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1. Convergent Evolution- It occurs when two species from unrelated lines develop the same traits or features.

2. Adaptive Radiation- the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.

3. Coevolution- the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution.

4. Gradualism- a term that depicts evolution occurring constantly and gradually in each generation of reproduction.

5. Punctuated Equilibrium- a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most sexually reproducing species will experience change in spurts.

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A Brief History of Geologic Time - YouTube

www.youtube.com › watch

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This chapter is important for paleontologists that study fossils. The chapter shows how to correctly find the age of the fossils which paleontologists need to know. Also, the chapter shows the geologic time scale which shows what age the fossil is from.

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1. Explain why the fossil record is an incomplete recording of the history of life. -Not every organism will turn into a fossil because the process of fossilization requires very specific environmental, geological, and biological conditions.

2.Know the basic divisions of the geologic time scale from larger to smaller. - Eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.

3. Describe how sexual reproduction contributes to genetic diversity. - The sperm and egg that are produced contain different combinations of genes than the parent organisms.

4. Describe the necessary conditions for a clade to survive. - If the rate of speciation in a clade is equal to or greater than the rate of extinction.

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1. Paleontologist- a scientist who studies the history of life on Earth through the fossil record

2. Fossil-the preserved remains, or traces of remains, of ancient organisms.

3. Extinct- Species has died out.

4. Sedimentary Rock- formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms.

5. Relative Dating- allows paleontologists to determine whether a fossil is older or younger than other fossils.

6. Radiometric Dating- Uses the proportion of radioactive to nonreactive isotopes to calculate the age of a sample.

7. Index Fossils-distinctive fossils used to establish and compare the relative ages of rock layers and the fossils they contain.

8. Half-life-the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.

9. Geologic Time Scale- based on both relative and absolute dating.

10. Theory of Plate Tectonics-explains how solid continental “plates” move slowly above Earth’s molten core—a process called continental drift.