Cherez

12. When they expect you to be a spokesperson for your entire race.

"The Black Lives Matter movement was being discussed in a space of mostly white people and I was the only Black man. I was essentially tokenized by another member of the group, equating all of my personal experiences to those of all Black people. The crazy part is that I didn't even realize it until two other group members pointed it out post-meeting. This is a problem where we have become used to being 'the other' that we don't realize when we are being targeted anymore." ― Kellan Mansano, social worker

13. When they address your white partner instead of you.

"'Let me show you around, sir.' I can't tell you how many times this statement was directed only to my white boyfriend while the two of us were house hunting a little over three years ago. Never mind that the down payment was coming from me - those realtors never failed to shake his hand first and look to him for answers during the showing. Even when he would say, 'Actually, you better talk to her about the length of escrow or inspections etc.,' they would still end up addressing him instead of me.

Sure, there was definitely some sexism in play, but many of my white, straight couple-friend-homeowners were also shocked to hear how far it went. These realtors were clearly not ready for a Black female decision-maker." ― Cathcart Robbins

Should You Respond To A Microaggression?

If you're on the receiving end of a microaggression, the choice to respond to or ignore the offense is ultimately up to you. Educating a "fragile" white person about the error of their ways requires a certain amount of emotional labor, which BIPOC simply may not have the energy for. To help you decide if you should bring it up or let it slide, consider the following factors from Kevin Nadal, a professor of psychology at John Jay College who developed a guide to responding to microaggressions:

Will your physical safety be in jeopardy if you bring it up?

Will the offender be defensive and/or will this lead to an argument?

How will bringing it up affect your relationship with this person?

If you ignore it, will you regret doing so?

If you let them off the hook, does that convey that you're OK with what they did or said?

There's no one "right" way to respond. Some people might choose to make a joke or a sarcastic remark or gesture, such as roll their eyes, Nadal wrote. Some may share how the comment made them feel and explain to the perpetrator why it's insulting. And others may need to release pent-up frustration by yelling. You're well within your right to feel agitated or hurt by a microaggression, just know that labeling the offender a racist is likely to trigger defensiveness and escalate the conversation into an argument, he added. For that reason, it may be helpful to focus on and call out the racist behavior instead of calling the perpetrator a racist.

Others may choose to turn the microaggression back on the offender as a way to shine a light on the absurdity and rudeness of their comment. Implicit bias trainer and educator Denise Evans, a Black woman, told Yes! magazine writer Ruth Terry that when a white person tells her she's "articulate," she says, "Thank you very much, so are you." She then asks the person why they called her "articulate" and suggests potential reasons, like if it's because she's a woman, she's Black, or she's a New Yorker.

"And I literally wait for [an] answer," she told Yes! magazine. "I give people their microaggression and their implicit biases back in a pretty box with a nice bow on it. I hand it to you, and I wait for you to open it and tell me what you see."

If you'd prefer to avoid confrontation, that's OK, too.

"If someone chooses not to address the perpetrator, talking to your support system can help you cope and process what happened," Lois Kirk, a licensed professional counselor, said.

As a white person or other non-Black ally, if you get called out for a microaggression, it's your duty to apologize, listen to the criticism and be open to learning. It doesn't matter if you meant well: Your intentions are irrelevant. And if you witness a microaggression occurring, you can step in to help lighten the burden placed on Black people.

"Our colleagues of color are constantly being taxed by microaggressions and the stress that goes with that," Rev. Carolyn Helsel told CNN. "So it's important that white people who are not operating under the same stressful conditionsto be able to be bold and speak out, so that we can all be as productive and as fruitful in our work as we can be."

Responses were lightly edited for length and clarity.

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13 Microaggressions Black People Deal With All The Time

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Racism comes in many forms - and that includes the insidious microaggression. Columbia University professor Derald Wing Sue, who studies the psychology of racism and anti-racism, summed up racial microaggressions as the "everyday insults, indignities and demeaning messages sent to people of color" by individuals who are often oblivious to the offensive nature of their words or actions.

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Midterm: Four Page Racial Autobiography Paper

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Midterm: Four Page Racial Autobiography Paper

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1. STRENGTHS: What are the strengths of Black neighborhoods and communities and how they manifested over time?
-Some strengths in the Black neighborhood and communities is how protective we are over each other as a community. Another thing is sports, sports in my community is a strength because one starters it keep the children out of trouble and two thats something a lot of people come together for.

2. WEAKNESS: What are the weakness of Black neighborhoods and communities and state one solution to an issue you have raised?
-A weakness in the Black neighborhood and communities is the black on black crime. The black communities are heavy on gang activity which cause them to kill and or fight each other. One way this issue could be resolved is showing them that its bigger things they need to be fighting together for instead of fighting each other.

3. OPPORTUNITIES: What are three ways in which Black neighborhoods and communities could play a role in the progressive movement of the Black community?
-Three ways black in which black neighborhoods and communities could play a role in the progressive movement is black people should become reporters and journalist, we provide the best details about a community so why not do it instead of having these people that know nothing about our community write about us and add wrong facts. Another thing is we need more African American therapist in the community. Lastly working as a community to better the community, doing clean up days, painting, street cleaning, etc.

4. THREATS: What are three ways in which Black communities could have a detrimental effect on the progressive movement of the Black communities?
-Three ways in which Black communities could have a detrimental effect on the progressive movement on the Black communities is black people don't know how to support each other, they rather see themselves rise and their fellow friend fall so that they could be on top. The second thing is a lot of children are dropping out of school now, nit giving their self a chance at an education or to be who they planned to be in the future. And Lastly the funds, the community is poor, the funds isn't here to fix the community the way it needs to be fixed. The city picks and choose what they want to fix instead of fixing the things they need to fix.

5.Find one resource that helps you understand these themes and post it to your Padlet. State the resources' significance to this unit's material.
-(Resource above) This source is significant because it helps me understand the progressive era from back then til now. It breaks down different progressive things from back in the day and compare them to now so I can understand the change.

6.State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit.
-One thing that stood out was the lecture slides, the graphs that was placed in the slides lets me know how my area is in danger. On the map Compton is either in the highest number or the a number close to the highest.

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The Progressive Era took place between the 1890s and 1920s. The Era was highlighted by goals like ending corruption, modernizing science, suffrage for women, passing antitrust legislation, and counteracting the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution and urbanization. Progressives demanded the government look out for the welfare of all people. They also wanted the government to help efficiently manage the lifestyle and cultural shifts that were taking place during the period.

Cultural shifts like those of the Progressive Era are happening again today. From automation to immigration, the United States is changing quickly.

From Gilded Age to Progressive Era

Interestingly, the Progressive Era followed the Gilded Age of the 1860s to 1890s. Just after the Civil War and Reconstruction periods. Mark Twain was the first to name the late 19th century the "Gilded Age." Twain defined the Gilded Age as glittering on the surface, but deeply corrupt below it. It was a time of robber barons, scandals and corporate greed run amok. Remind you of a certain... eh, right here and now?

So as we exit what many have called the " Gilded Age 2.0 ", I hope to enter the Second Progressive Era. And hopefully a much better and more inclusive one. Because we need it bad.

Progressivism after the Gilded Age is credited for many of the rights and benefits we take for granted. Here are 4 examples of Progressive Era successes that prove the importance of Progressivism to American history. and how those same fights look today.

Progressive Era Labor Rights

Then

Labor Unions grew rapidly in the Progressive Era. However, mixed race unions did not find much support. And before long, the American Federation of Labor, which only represented skilled labor, swallowed up many unions, leaving unskilled workers to fend for themselves. Howver, the union did find successes. During the Progressive Era, child labor was limited and eventually stopped. Regulations eradicated workplace diseases like Phossy Jaw. States passed workplace safety laws and commissions investigated dangerous factory conditions and accidents.

Moreso, President Theodore Roosevelt espoused the ideals of a progressive modernization of America. And labor leaders like Eugene Debs and Mother Jones rose to prominence delivering fiery speeches advocating for the rights of all workers. Efforts that eventually led to the New Deal policies of the 1930s.

Fighting for Labor Rights

Labor leaders of the Progressive era were real badasses too. One particularly ugly situation developed at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead steel works outside of Pittsburgh, PA in 1892. Literal open warfare occurred between strikers and Carnegie's hired guards. Rifles and actual cannons were used in real battles between strikers and guards. In total, 10 people died. It should be a movie.

The work of Progressives and Labor activists of the Progressive Era culminated with the Norris-La Guardia Act of 1932. The Act banned "Yellow Dog Contracts" which made employees promise to not join a union. The Act also strengthened workers rights to protest and grew the definition of "labor dispute" to include more types of issues. However, it was quickly replaced in 1935 by the National Labor Relations Act, which established policy in favor of collective bargaining and union organizing. The period also saw the establishment of the National Safety Council in 1915 allowing committees to inspect and regulate working conditions.

Now

Today, we must fight for the Amazon workers who have to pee in bottles and are meticulously tracked by an all-seeing Big Brother of data and KPIs. We need our unions standing with us in the fight for increased wages. We must stand with Bernie Sander's campaign workers who unionized, a first in Presidential campaign history. And we must stand with the workers in the ongoing dispute between Southwest airlines and their mechanics. And most importantly, Progressives and labor must find a compromise on the Green New Deal that keeps people employed, keeps wages high, and gets us the clean energy we need to survive as a species.

Suffrage and Rights for Women

Then

Women have only had a constitutional right to vote for 99 years. 2020 will mark the 100th anniversary of the 19th amendment. And though it's taken far too long, we finally have a full slate of women running for President. Shoutout to the groundwork laid by Shirley Chisholm.

But during the Progressive Era, the fight for women's right to vote was in full swing. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the movement when it began in the 1840s and 1850s. Support for the movement grew significantly during the Progressive Era. This was due in large part to the dual efforts of the moderate NAWSA and the more radical-for-the-time NWP pro-women's-suffrage groups.

Amidst the women's' suffrage movement, the Progressive Era also saw a sharp increase in the number of women working outside the home. It also saw the professionalization of homemaking through home economics curriculums in public schools, and in preparing women for careers outside the home. The dominant feminist perspective of the time was one that advocated for separate but equally important responsibilities for men and women. Thus, the idea of raising a family was made professional, efficient and respectable.

Rights for Widows and Working Moms

Progressives helped enact legislation that granted welfare to working mothers in eight states by 1913. And nearly all of them by 1930. Progressives also pushed for public accident insurance plans. These plans provided widows and their families with a monetary payment to offset expenses. Such plans were enacted beginning in 1910 and were present in nearly every state by 1920.

Most important of all Progressive Era accomplishments, in 1920, the 19th Amendment was ratified. After a long fight, the amendment gave women the right to vote across the country. It was the greatest success of the Progressive Era. It is also the largest extension of voting rights in US history.

Now

Donald Trump is president and that's not great for women. Especially since he's an admitted sexual assaulter who regular attacks women on Twitter. Especially women of color. The GOP is doing everything they can to overturn Roe v. Wade and women are still being paid less than men for equal work. Worse yet, there's a faction of losers called Incels who have commit acts of terrorism to spread their idiotic and misogynistic ideas. We have a long way to go. Luckily, more and more support systems are developing and more allies are stepping up.

From #MeToo to #BelieveWomen to AOC and the young progressives in Congress and the diverse field of candidates running for President, progress is being made every single day. And we need just ONE MORE STATE to pass the Equal Rights Amendment.

Fighting Corruption with Smart Government

Then

The Progressive Era won its first major victories with the election of Robert M. La Follette to governor of Wisconsin in 1900. The Progressive Governor implemented a railroad regulatory commission, set fair freight rates, passed food safety laws, moved primary elections away from the control of party bosses, levied progressive tax rates, and introduced what became known as the "Wisconsin Idea". The involved the utilization of experts in science, education, politics and economics in the government's decision making.

In essence the idea was:
Experts + Anti-corruption = Better Government.
Pretty simple, right?

La Follette's anti-corruption and pro-expert successes took the nation by storm. In fact, Future President Woodrow Wilson put La Follette's ideas into action shortly after becoming Governor of New Jersey in 1911. And in California, Governor Hiram Johnson followed suit.

The progressive "Wisconsin Idea" way of governing led to early workers compensation programs, the break up of corrupt political machines, progressive taxation, basic safety regulations and eventually the 17th amendment to the Constitution. The Amendment took power from party elites and handed it to the people by calling for the direct election of US Senators. Up until that point, Senators had been appointed.

Now

Today, the GOP is a political party that completely denies the scientific consensus that climate change is real and humans contribute to it. They also take a whole lot of money from the oil and gas lobby. They are the exact opposite of the pro-expert and anti-corruption values of the Wisconsin Idea.

However, it's not just climate. All reports suggest more guns lead to more mass shootings. But the GOP would rather take the NRA's blood money than listen to the experts who know how to solve gun violence issues. Research - even Koch Brother backed research - suggests single-payer health care would save the US money. But the GOP (and plenty of Democrats) takes insurance company bribes to ensure their reelection campaigns are well-funded, rather than work for their voters. And let's not even get into the GOP anti-vax reps who deny reality and defy logic everyday.

Like the original Progressive Era, we'll be fighting back against corruption and willful ignorance to scientific consensus in this one too.

Progressive Era Education Successes

Then

During the Progressive Era, the number of schools in the nation increased dramatically. So did High School graduation rates. The curriculum also changed thanks in large part to Progressive education activist John Dewey.

Activists like Dewey advocated for civics, Democracy, pragmatism and the use of public schools as institutions for social change.

Additionally, Enrollment in public schools for children rose from 50.5 percent to 59.2 between 1900 and 1909. Enrollment in public secondary school increased from 519,000 to 841,000. School funds also increased substantially. The Progressive Era was the time period where "school" began to become a regular thing for American kids.

Now

The fight for public education is once again raging. Across the country, teachers are walking out in protest. They are demanding higher wages and smaller classroom sizes. It is not an exaggeration to say American public schools are a complete failure. And I watched the erosion myself, attending public school as George W. Bush's No Child Left Behind erased funding to every school I attended.

The fight for public schools is a fight for funding dollars. We must support striking teachers, demand more funding, and refuse to let public dollars go to private schools.

Progressive Era Failures: Racism, Prohibition & Jim Crow

To say the Progressive Era had issues is a massive understatement. The Progressives and labor leaders of the era were racist and held racist views.

To many white Progressives of the time, racial integration was a problem to be solved, not a goal to be achieved. Wikipedia sums it up:

As white progressives sought to help the white working-class, clean-up politics, and improve the cities, the country instated the system of racial segregation known as Jim Crow.

Early labor unions were aggressively anti-immigrant. Some progressives even supported eugenics-based birth control for lower class and minority families. These ideas are and were gross. Luckily today, Progressives - including groups like Justice Democrats and Our Revolution - are deeply invested in racial equality and equity.

Prohibition was another failure for Progressives. However, Progressives learned a lesson. Today, we push for marijuana legalization and criminal justice reform.

Conclusion

In conclusion, for a Progressive Era 2.0 to exist, we must learn from the past. Progressives must fight the same fights we fought over 100 years ago. But we can not succeed without fixing the problems of the original movement. In short, a Progressive Era 2.0 must be inclusive, with intersectional justice and faith in experts at its core. That means all races, religions, genders and skill levels must be included at every stage.

The next Progressive Era will be fair, it will be smart, and it will be diverse.

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The Progressive Era 2.0: Then and Now | The 2020 Progressive

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The Progressive Era took place between the 1890s and 1920s. The Era was highlighted by goals like ending corruption, modernizing science, suffrage for women, passing antitrust legislation, and counteracting the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution and urbanization. Progressives demanded the government look out for the welfare of all people.

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9.6 Thesis, Direction and Resources for Critical Analysis Project

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9.6 Thesis, Direction and Resources for Critical Analysis Project

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_Psych 110_ Resources and Questions for Critical Analysis Project 

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1. State the most important thing that you learned from this unit's readings and how it has deepened your understanding of Black male and female interpersonal and close relationships.
-During the lecture reading I learned that it's important for African American girls to have friends so that they could know their self worth and I learned that its important for boys to hang with other boys so that they won't get in trouble.

2.How do long-standing stereotypes in the media of African American females being portrayed as property (i.e. in rap videos etc.) affect the psyche of those seeing these images and the African American woman's dating prospects?
-Long-standing stereotypes in the media of African American females being portrayed as property affect the psyche of those seeing these images and the African American woman's dating prospect because it lowers women value. The things we see in these videos and media makes you think black women don't have any respect for themselves, they're always being called out of their name, don't be fully clothed, and are allowed to be disrespected.

3.What factors are contributing to the rising number of single Black unmarried females?
-African American females are centered around their schooling and their choice of lifestyle other than having a relationship. Marriage isn't considered until they arrived at their objectives. African American females also don't like settling for less, they tend to look for men in the same objective life as their which makes it harder to find husbands.

4.Why is there a stigma in the African American community against the LGBTQ community?
-There is a stigma in the African American community against the LGBTQ community because a lot go people are Christians and these Christians are told in church that being gay is a "sin." I also feel like there a stigma in the community because people think if they're hanging around somebody apart of the LGBTQ community then others would consider them to be apart of it as well so they rather shame them than to support them.

5.Find one resource that helps you understand these themes and post it to your padlet. State the resources' significance to this unit's material.
-(Resource above)
This article helps me understand the reason of homophobia in the African American community but it also helps me a little more than the unit does because it provided details about thing that I actually see in my community like the Bible and how the LGBTQ community is treated in the community.

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The general public may have been surprised by the results of a survey released by the Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI), which found that African Americans overwhelmingly support policies that promote greater equality for LGBT people. In fact, more than any other racial group, African Americans believe that businesses and the government should not be allowed to refuse services to LGBT people based on religious beliefs. I believe that the silent majority of African American supporters of LGBT equality remain silent because our community has not had a holistic conversation about what it means to support LGBT equality. We allow a louder minority to paint a distorted picture of our true values. And, that obsequiousness is holding our whole community back.

The question of African American support for LGBT equality has been couched in terms of support for marriage equality for too long. Let's take a look at the number revealed by the PRRI survey. The survey found that, among Black Protestant respondents, only 38 percent supported marriage equality. But, when that seemingly unsupportive group was asked about their views on nondiscrimination and religious refusal laws, 51 percent actually favored nondiscrimination protections, and 62 percent opposed religious refusals. Among all Black Protestants, 64 percent support nondiscrimination laws, and 67 percent oppose religious refusals, regardless of their views on marriage equality. The survey found even stronger support for LGBT equality among non-protestant Black Americans.

This data demonstrates that in the minds of most African Americans, LGBT equality means more than supporting marriage for same-sex couples. Our community is not completely there yet on the marriage question, and we know why. It is largely the result of misguided misinterpretations of the Bible and a belief that homosexuality and gender difference are at odds with God.

That's why we have to change the way we approach conversations about LGBT identities in the bible. The whole bible - not just the few passages considered to condemn same-gender love - belongs to us. Focus on love--God's most treasured and universal gift. An honest reading of the bible reveals there is more written about justice, hospitality, grace and love than anything else.

The verses most often referenced to condemn homosexuals, in fact condemn abuse, rape, prostitution and violence. Jesus taught that the greatest commandment is, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the greatest and first commandment. And a second is similar: 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets." Such a strong mandate and challenge to love ought not go unheeded.

The majority of African Americans support nondiscrimination laws. The majority support protections for LGBT people in our society, and oppose allowing religious refusal laws. All of this is true even with high levels of church attendance, traditional religious beliefs and fidelity to the bible among African Americans. Our community has experienced marginalization, discrimination and hatred, and those experiences have shaped and defined the ways in which we conceive of God's intentions for all of his children.

We know well that God intended justice, freedom and equality for all of us, not just some. When one must constantly affirm "oneself" as a child of God, of inherent worth, it is not a simple matter to exclude others. And, if we dare remain open to fresh revelation, rather than being reliant upon the limiting understandings perpetuated by our traditions, broader justice is possible. And as the report reveals, many of our young people are already seizing upon that brighter future in which all of God's children receive love, compassion and justice.

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The Truth About Homophobia In The Black Community

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The majority of African Americans support nondiscrimination laws. The majority support protections for LGBT people in our society, and oppose allowing religious refusal laws. All of this is true even with high levels of church attendance, traditional religious beliefs and fidelity to the bible among…

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Theme One: Code Switching
1.What does it mean to code switch and how does this affect an African American's success in life?
-Code switching is when a person speak multiple languages switch between two or more, sometimes during the same sentence. Code switching is basically changing how someone express themselves. Code switching affects an African American's success in life because if you don't switch up and sound how they want you to sound and or look how they look then you can face consequences for your actions.
2. How does expecting code switching threaten diversity?
-Code switching threaten diversity because people aren't being seen as who they actually are but as what society wants them to be seen as. People will get accepted for coming off a certain way instead of people being praised for who they are.
3.How do the effects of code switching intersect with a persons' mental health?
-The effects of code switching intersect with a person's mental health because it could cause a person to become stressed out and overthink in their head. Sometimes people could forget to code switch so when people start looking at them weird and asking questions on what they said, it makes them overthink in their head will they be trouble for how they spoke or acted.
4.Search online for a resource that helps you understand this topic more and post it to your Padlet. State why the resource shines some light on a perspective of this issue.
-(Resource above) This resource helps me understand the topic more because I'm a college student who has to code switch depending on the class, conversation, and or the situation. This resource helped me understand how code switching for black student can make a big impact on them.
5.State a strategy that you feel can be successful to address the misconceptions about code switching that exist inside and outside of the African American community.
-A strategy that I feel could be successful to address the misconceptions about code switching is to just be who you are, talk how you would please, and after a while people won't be so confused on the things you say and how you present yourself.
6. State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit.
-Something that stood out to me and something I learned during this unit, was in the lecture slides. The features of Black English, I didn't know things like multiple negations and zero past tense was something. Those things could help me fix the way I communicate.

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Robinson Cook, a Black senior at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, is tired. "Code-switching is exhausting," Cook says. "If I could get away with it, I'd say exactly what I want to say the way I want to say it. But nobody wants that."

Code-switching, or the process of shifting from one dialect to another depending on the setting, is a practice deeply ingrained in American society. Although code-switching can sometimes refer to switching quickly between languages, it more commonly references a habit of conforming to the dominant culture through a change in dialect - which can have much higher stakes for some than it does for others. For Black people, it's a constant shift between African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and white standard English, but it can also be the difference between succeeding and failing in white-dominated spaces.

For Black college students especially, code-switching can at times feel like a requirement for fitting into a space so heavily saturated with white peers, professors, and standards of academic excellence. Many have noted that people who use AAVE are incorrectly viewed as less intelligent, making white English the language of academia. Experts have noted how harshly people are judged based off of dialect and pattern of speech. Studies show that teaching students to efficiently code-switch at a young age can help them get jobs or gain acceptance into highly ranked colleges later in life. For the students who feel they must conform to that to succeed, a code-switch can be not only an inconvenience, but a huge emotional toll and a detriment to mental health.

"When it comes to the classroom, a lot of people choose to code-switch in order to navigate other people's negative biases against them," Preshuslee Thompson, a training and development specialist at the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, said. "Code-switching can often be a way to let white people know that you can navigate a space, or even that you belong in a space."

"Black English is often not recognized as a distinct dialect in the United States," Thompson said. "This causes people to assume that it is broken or less-educated English, which is not the case."

In schools, the nuances between white English and AAVE can often impede Black students' learning. Not only must Black students read and write in a different dialect to perform well in class, they must do so to be accepted by white peers and authority figures.

"Everyone's heard the idea of a 'white voice,'" Cook said. "I know mine more than I know my real voice. When you're Black and you want something from a white person - admission to school, job offers, you name it - you don't stand a chance if you don't speak their language."

Changing the way you speak, particularly in the face of discrimination, can take a mental toll.

"Code-switching can cause people to not be fully present in the moment because they are monitoring every word that comes out of their mouth," Nanika Coor, a psychologist in Brooklyn, said. "Over time, that can become very traumatic for a person. It can also affect a student's ability to perform, both in school and in other aspects of their life."

On campus, that can mean dealing with a constant internal monologue telling Black students they are not smart enough - or white enough - to fit in or thrive in university.

"I constantly feel a subconscious pull to code-switch," Aja Isabel, a junior at Columbia University, said. "It's an impulse I work daily to suppress, which has a huge emotional impact."

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The Mental Health Cost of Code-Switching on Campus

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Robinson Cook, a Black senior at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, is tired. "Code-switching is exhausting," Cook says. "If I could get away with it, I'd say exactly what I want to say the way I want to say it. But nobody wants that."

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THEME ONE: Current Research on Religion in the African American Community.
1. What are the significant differences in terms of religious and spiritual practices of the African American community compared to the larger community?
-The Significant difference in terms of religious and spiritual practice of the African American Community compared to the larger community is the African American Community takes religion more serious. They are more religious, they attend church more, pray more, etc.

2. Why do Black Millenials exhibit different religious habits compared to older African Americans who more traditionally attended historically Black protestant churches?
-Black Millenials exhibits different religious habits compared to older African Americans because circumstances are different and individuals presently go to chapel since they trust in God and need better for them and family. Not at all like in the generally dark protestant chapels where they met up for their freedoms in America.

3. How does attending church affect the mental health of African Americans?
-Attending church affects the mental health of African Americans because of the way church is set up. From experience the pastors try to make it seem like if something negative is going on in your life then you're not close to God or you're not putting your trust in God. When in reality negative things just happen. Church causes people to be in their head. Also the church don't know how to handle mental health issues so they just walk over them the same way they do outside of church. The African American community doesn't take their mental health serious how they should.

4. Please locate a resource that helps you understand this theme. Analyze the resource and state the most important thing you learned from it about this topic.
-(Resource Above) This resource helps me understand the theme because it helps me have a better understanding of how much mental health issue are going on in the church. One of the most important things I learned from the resource was how church are trying to come together to help fix mental illness.

5.State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit.
-One thing that stood out and I learned was during this discussion. Looking at the different articles and seeing the statics they have for African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites was something new to me and something that I learned about.

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Refreshingly, national awareness about mental health has grown over the past decade. Currently, mental health along with mental illness is being approached with more sensitivity than it previously has. Campaigns from mental health associations like the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention have played a major role. There is also growth in the understanding that mental health is not restricted to mental illness. Historically, mental health has been equated with mental illness. As awareness about mental health and mental illness continues to expand, the faith community is showing up in the conversation.

Unfortunately, the Black church struggles with the stigma of mental illness. This struggle comes from the African American community and long-held misconceptions of mental illness. While this is a health concern, it is rooted in injustice, mistreatment, and discrimination. Stephen B. Thomas and Erica Casper in their article, "The Burden of Race and History on Black People's Health 400 Years after Jamestown," appropriately acknowledge that "One of the most evident manifestations of the persistent discrimination and racism that still exist today is in our health-specifically, health disparities." COVID-19 has not only revealed the disparity of healthcare access and quality within minority groups, but the advent of the vaccine also raised justifiable mistrust concerns, particularly from the African American community. Darcell P. Scharff et. al, in their article "More than Tuskegee: Understanding Mistrust about Research Participation," observe that among African American adults, "Mistrust [of the healthcare system] stems from historical events including the Tuskegee syphilis study and is reinforced by health system issues and discriminatory events that continue to this day."

Communities lacking trust in healthcare institutions in general are unlikely to seek treatment for mental illness. The African American community currently has to deal with factors that impact their mental health like racism, classism, injustice, and health disparities. These factors exacerbate their mental health needs. Due to these dynamics, African American adults are 20% more likely to experience mental health problems, as Thomas A. Vance notes in his article "Addressing Mental Health in the Black Community." Disturbingly, Vance reports that "Additionally, Black emerging adults (ages 18-25) also experience higher rates of mental health problems and lower rates of mental health service utilization compared to White emerging adults and older Black adults." The historical record of mistreatment, discrimination and lack of treatment has contributed to the perspective the Black church has towards mental illness.

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The Black church struggles with the stigma of mental illness. Due to past and present experiences with institutionalized racism in America, Black church leadership and their members have been apprehensive to collaborate with mental health agencies. However, the Black church is positioned to be a pivotal partner in supporting mental wellness in the African American community.

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1.From this unit's material, choose one major theme that stood out the most to you. State the theme and why it stood out to you on your Padlet.
-One theme that stood out to me was It Takes a Village to Raise a Child. This theme stood out to me because it hits closer to home for me.

2.How does the theme that you chose affect the African American community? Give an example.
-The theme I chose affects the African American community because in the African American community a lot of kids are left to tend and take care of their self. With the help of teachers, coaches, and friend's families they all come together to help raise these children.

3.State one strategy that could be used to improve upon the theme that you have selected.
-A strategy that could be used to help improve upon the theme I selected is when parents start to feel like they're slacking in the parenting section and they know they need help, reach out and ask. Instead of getting to the point to where they cant raise their children.

4.Find one resource that helps you understand this theme and post it to your Padlet. State the resources' significance to this unit's material.
-(Resource above) The resource that I picked helped me understand me the theme because it helps me see how the community can pitch in with helping raise children. It enlighten me on the beliefs of the community, how to build a community, and even why the community matters.

5.State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit.
-Something that stood out to me was during the reading while reading "The Quite Trauma of Watching Police Brutality on a Screen" I didn't know that you could have PTSD from watching stuff like happen and I also didn't know that it could cause mental issues.

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Back in the day, community living was a given. Dating back thousands of years to somewhat recently, people lived in communities for safety, socialization, and shared resources. From the earliest days of humanity our brains have been programmed to live in close proximity to others, to share food and tools, to protect each other, and to exchange ideas.

But the past century has drastically changed the concept of community, no matter if you live in a rural area, a suburban neighborhood, or an urban metropolis. Families no longer co-habitat as intergenerationally as they once did, especially as the appeal of the nuclear family began to increase. The move from rural living to urban lifestyles to suburbia and then back to city-life has meant that extended families often fracture and live further and further apart. We are often caught up in the reality of constant "busy-ness" that we don't take the time to get to know our neighbors. And social media has redefined "connection" and "friendship," leaving us staring at screens more than engaging with the people around us.

The impact of this is apparent on parents and children. The adage "it takes a village to raise a child" is absolutely still true. But somewhere along the way, we've lost the "village" we need to raise kids in nurturing, creative, and safe ways. And as a result, families are missing out on crucial learning experiences and much needed support systems. In the end, many parents feel isolated and alone in their struggles, and kids don't have the opportunity to engage with a diverse group of people and personalities.
Why community matters
Healthy parents lead to healthy families. Not just physical health but emotional health too. However "going it alone" with even just one child, let alone multiple children, doesn't lend itself to positive mental health - no matter what Instagram says. Oftentimes parents feel stressed, overworked, judged, and inadequate. Burnout and exhaustion are real, but without a community around to validate those feelings, many moms and dads feel like that pain is unique to them.

Another loss with the disappearance of community living is the dearth of shared resources among families. From small things like meal-swaps, to larger benefits such as having a trusted friend to leave your children with, parents AND children are missing out on experiences that lift us up and expose us to different ways of living and engaging with the world.
Building a community
So...the big question is: if I don't have a community, how do I create one?

We won't sugarcoat it - it's not always easy and does take conscious planning. But it is possible, especially when you know there are so many other parents out there looking for community support too!

The most obvious place to start is with existing family and friends. Strangely, this can sometimes feel daunting because it can be harder to admit our struggles and perceived imperfections to those we love. But asking grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins for help can make them feel included and also provide your children with more access to family relationships and its history. Even if families don't live nearby, set up regular family Zoom calls so everyone feels more connected. Talking over video can sometimes be hard, for both adults and kids. But if you organize simple trivia contests, joke sharing, and online games, then it becomes more social and opens the door for deeper conversations down the line.

Friends are another great place to begin, even if you think those friends already have everything all together. Many parents feel pressure to look "perfect" on the outside, so it can be hard to imagine that it's a different story at home.Think about one or two friends in your life that you trust. Reach out to them to explain that you want to cultivate more community for you and your family and ask if they'd be interested. There's no rulebook for how to establish your community and what it looks like. You just need willing participants to help design a framework that meets everyone's needs! And don't leave out friends without children. Even if their choice to not have kids is intentional, they still may want to be a part of your child's life and provide a positive and unique influence.

That said, there are times when family and current friends just aren't an option and you really must start from scratch. This can feel harder but also incredibly rewarding when you find "your people!" Make a list of where in your life you are exposed to other parents. School, playgrounds, swimming or art lessons, local social media groups, your neighborhood, etc. The list will be unique to your family's lifestyle but can show where you're engaging with (hopefully) like-minded moms and dads. You can start small - throw out the idea of a simple potluck lunch or offer to host a group playdate (with parents in attendance). The idea is to very intentionally select and cultivate relationships with other families that will blossom over time.

And finally, consider seeking out local services and programs designed to build community. Parenting groups and/or community centers are wonderful (and affordable) places to start looking for other families who are seeking deeper connections and support systems. Consider volunteering with family friendly organizations as a way to meet other like-minded parents, while also demonstrating to your children the value of giving back.
The benefits of community
Building your own community can be hard, especially when you're already feeling exhausted from the day-to-day work of parenting. But in the long run it can be totally worth it. Some of the bigger benefits are help with childcare, having a safe and non-judgemental space to share your struggles, and providing your children with a rich and diverse social network. In addition, you will be able to collaborate with other parents, share resources, and gain more insight and ideas into positive parenting strategies.

Keep in mind that it doesn't have to happen overnight - and nor should it. Think of establishing a community for your family like growing a garden. You will need to plant the seeds and tend to them slowly and carefully with small steps. See what grows in your environment - not all relationships will be "the one" but with care and attention, likely you will find people that feel safe and supportive, and lift you and your family up.

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It Takes a Village to Raise a Child: How communities can help raise kids - Exchange Family Center

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Back in the day, community living was a given. Dating back thousands of years to somewhat recently, people lived in communities for safety, socialization, and shared resources. From the earliest days of humanity our brains have been programmed to live in close proximity to others, to share food and

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Film Analysis Outline Template Ta'Marriea

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THEME THREE: STERILIZING POOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
1.Why is there mistrust among the African American community and the health care system in the United States?
- There is mistrust among the African American community and health care system in the United States because cases like the Tuskegee Study.
2.Outside of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment and the coerced sterilization attempt on the poor African American community, in what other ways has the medical system fostered distrust in the African American community?
-African Americans are sickly people which means they are always at the doctors which means thats stuff they have to pay for. Health care is extreme high which makes insurance high and then for the ones that do have insurance there isn't a high coverage most of the time African Americans cant afford to pay for that so they're let uncared for.
3.State THREE strategies or programs that you feel can address the issues raised in questions one and two.
-Three strategies I feel can address the issues are providing free health care and insurance how the other countries do. Provide special services for people that have mental disabilities so that they can understand what the doctor is telling them. Lastly if they won't give free health care start to lower the prices for it.
4.Search online for a resource that helps you understand this topic more and post it to your Padlet. State why the resource shines some light on a perspective of this issue.
-(Resource above) The resource I chose helps me understand the Tuskegee Experiment. I learned about the control group and the placebo they used in the experiment. This resource shines light on the perspective of the issue because in the video provided it doesn't go into details about the experiment, the articles states how over 100 people passed away from the experiment, how 28 people perished from syphilises, and how to diseases was passed on to 19 children at birth.
5.State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit.
-Something that stood out during the lecture was during the slides it mentioned how racism is a negative impact on African Americans health. Of course racism has an impact on schools, work force, etc but you would think the health care force is where it stops. I look at it as doctor, nurses, etc shouldn't sign up for a job where they can't put their feelings and emotions to the slide to handle business.

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The Tuskegee experiment began in 1932, at a time when there was no known cure for syphilis, a contagious venereal disease. After being recruited by the promise of free medical care, 600 African American men in Macon County, Alabama were enrolled in the project, which aimed to study the full progression of the disease.

The participants were primarily sharecroppers, and many had never before visited a doctor. Doctors from the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS), which was running the study, informed the participants-399 men with latent syphilis and a control group of 201 others who were free of the disease-they were being treated for bad blood, a term commonly used in the area at the time to refer to a variety of ailments.

The men were monitored by health workers but only given placebos such as aspirin and mineral supplements, despite the fact that penicillin became the recommended treatment for syphilis in 1947, some 15 years into the study. PHS researchers convinced local physicians in Macon County not to treat the participants, and instead, research was done at the Tuskegee Institute. (Now called Tuskegee University, the school was founded in 1881 with Booker T. Washington as its first teacher.)

In order to track the disease's full progression, researchers provided no effective care as the men died, went blind or insane or experienced other severe health problems due to their untreated syphilis.

In the mid-1960s, a PHS venereal disease investigator in San Francisco named Peter Buxton found out about the Tuskegee study and expressed his concerns to his superiors that it was unethical. In response, PHS officials formed a committee to review the study but ultimately opted to continue it-with the goal of tracking the participants until all had died, autopsies were performed and the project data could be analyzed.

Buxton then leaked the story to a reporter friend, who passed it on to a fellow reporter, Jean Heller of the Associated Press. Heller broke the story in July 1972, prompting public outrage and forcing the study to finally shut down.

By that time, 28 participants had perished from syphilis, 100 more had passed away from related complications, at least 40 spouses had been diagnosed with it and the disease had been passed to 19 children at birth.

In 1973, Congress held hearings on the Tuskegee experiments, and the following year the study's surviving participants, along with the heirs of those who died, received a $10 million out-of-court settlement. Additionally, new guidelines were issued to protect human subjects in U.S. government-funded research projects.

As a result of the Tuskegee experiment, many African Americans developed a lingering, deep mistrust of public health officials and vaccines. In part to foster racial healing, President Bill Clinton issued a 1997 apology, stating, "The United States government did something that was wrong-deeply, profoundly, morally wrong... It is not only in remembering that shameful past that we can make amends and repair our nation, but it is in remembering that past that we can build a better present and a better future."

During his apology, Clinton announced plans for the establishment of Tuskegee University's National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care.

The final study participant passed away in 2004.

Tuskegee wasn't the first unethical syphilis study. In 2010, then- President Barack Obama and other federal officials apologized for another U.S.-sponsored experiment, conducted decades earlier in Guatemala. In that study, from 1946 to 1948, nearly 700 men and women-prisoners, soldiers and mental patients-were intentionally infected with syphilis (hundreds more people were exposed to other sexually transmitted diseases as part of the study) without their knowledge or consent.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether penicillin could prevent, not just cure, syphilis infection. Some of those who became infected never received medical treatment. The results of the study, which took place with the cooperation of Guatemalan government officials, were never published. The American public health researcher in charge of the project, Dr. John Cutler, went on to become a lead researcher in the Tuskegee experiments.

Following Cutler's death in 2003, historian Susan Reverby uncovered the records of the Guatemala experiments while doing research related to the Tuskegee study. She shared her findings with U.S. government officials in 2010. Soon afterward, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius issued an apology for the STD study and President Obama called the Guatemalan president to apologize for the experiments.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

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Tuskegee Experiment: The Infamous Syphilis Study | HISTORY

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In order to track the disease's full progression, researchers provided no effective care as the study's African American participants experienced severe health problems including blindness, mental impairment-or death.

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TEMPLATE Psych 110 FALL 2021 Film Analysis

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15.5 Psychological Adaptation and Mental Health Discussion.

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15.5 Psychological Adaptation and Mental Health Discussion.

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THEME TWO:
1.From this unit's material, choose one major theme that stood out the most to you. State the theme and why it stood out to you on your Padlet.
-From the unit's material, a major theme that stood out the most to me was African Americans communities and mental health. These theme stood out the most to me because mental health is something that I take serious but my fellow African Americans don't.

2.How does the theme that you chose affect the mental psyche of the African American community? Give an example.
-Mental Health affects the mental psyche of the African American community because for starters Black Men don't take mental health serious, Black people are more likely to compete suicide compared to others, mental health cause Black people to depend on drugs and alcohol for a coping method.

3.State THREE strategies that you feel can address the issues raised in questions one and two.
-Three strategies I feel can address the issues are for black men to start talking to people and seeking help. Two we need more black therapist, they have a better understanding of black struggles compared to others. Lastly I feel like anybody thats in therapy should seek a drug class so they won't depend on alcohol and drugs to help them get over their issues.

4.Search online for a resource that helps you understand this topic more and post it to your Padlet. State why the resource shines some light on a perspective of this issue.
-(Resource above) This resource helps me understand the topic more because it helps me see which category of people should receive therapy more and who faces more mental health issues. It also gives me % of situations to help me understand more like for an example African Americans are 2x more likely to be diagnosed with Schizophrenia compared to other groups.

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Of the nearly 34 million people who identify themselves as African American, 22% live in poverty. These individuals are at particular risk for mental health illness due to an overrepresentation in homeless populations, people who are incarcerated, children in foster care and child welfare systems, and victims of serious violent crime (Office of the US Surgeon General, 2001).

African Americans Are At-Risk for Mental and Behavioral Health Problems

Poverty and Social Structures Are Barriers to Psychological Services

A Greater Need for Culturally Competent Psychologists

Works Cited

American Psychological Association. (2005). Psychiatric disorders greatly underdiagnosed in hospital emergency departments, study finds [Press Release]. Washington, DC: Author.

Denton, N. A., & Anderson, B. J. (2005). Poverty and Race Research Action Council analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data. The Opportunity Agenda. Retrieved from http://www.opportunityagenda.org.

Kersting, K. (2005). A singular commitment. Monitor on Psychology, 36(6).

McGuire, P. A. (2000). New hope for people with schizophrenia. Monitor on Psychology, 31(2).

Monitor on Psychology Staff. (2006). A call for data collection to eliminate health disparities. Monitor on Psychology, 37(4).

Office of the Surgeon General. (2001). Mental Health: Cultural, Race, Ethnicity: Surgeon General's Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

O'Connor, E. M. (2001). From classroom to conflict resolution. Monitor on Psychology, 32(8).

President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Report. Retrieved from www.mentalhealthcomission.gov.

Snowden, L. R. (2001). Barriers to effective mental health services for African Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3(4).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Minority Health Disparities At a Glance [Fact Sheet]. Washington, DC: Author.

Related

Civil Rights

APA advocates for federal policies and programs that ensure all Americans are treated fairly under the law. We particularly focus on issues affecting marginalized communities, such as sexual and gender minorities, women, ethnic minorities and individuals with disabilities.

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African Americans Have Limited Access to Mental and Behavioral Health Care

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Of the nearly 34 million people who identify themselves as African American, 22% live in poverty. These individuals are at particular risk for mental health illness due to an overrepresentation in homeless populations, people who are incarcerated, children in foster care and child welfare systems, and victims of serious violent crime (Office of the US Surgeon General, 2001).