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Power comes in many forms within society. It can be demonstrated by physical force or, more commonly, it can relate to numbers (people/money). In my life, I find power in skill and control.

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But it's not just the more affluent who act more entitled. It's also those induced to feel rich and powerful in the lab, as I experienced in a rigged game of "Monopoly."

Researcher Paul Piff randomly gave subjects all sorts of advantages over their randomly disadvantaged opponents: more money at the start, twice as much for passing Go, and yet, Piff told us, despite their presumably egalitarian bent going in, this being Berkeley:

PAUL PIFF, University of California, Berkeley: When we asked them afterwards, how much do you feel like you deserved to win the game, the rich people felt entitled.

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In the past, violence was the quickest route to establishing dominance. But today, people gain influence by advancing the welfare of others, according to Dacher Keltner. The more power people derive from helping others, however, the more likely they are to prioritize selfishness over altruism -- leading to what Keltner calls a 'power paradox.'

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Power is the ability to be able to do something to someone or have control over certain areas of your life. Power comes in different forms in different aspects of society such as politics, wealth, or even brute force.

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Power between people and/or groups of people never stays the same and always shifts depending on multiple factors previously discussed. In my life I am planning to earn power by becoming skilled at something specific and being able to profit from it.

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If You Want to Change the World, You Need Power: Part 1

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The neighborhood that I am growing up in Darien Illinois is a middle class suburban area. The houses in the area are well sized homes with 2 stories and range from a price range of +$150,000.

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MLS Information

Listing Information Provided by

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Darien, IL Real Estate & Homes for Sale | RE/MAX

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Search the most complete Darien, IL real estate listings for sale. Find Darien, IL homes for sale, real estate, apartments, condos, townhomes, mobile homes, multi-family units, farm and land lots with RE/MAX's powerful search tools.

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In Darien an average household makes a lot more money than the state with the Darien median being $96,000 and the State median being $66,000. This tells us that Darien is an area with a lot of opportunity and lots of people that live or grow up in there tend to be successful.

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Add Comparison

2019 Population

21,884

1.09% 1-year decline

US Senator

Dick Durbin

Democratic Party

US Senator

Tammy Duckworth

Democratic Party

2019 Median Age

46.4

0.651% 1-year increase

2019 Poverty Rate

5.12%

13.4% 1-year decrease

2019 Median Household Income

$96,275

5.91% 1-year growth

2019 Median Property Value

$330,000

2.64% 1-year growth

2019 Employed Population

11,496

1.18% 1-year decline

About

In 2019, Darien, IL had a population of 21.9k people with a median age of 46.4 and a median household income of $96,275. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Darien, IL declined from 22,126 to 21,884, a −1.09% decrease and its median household income grew from $90,904 to $96,275, a 5.91% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Darien, IL are White (Non-Hispanic) (74.9%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (12%), White (Hispanic) (4.09%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (4.03%), and Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.3%). 0% of the households in Darien, IL speak a non-English language at home as their primary language.

96.1% of the residents in Darien, IL are U.S. citizens.

In 2019, the median property value in Darien, IL was $330,000, and the homeownership rate was 83.1%. Most people in Darien, IL drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 30.1 minutes. The average car ownership in Darien, IL was 2 cars per household.

Diversity

Darien, IL is home to a population of 21.9k people, from which 96.1% are citizens. As of 2019, 17.9% of Darien, IL residents were born outside of the country (3.92k people).

In 2019, there were 6.26 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (16.4k people) in Darien, IL than any other race or ethnicity. There were 2.62k Asian (Non-Hispanic) and 895 White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Darien, IL

1. White (Non-Hispanic)

16.4k ± 585

2. Asian (Non-Hispanic)

2.62k ± 356

3. White (Hispanic)

895 ± 274

5.68%

Hispanic Population

1.24k people

In 2019, there were 6.26 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (16.4k people) in Darien, IL than any other race or ethnicity. There were 2.62k Asian (Non-Hispanic) and 895 White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

5.68% of the people in Darien, IL are hispanic (1.24k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Darien, IL as a share of the total population.

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Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

17.9%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

3.92k people

17.8%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

3.93k people

As of 2019, 17.9% of Darien, IL residents (3.92k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.7%. In 2018, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Darien, IL was 17.8%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Darien, IL compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

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Age by Nativity

44

Median Native-Born Age

± 1.9

54

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 3.4

In 2019, the median age of all people in Darien, IL was 46.4. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 44, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 54. But people in Darien, IL are getting getting older. In 2018, the average age of all Darien, IL residents was 46.

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Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Illinois.

Most Common Origin

1. Mexico

644,788 ± 19,210 people

2. India

156,084 ± 9,640 people

3. Poland

130,079 ± 8,810 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Illinois was Mexico, the natal country of 644,788 Illinois residents, followed by India with 156,084 and Poland with 130,079.

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Citizenship

As of 2019, 96.1% of Darien, IL residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2018, the percentage of US citizens in Darien, IL was 95.9%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Darien, IL compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

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Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

1. Vietnam

498 ± 123

2. Korea

96 ± 70

3. Gulf War (1990s)

83 ± 64

Darien, IL has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 5.19 times greater than any other conflict.

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COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Illinois. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Illinois, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Illinois.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Illinois (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Illinois.

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in Illinois. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Illinois.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Illinois.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Illinois across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Economy

Median household income in Darien, IL is $96,275. In 2019, the place with the highest median household income in Darien, IL was Census Tract 8458.08 with a value of $137,414, followed by Census Tract 8458.09 and Census Tract 8455.07, with respective values of $104,541 and $102,308.

Males in Illinois have an average income that is 1.35 times higher than the average income of females, which is $56,164. The income inequality in Illinois (measured using the Gini index) is 0.482, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Darien, IL employs 11.5k people. The largest industries in Darien, IL are Health Care & Social Assistance (1,548 people), Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services (1,417 people), and Retail Trade (1,264 people), and the highest paying industries are Management of Companies & Enterprises ($96,000), Wholesale Trade ($92,553), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($77,527).

Wages

Median Household Income

$96,275

2019 value

± $7,263

5.91%

1 Year Growth

± 9.38%

Households in Darien, IL have a median annual income of $96,275, which is more than the median annual income of $65,712 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $90,904 in 2018, which represents a 5.91% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Darien, IL compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

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Wage by Sex in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Illinois.

$75,849

Average Male Salary in Illinois

± $1,220

$56,164

Average Female Salary in Illinois

± $916

In 2019, full-time male employees in Illinois made 1.35 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the sex-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Illinois by number of full-time employees.

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Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Illinois.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Illinois

1. Asian

$71,781 ± $3,365

2. White

$60,455 ± $832

3. Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander

$58,312 ± $36,766

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Illinois workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.19 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Illinois.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Illinois by number of full-time employees.

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Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Darien, IL is from Illinois.

0.482

2019 Wage GINI in Illinois

0.482

2018 Wage GINI in Illinois

In 2019, the income inequality in Illinois was 0.482 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.0501% growth from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Illinois was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Illinois in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Illinois across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

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Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

1. Census Tract 8458.08

2. Census Tract 8458.09

3. Census Tract 8455.07

In 2019, the place with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Darien, IL was Census Tract 8458.08 with a value of $137,414, followed by Census Tract 8458.09 and Census Tract 8455.07, with respective values of $104,541 and $102,308.

The following map shows all of the places in Darien, IL colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

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Poverty by Age and Sex

Females 65 - 74

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

5.12% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Darien, IL (1.12k out of 21.9k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.3%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 65 - 74, followed by Females 55 - 64 and then Males 65 - 74.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

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Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

1. White

813 ± 207

2. Black

171 ± 182

3. Asian

104 ± 116

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Darien, IL is White, followed by Black and Asian.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

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Occupations

Employment by Occupations

−1.18%

1 Year decline

± 8.33%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Darien, IL declined at a rate of −1.18%, from 11.6k employees to 11.5k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Darien, IL, are Sales & Related Occupations (1,536 people), Office & Administrative Support Occupations (1,522 people), and Management Occupations (1,486 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Darien, IL.

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Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Darien, IL, by number of employees, are Sales & Related Occupations (1,536 people), Office & Administrative Support Occupations (1,522 people), and Management Occupations (1,486 people).

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Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Darien, IL has an unusually high number of residents working as Life, Physical, & Social Science Occupations (1.83 times higher than expected), Health Technologists & Technicians (1.5 times), and Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations (1.5 times).

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Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Darien, IL, by median earnings, are Management Occupations ($103,440), Management, Business, & Financial Occupations ($100,503), and Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations ($98,631).

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Industries

Employment by Industries

−1.18%

1 Year decline

± 8.33%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Darien, IL declined at a rate of −1.18%, from 11.6k employees to 11.5k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Darien, IL, are Health Care & Social Assistance (1,548 people), Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services (1,417 people), and Retail Trade (1,264 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Darien, IL, though some of these residents may live in Darien, IL and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

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Most Common

The most common industries in Darien, IL, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (1,548 people), Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services (1,417 people), and Retail Trade (1,264 people).

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Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Darien, IL has an unusually high number of Management of Companies & Enterprises (3.39 times higher than expected), Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services (1.7 times), and Wholesale Trade (1.44 times) industries.

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Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Darien, IL, by median earnings, are Management of Companies & Enterprises ($96,000), Wholesale Trade ($92,553), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($77,527).

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Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Illinois to other states, or from other states to Illinois.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

1. $138B

2. $87.2B

3. $79.8B

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Illinois products.

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Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Illinois.

$1.03T

2020 Value in Illinois

$1.94T

Projected 2050 Value in Illinois

88.6% growth

In 2020, total outbound Illinois trade was $1.03T. This is expected to increase 88.6% to $1.94T by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Illinois trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

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Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Illinois to other states, or from other states to Illinois.

Most Common Trade Partners

1. $77.4B

2. $56.8B

3. $46.1B

In 2020, the top outbound Illinois domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Indiana with $77.4B, followed by Wisconsin with $56.8B and California and $46.1B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Illinois shares with each state (excluding itself).

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Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Illinois went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 57.5% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (40.6%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.1%). The most partisan county was Wayne County, IL with 84.6% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

Dick Durbin and Tammy Duckworth are the senators currently representing the state of Illinois. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Illinois is currently represented by 18 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Darien, IL. Showing the available data for Illinois.

2020 Election Results

1. Joseph R Biden Jr. (57.5%)

Democratic Party

2. Donald J. Trump (40.6%)

Republican Party

3. Jo Jorgensen (1.1%)

Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Illinois went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 57.5% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (40.6%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.1%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Illinois for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

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Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Illinois.

Joseph R Biden Jr.

Popular Vote for Illinois

57.5% for the Democratic Party

Most Partisan Counties in Illinois

1. 84.6% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

2. 84.2% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

3. 81.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2020 presidential election, the most partisan county in Illinois was Wayne County, IL with 84.6% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in Illinois colored by their party leaning.

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US Senators from Illinois

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Illinois.

Dick Durbin

Senator from Illinois2

Assumed office on January 3, 1997

Tammy Duckworth

Senator from Illinois3

Assumed office on January 3, 2017

Dick Durbin and Tammy Duckworth are the senators currently representing Illinois.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Illinois over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

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US Representatives from Illinois

Illinois is currently represented by 18 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Illinois have changed over time starting in 2008.

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Housing & Living

The median property value in Darien, IL was $330,000 in 2019, which is 1.37 times larger than the national average of $240,500. Between 2018 and 2019 the median property value increased from $321,500 to $330,000, a 2.64% increase. The homeownership rate in Darien, IL is 83.1%, which is higher than the national average of 64.1%. People in Darien, IL have an average commute time of 30.1 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Darien, IL is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$330,000

2019 Median

± $5,981

$321,500

2018 Median

± $7,569

In 2019, the median property value in Darien, IL grew to to $330,000 from the previous year's value of $321,500.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Darien, IL compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Darien, IL the largest share of households have a property value in the $300k - $400k range.

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Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$96,275

Median Household Income

± $7,263

8.86k

Number of Households

± 585

In 2019, the median household income of the 8.86k households in Darien, IL grew to $96,275 from the previous year's value of $90,904.

The following chart displays the households in Darien, IL distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $200k+ range.

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Property Taxes

This chart shows the households in Darien, IL distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Darien, IL the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

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Rent vs Own

In 2019, 83.1% of the housing units in Darien, IL were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 83.2%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 64.1%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Darien, IL compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

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Commute Time

30.1 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Darien, IL have a longer commute time (30.1 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.5 minutes). Additionally, 2.81% of the workforce in Darien, IL have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Darien, IL compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

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Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2019

1. Drove Alone (81.5%)

2. Worked At Home (6.43%)

3. Public Transit (6.37%)

In 2019, 81.5% of workers in Darien, IL drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (6.43%) and those who used public transit to get to work (6.37%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

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Transportation

Car Ownership

The following chart displays the households in Darien, IL distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Darien, IL have 2 cars, followed by false.

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Health

96.3% of the population of Darien, IL has health coverage, with 61.9% on employee plans, 5.08% on Medicaid, 16.5% on Medicare, 12.4% on non-group plans, and 0.494% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Illinois was $8,262 in 2014. This is a 4.44% increase from the previous year ($7,911).

Primary care physicians in DuPage County, IL see 744 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.405% increase from the previous year (741 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 898 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 315 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Wayne County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (19.9%). Additionally, Vermilion County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (43.2%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the country level. Showing data for DuPage County, IL.

744 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in DuPage County, IL

Primary care physicians in DuPage County, IL see an average of 744 patients per year. This represents a 0.405% increase from the previous year (741 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in DuPage County, IL in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

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Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

1. 8.26% of the population affected

2. 8.13% of the population affected

3. 7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

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Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

1. 19.2% of adults

2. 17.9% of adults

3. 17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

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Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Illinois.

$8,262

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Illinois

$4,875

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$4,959

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$11,116

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Illinois (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 4.44%, from $7,911 to $8,262.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

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Health Care Coverage

Between 2018 and 2019, the percent of uninsured citizens in Darien, IL declined by 14% from 4.29% to 3.69%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Darien, IL changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.

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Health Risks

Data available at the county level.

Most at risk counties

1. 19.9% prevalence

2. 18.5% prevalence

3. 18.3% prevalence

Wayne County has the highest prevalence of diabetes in Illinois, at 19.9%.

The following map shows the prevalence of diabetes in Illinois by county over multiple years.

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Keep Exploring

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In 2019, Darien, IL had a population of 21.9k people with a median age of 46.4 and a median household income of $96,275. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Darien, IL declined from 22,126 to 21,884, a −1.09% decrease and its median household income grew from $90,904 to $96,275, a 5.91% increase…

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The school that I'm currently attending right now is Hinsdale South which is located in Darien Illinois. My school has a high graduation rate and excellent academic scores which exceeds the states overall average. My school is a good school because of the community and neighborhood that it is surrounded by which help keep the school safe.

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Different beliefs and values vary from person to person depending on their living situation, economic situation, family and friends, and/or religion. Because I was born in Europe and so were my parents, I am Christian because of their influence.

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Learning Objectives

1. Identify five agents of socialization.

2. Describe positive and negative aspects of the socialization these agents produce.

Several institutional and other sources of socialization exist and are called agents of socialization. The first of these, the family, is certainly the most important agent of socialization for infants and young children.

The Family

Should parents get the credit when their children turn out to be good kids and even go on to accomplish great things in life? Should they get the blame if their children turn out to be bad? No parent deserves all the credit or blame for their children's successes and failures in life, but the evidence indicates that our parents do affect us profoundly. In many ways, we even end up resembling our parents in more than just appearance.

Sociology Making a Difference

Understanding Racial Socialization

In a society that is still racially prejudiced, African American parents continue to find it necessary to teach their children about African American culture and to prepare them for the bias and discrimination they can expect to encounter. Scholars in sociology and other disciplines have studied this process of racial socialization. One of their most interesting findings is that African American parents differ in the degree of racial socialization they practice: some parents emphasize African American identity and racial prejudice to a considerable degree, while other parents mention these topics to their children only minimally. The reasons for these differences have remained unclear.

Sociologist Jason E. Shelton (2008) analyzed data from a national random sample of African Americans to determine these reasons, in what he called "one of the most comprehensive analyses to date of racial socialization strategies among African Americans" (p. 237). Among other questions, respondents were asked whether "in raising your children, have you done or told them things to help them know what it means to be Black." They were also asked whether "there are any other things you've done or told your children to help them know how to get along with White people."

In his major results, Shelton found that respondents were more likely to practice racial socialization if they were older, female, and living outside the South; if they perceived that racial discrimination was a growing problem and were members of civil rights or other organization aimed at helping African Americans; and if they had higher incomes.

These results led Shelton to conclude that "African Americans are not a culturally monolithic group," as they differ in "the parental lessons they impart to their children about race relations" (2008, p. 253). Further, the parents who do practice racial socialization "do so in order to demystify and empower their offspring to seize opportunities in the larger society" (p. 253).

Shelton's study helps us to understand the factors accounting for differences in racial socialization by African American parents, and it also helps us understand that the parents who do attempt to make their children aware of U.S. race relations are merely trying, as most parents do, to help their children get ahead in life. By increasing our understanding of these matters, Shelton's research has helped make a difference.

The reason we turn out much like our parents, for better or worse, is that our families are such an important part of our socialization process. When we are born, our primary caregivers are almost always one or both of our parents. For several years we have more contact with them than with any other adults. Because this contact occurs in our most formative years, our parents' interaction with us and the messages they teach us can have a profound impact throughout our lives, as indicated by the stories of Sarah Patton Boyle and Lillian Smith presented earlier.

The ways in which our parents socialize us depend on many factors, two of the most important of which are our parents' social class and our own biological sex. Melvin Kohn (1965, 1977) found that working-class and middle-class parents tend to socialize their children very differently. Kohn reasoned that working-class parents tend to hold factory and other jobs in which they have little autonomy and instead are told what to do and how to do it. In such jobs, obedience is an important value, lest the workers be punished for not doing their jobs correctly. Working-class parents, Kohn thought, should thus emphasize obedience and respect for authority as they raise their children, and they should favor spanking as a primary way of disciplining their kids when they disobey. In contrast, middle-class parents tend to hold white-collar jobs where autonomy and independent judgment are valued and workers get ahead by being creative. These parents should emphasize independence as they raise their children and should be less likely than working-class parents to spank their kids when they disobey.

If parents' social class influences how they raise their children, it is also true that the sex of their children affects how they are socialized by their parents. Many studies find that parents raise their daughters and sons quite differently as they interact with them from birth. We will explore this further in Chapter 11 "Gender and Gender Inequality", but suffice it to say here that parents help their girls learn how to act and think "like girls," and they help their boys learn how to act and think "like boys." That is, they help their daughters and sons learn their gender (Wood, 2009). For example, they are gentler with their daughters and rougher with their sons. They give their girls dolls to play with, and their boys guns. Girls may be made of "sugar and spice and everything nice" and boys something quite different, but their parents help them greatly, for better or worse, turn out that way. To the extent this is true, our gender stems much more from socialization than from biological differences between the sexes, or so most sociologists probably assume. To return to a question posed earlier, if Gilligan is right that boys and girls reach moral judgments differently, socialization matters more than biology for how they reach these judgments.

As the "Learning From Other Societies" box illustrates, various cultures socialize their children differently. We can also examine cross-cultural variation in socialization with data from the World Values Survey, which was administered to almost six dozen nations. Figure 4.1 "Percentage Believing That Obedience Is Especially Important for a Child to Learn" shows the percentage of people in several countries who think it is "especially important for children to learn obedience at home." Here we see some striking differences in the value placed on obedience, with the United States falling somewhat in between the nations in the figure.

Learning From Other Societies

Children and Socialization in Japan

This chapter ends with the observation that American children need to be socialized with certain values in order for our society to be able to address many of the social issues, including hate crimes and violence against women, facing it. As we consider the socialization of American children, the experience of Japan offers a valuable lesson.

Recall from Chapter 2 "Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research" that Japan's culture emphasizes harmony, cooperation, and respect for authority. Socialization in Japan is highly oriented toward the teaching of the values just listed, with much of it stressing the importance of belonging to a group and dependence, instead of individual autonomy and independence. This is especially true in Japanese schools, which, as two sociologists write, "stress the similarity of all children, and the importance of the group" (Schneider & Silverman, 2010, p. 24). Let's see how this happens (Hendry, 1987; Schwalb & Schwalb, 1996).

From the time they begin school, Japanese children learn to value their membership in their homeroom, or kumi, and they spend several years in the same kumi. Each kumi treats its classroom as a "home away from home," as the children arrange the classroom furniture, bring in plants and other things from their own homes, and clean the classroom every day. At recess one kumi will play against another. In an interesting difference from standard practice in the United States, a kumi in junior high school will stay in its classroom while the teachers for, say, math and social science move from one classroom to another. In the United States, of course, the opposite is true: teachers stay in their classrooms, and students move from one room to another.

Other practices in Japanese schools further the learning of Japanese values. Young schoolchildren wear the same uniforms. Japanese teachers use constant drills to teach them how to bow, and they have the children repeatedly stand up and sit down as a group. These practices help students learn respect for authority and help enhance the sense of group belonging that the kumi represents. Whereas teachers in the United States routinely call on individual students to answer a question, Japanese teachers rarely do this. Rather than competing with each other for a good grade, Japanese schoolchildren are evaluated according to the performance of the kumi as a whole. Because decision making within the kumi is done by consensus, the children learn the need to compromise and to respect each other's feelings.

Because the members of a kumi spend so much time together for so many years, they develop extremely close friendships and think of themselves more as members of the kumi than as individuals. They become very loyal to the kumi and put its interests above their own individual interests. In these and other ways, socialization in Japanese schools helps the children and adolescents there learn the Japanese values of harmony, group loyalty, and respect for authority. If American children learned these values to a greater degree, it would be easier to address violence and other issues facing the United States.

Schools

Schools socialize children in several ways. First, students learn a formal curriculum, informally called the "three Rs": reading, writing, and arithmetic. This phase of their socialization is necessary for them to become productive members of their society. Second, because students interact every day at school with their peers, they ideally strengthen their social interaction skills. Third, they interact with authority figures, their teachers, who are not their parents. For children who have not had any preschooling, their teachers are often the first authority figures they have had other than their parents. The learning they gain in relating to these authority figures is yet another important component of their socialization.

Functional theorists cite all these aspects of school socialization, but conflict theorists instead emphasize that schools in the United States also impart a hidden curriculum by socializing children to accept the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. To be more specific, children learn primarily positive things about the country's past and present; they learn the importance of being neat, patient, and obedient; and they learn to compete for good grades and other rewards. In this manner, they learn to love America and not to recognize its faults, and they learn traits that prepare them for jobs and careers that will bolster the capitalist economy. Children are also socialized to believe that failure, such as earning poor grades, stems from not studying hard enough and, more generally, from not trying hard enough (Booher-Jennings, 2008; Bowles & Gintis, 1976). This process reinforces the blaming-the-victim ideology discussed in Chapter 1 "Sociology and the Sociological Perspective". Schools are also a significant source of gender socialization, as even in this modern day, teachers and curricula send out various messages that reinforce the qualities traditionally ascribed to females and males, and students engage in recess and other extracurricular activities that do the same thing (Booher-Jennings, 2008; Thorne, 1993).

Peers

When you were a 16-year-old, how many times did you complain to your parent(s), "All of my friends are [doing so and so]. Why can't I? It isn't fair!" As this all-too-common example indicates, our friends play a very important role in our lives. This is especially true during adolescence, when peers influence our tastes in music, clothes, and so many other aspects of our lives, as the now-common image of the teenager always on a cell phone reminds us. But friends are important during other parts of the life course as well. We rely on them for fun, for emotional comfort and support, and for companionship. That is the upside of friendships.

The downside of friendships is called peer pressure, with which you are undoubtedly familiar. Suppose it is Friday night, and you are studying for a big exam on Monday. Your friends come by and ask you to go with them to get a pizza and a drink. You would probably agree to go with them, partly because you really dislike studying on a Friday night, but also because there is at least some subtle pressure on you to do so. As this example indicates, our friends can influence us in many ways. During adolescence, their interests can affect our own interests in film, music, and other aspects of popular culture. More ominously, adolescent peer influences have been implicated in underage drinking, drug use, delinquency, and hate crimes, such as the killing of Charlie Howard, recounted at the beginning of this chapter (Agnew, 2007) (see Chapter 5 "Social Structure and Social Interaction").

After we reach our 20s and 30s, our peers become less important in our lives, especially if we get married. Yet even then our peers do not lose all their importance, as married couples with young children still manage to get out with friends now and then. Scholars have also begun to emphasize the importance of friendships with coworkers for emotional and practical support and for our continuing socialization (Elsesser & Peplau, 2006; Marks, 1994).

The Mass Media

The mass media are another agent of socialization. Television shows, movies, popular music, magazines, Web sites, and other aspects of the mass media influence our political views; our tastes in popular culture; our views of women, people of color, and gays; and many other beliefs and practices.

In an ongoing controversy, the mass media are often blamed for youth violence and many other of our society's ills. The average child sees thousands of acts of violence on television and in the movies before reaching young adulthood. Rap lyrics often seemingly extol very ugly violence, including violence against women. Commercials can greatly influence our choice of soda, shoes, and countless other products. The mass media also reinforce racial and gender stereotypes, including the belief that women are sex objects and suitable targets of male violence. In the General Social Survey (GSS), about 28% of respondents said that they watch four or more hours of television every day, while another 46% watch two to three hours daily (see Figure 4.2 "Average Number of Hours of Television Watched Daily"). The mass media certainly are an important source of socialization unimaginable a half-century ago.

As the mass media socialize children, adolescents, and even adults, a key question is the extent to which media violence causes violence in our society (Surette, 2011). Studies consistently uncover a strong correlation between watching violent television shows and movies and committing violence. However, this does not necessarily mean that watching the violence actually causes violent behavior: perhaps people watch violence because they are already interested in it and perhaps even committing it. Scholars continue to debate the effect of media violence on youth violence. In a free society, this question is especially important, as the belief in this effect has prompted calls for monitoring the media and the banning of certain acts of violence. Civil libertarians argue that such calls smack of censorship that violates the First Amendment to the Constitution, whole others argue that they fall within the First Amendment and would make for a safer society. Certainly the concern and debate over mass media violence will continue for years to come.

Religion

One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in Chapter 12 "Aging and the Elderly". Although religion is arguably less important in people's lives now than it was a few generations ago, it still continues to exert considerable influence on our beliefs, values, and behaviors.

Here we should distinguish between religious preference (e.g., Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish) and religiosity (e.g., how often people pray or attend religious services). Both these aspects of religion can affect your values and beliefs on religious and nonreligious issues alike, but their particular effects vary from issue to issue. To illustrate this, consider the emotionally charged issue of abortion. People hold very strong views on abortion, and many of their views stem from their religious beliefs. Yet which aspect of religion matters the most, religious preference or religiosity? General Social Survey data help us answer this question ( Figure 4.3 "Religious Preference, Religiosity, and Belief That Abortion Should Be Legal for Any Reason"). It turns out that religious preference, if we limit it for the sake of this discussion to Catholics versus Protestants, does not matter at all: Catholics and Protestants in the GSS exhibit roughly equal beliefs on the abortion issue, as about one-third of each group thinks abortion should be allowed for any reason. (The slight difference shown in the table is not statistically significant.) However, religiosity matters a lot: GSS respondents who pray daily are only about half as likely as those who rarely or never pray to think abortion should be allowed.

Key Takeaways

The ways in which parents socialize children depend in part on the parents' social class and on their child's biological sex.

Schools socialize children by teaching them both the formal curriculum and a hidden curriculum.

Peers are an important source of emotional support and companionship, but peer pressure can induce individuals to behave in ways they might ordinarily regard as wrong.

The mass media are another important agent of socialization, and scholars debate the effect the media have on violence in society.

In considering the effects of religion on socialization, we need to distinguish between religious preference and religiosity.

For Your Review

1. Describe one important value or attitude you have that is the result of socialization by your parent(s).

2. Do you agree that there is a hidden curriculum in secondary schools? Explain your answer.

3. Briefly describe one example of how peers influenced you or someone you know in a way that you now regard as negative.

References

Agnew, R. (2007). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Booher-Jennings, J. (2008). Learning to label: Socialisation, gender, and the hidden curriculum of high-stakes testing. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29, 149-160.

Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (1976). Schooling in capitalist America: Educational reforms and the contradictions of economic life. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Elsesser, K., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). The glass partition: Obstacles to cross-sex friendships at work. Human Relations, 59, 1077-1100.

Hendry, J. (1987). Understanding Japanese society. London, England: Croom Helm.

Kohn, M. (1977). Class and conformity. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.

Kohn, M. (1965). Social class and parent-child relationships: An interpretation. American Journal of Sociology, 68, 471-480.

Marks, S. R. (1994). Intimacy in the public realm: The case of co-workers. Social Forces, 72, 843-858.

Schneider, L., & Silverman, A. (2010). Global sociology: Introducing five contemporary societies (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Schwalb, D. W., & Schwalb, B. J. (Eds.). (1996). Japanese childrearing: Two generations of scholarship. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Shelton, J. E. (2008). The investment in blackness hypothesis: Toward greater understanding of who teaches what during racial socialization. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 5(2), 235-257.

Surette, R. (2011). Media, crime, and criminal justice: Images, realities, and policies (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Wood, J. T. (2009). Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

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Identify five agents of socialization. Describe positive and negative aspects of the socialization these agents produce. Several institutional and other sources of socialization exist and are called agents of socialization. The first of these, the family, is certainly the most important agent of socialization for infants and young children.

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Politics play a big part into a person's religion or their values. Different political parties support different things that some people may agree with or disagree with depending on their values or beliefs. In my area, I found out that Darien is more supportive of the Democrat party which is focused more on the needs of all of the people.

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Alice Park, Charlie Smart, Rumsey Taylor and Miles WatkinsFeb. 2, 2021

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An Extremely Detailed Map of the 2020 Election

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An interactive map that lets readers explore in new detail how most states voted in the 2020 presidential election.

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Diversity is important in life because it is good to have different kinds of people with different beliefs and values share their perspective in order to come up with a new idea. I found that being around people who are different then me and have different values makes for better brainstorming during a project or a paper because they are gonna think of ideas that I never thought of.

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The Power of Diverse Thinking | Matthew Syed

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Technology has changed and evolved for years and has come a long way since it was in development by big companies such as Apple. Technology has now become more efficient and convenient which helps people around the world on a day to day basis perform tasks that seemed impossible 40 years ago. Technology has also helped students like me do assignments and write essays faster and more efficiently which makes my life a lot easier.

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Culture varies from person to person based on nationality, race/ethnicity, gender, sexuality, language, religion, and education. Different cultures have different traditions or ways of living based on the reasons mentioned below. Culture also has an impact on art and how art is viewed or received based on one of the reasons above.

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is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, , cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition goes a step further, defining culture as shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by socialization. Thus, culture can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group.

"Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones and a million other things," Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London, told Live Science.

Many countries, such as , , , the , , and are noted for their rich cultures, the customs, traditions, music, art and food being a continual draw for tourists.

The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the "colere," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture, according to Arthur Asa Berger. "It shares its etymology with a number of other words related to actively fostering growth," De Rossi said.

Western culture

The term "Western culture" has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that have been heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the United States, according to Khan University. Western culture has its roots in the Classical Period of the Greco- era (the fourth and fifth centuries B.C.) and the rise of Christianity in the 14th century. Other drivers of Western culture include Latin, Celtic, Germanic and Hellenic ethnic and linguistic groups.

Any number of historical events have helped shape Western culture during the past 2,500 years. The fall of Rome, often pegged to A.D. 476, cleared the way for the establishment of a series of often-warring states in Europe, according to Stanford University historian Walter Scheidel, each with their own cultures. The Black Death of the 1300s cut the population of Europe by one-third to one-half, rapidly remaking society. As a result of the , writes Ohio State University historian John L. Brooke, Christianity became stronger in Europe, with more focus on apocalyptic themes. Survivors in the working class gained more power, as elites were forced to pay more for scarce labor. And the disruption of trade routes between East and West set off new exploration, and ultimately, the incursion of Europeans into North and South America.

Today, the influences of Western culture can be seen in almost every country in the world.

Eastern culture

Eastern culture generally refers to the societal norms of countries in Far East Asia (including China, Japan, Vietnam, North Korea and South Korea) and the Indian subcontinent. Like the West, Eastern culture was heavily influenced by religion during its early development, but it was also heavily influenced by the growth and harvesting of rice, according to a research article published in the journal in 2012. In general, in Eastern culture there is less of a distinction between secular society and religious philosophy than there is in the West.

However, this umbrella covers an enormous range of traditions and histories. For example, Buddhism originated in India, but it was largely overtaken by Hinduism after the 12th century, according to Britannica.

As a result, Hinduism became a major driver of culture in India, while Buddhism continued to exert influence in China and Japan. The preexisting cultural ideas in these areas also influenced religion. For example, according to Jiahe Liu and Dongfang Shao, Chinese Buddhism borrowed from the philosophy of Taoism, which emphasizes compassion, frugality and humility.

Centuries of interactions - both peaceful and aggressive - in this region also led to these cultures influencing each other. Japan, for example, controlled or occupied Korea in some form between 1876 and 1945. During this time, many Koreans were pressured or forced into giving up their names for Japanese surnames, according to History.com.

Latin culture

The geographic region encompassing "Latin culture" is widespread. Latin America is typically defined as those parts of Central America, South America and where Spanish or Portuguese are the dominant languages. These are all places that were colonized by or influenced by or Portugal starting in the 1400s. It is thought that French geographers used the term "Latin America" to differentiate between Anglo and Romance (Latin-based) languages, though some historians, such as Michael Gobat, author of "The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy and Race" (American Historical Review, Voll 118, Issue 5, 2013), dispute this.

Latin cultures are thus incredibly diverse, and many blend Indigenous traditions with the Spanish language and Catholicism brought by and Portuguese colonizers. Many of these cultures were also influenced by African cultures due to enslaved Africans being brought to the Americas starting in the 1600s, according to the African American Registery. These influences are particularly strong in Brazil and in Caribbean nations.

Latin culture continues to evolve and spread. A good example is Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, a holiday dedicated to remembering the departed that is celebrated on Nov. 1 and Nov. 2. Day of the Dead dates back to before Christopher Columbus landed in North America, but was moved to its current celebration date by Spanish colonizers, who merged it with the Catholic All Saints Day.

Mexican immigrants to the United States brought the holiday with them, and in the 1970s, artists and activities brought focus to Día de los Muertos as a way of celebrating their Chicano (Mexican-American) heritage, according to the Smithsonian American Art Museum. The holiday is now well-known in the United States.

Middle Eastern culture

Roughly speaking, the Middle East encompasses the Arabian peninsula as well as the eastern Mediterranean. The North African countries of Libya, Egypt and Sudan are also sometimes included, according to Britannica. The term "Middle Eastern culture" is another umbrella that encompasses a huge diversity of cultural practices, religious beliefs and daily habits. The region is the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity and Islam and is home to dozens of languages, from Arabic to Hebrew to Turkish to Pashto.

While there is significant religious diversity in the Middle East, the predominant religion by numbers is Islam, and Islam has played a large role in the cultural development of the region. Islam originated in what is today Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. An influential moment for the culture and development of the Middle East came after the death of the religion's founder, Muhammad, in 632, according to the Metropoliton Museum.

Some followers believed the next leader should be one of Muhammad's friends and confidants; others believed leadership must be passed through Muhammad's bloodline. This led to a schism between Shia Muslims, those who believed in the importance of the bloodline, and Sunni Muslims, who believed leadership should not pass through the family. Today, about 85% of Muslims are Sunni, according to the Council on Foreign Relations. Their rituals and traditions vary somewhat, and divisions between the two groups often fuel conflict.

Middle Eastern culture has also been shaped by the Ottoman Empire, which ruled a U-shaped ring around the eastern Mediterranean between the 14th and early 20th centuries, according to Britannica. Areas that were part of the Ottoman Empire are known for distinctive architecture drawn from Persian and Islamic influences.

African culture

Africa has the longest history of human habitation of any continent: Humans originated there and began to migrate to other areas of the world around 400,000 years ago, according to the Natural History Museum in London. Tom White, who serves as the museum's senior curator of non-insect invertebrates, and his team were able to discover this by studying Africa's ancient lakes and the animals that lived in them. As of the time of this article, this research provides the oldest evidence for hominin species in the Arabian peninsula.

African culture varies not only between national boundaries, but within them. One of the key features of this culture is the large number of ethnic groups throughout the 54 countries on the continent. For example, Nigeria alone has more than 300 tribes, according to Culture Trip. Africa has imported and exported its culture for centuries; East African trading ports were a crucial link between East and West as early as the seventh century, according to The Field Museum. This led to complex urban centers along the eastern coast, often connected by the movement of raw materials and goods from landlocked parts of the continent.

It would be impossible to characterize all of African culture with one description. Northwest Africa has strong ties to the Middle East, while Sub-Saharan Africa shares historical, physical and social characteristics that are very different from North Africa, according to Britannica .

Some traditional Sub-Saharan African cultures include the Maasai of Tanzania and Kenya, the Zulu of South Africa and the Batwa of Central Africa. The traditions of these cultures evolved in very different environments. The Batwa, for example, are one of a group of ethnicities that traditionally live a forager lifestyle in the rainforest. The Maasai, on the other hand, herd sheep and goats on the open range.

What is cultural appropriation?

Oxford Reference describes cultural appropriation as: "A term used to describe the taking over of creative or artistic forms, themes, or practices by one cultural group from another."

An example might be a person who is not Native American wearing a Native American headdress as a fashion accessory. For example, Victoria's Secret was heavily criticized in 2012 after putting a model in a headdress reminiscent of a Lakota war bonnet, according to . These headdresses are laden with meaningful symbolism, and wearing one was a privilege earned by chieftains or warriors through acts of bravery, according to the Khan Academy. The model also wore turquoise jewelry inspired by designs used by Zuni, Navajo and Hopi tribes in the desert Southwest, illustrating how cultural appropriation can lump together tribes with very different cultures and histories into one stereotyped image.

More recently, in 2019, Gucci faced a similar backlash for selling an item named "the indy full turban" which caused considerable anger from the Sikh community, according to . Harjinder Singh Kukreja, a Sikh restaurateur and influencer, wrote to Gucci on Twitter, stating: "the Sikh Turban is not a hot new accessory for white models but an article of faith for practising Sikhs. Your models have used Turbans as 'hats' whereas practising Sikhs tie them neatly fold-by-fold. Using fake Sikhs/Turbans is worse than selling fake Gucci products."

Constant change

No matter what a culture looks like, one thing is for certain: Cultures change. "Culture appears to have become key in our interconnected world, which is made up of so many ethnically diverse societies, but also riddled by conflicts associated with religion, ethnicity, ethical beliefs, and, essentially, the elements which make up culture," De Rossi said. "But culture is no longer fixed, if it ever was. It is essentially fluid and constantly in motion."

This makes it difficult to define any culture in only one way. While change is inevitable, most people see value in respecting and preserving the past. The United Nations has created a group called The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to identify cultural and natural heritage and to conserve and protect it. Monuments, buildings and sites are covered by the group's protection, according to the international treaty, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. This treaty was adopted by UNESCO in 1972.
Additional reporting by Live Science Contributors Alina Bradford, Stephanie Pappas and Callum McKelvie.

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Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music and is different all over the world.

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Technology has evolved to the point where people can use it wirelessly around the world with the use of WIFI. The online web helps people connect all around the world and makes connectivity with people easier with Facetime. The use of tech also helps with production of products such as shirts or food to be distributed and shipped all around the world.

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How We Did This

Why A T-Shirt?

We wanted to see the hidden world behind clothes sold in this country, so we decided to make a T-shirt. We wanted to make an ordinary shirt like the vast majority of the shirts sold in this country - not organic cotton, not hand-sewn in the United States.

To figure out how many shirts to make, and to raise money to pay for them, we turned to Kickstarter. Our goal was to sell 2,000 shirts. In the end, we sold 25,000.

(Thanks again to everyone who ordered a shirt. Really. Amazing. We couldn't have done it without you!)

Why A Squirrel?

The design on the shirt, a squirrel hoisting a martini glass, is a visual pun: a reference to the phrase "animal spirits" made famous by the economist John Maynard Keynes.

As Planet Money's David Kestenbaum put it recently: "Keynes' idea was that there's more to the markets than just numbers; there are people and emotions making decisions. And to the extent that we are finding the human element in the very dry subject of economics, it's actually perfect for us."

10 Reporters, 3 Continents, 1 Archipelago

We flew drones over Mississippi. We got mugged in Chittagong, Bangladesh. We met people whom we'll never forget - the actual people who make our clothing. At every location we had radio reporters and videographers.

More T-Shirt Stories!

Good news: We have more T-shirt stories than we could fit on this site.

For more, subscribe to the Planet Money podcast.

A Little Help From Our Friends

Adam Davidson, Planet Money co-founder, came up with the idea of doing this project in the first place more than three years ago.

We were inspired a lot by a book: The Travels Of A T-shirt In The Global Economy. In fact, we hired the author, Pietra Rivoli, to be an adviser on the project. She's a professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University.

Bawen, Indonesia: Jess Jiang faces the classic producer's dilemma: One machine tells a story. A thousand create a racket.

After several years of trying and failing to make a T-shirt from scratch, we finally found some help from Jockey Corp. Marion Smith, the director of global sourcing for Jockey, was patient with us on the phone. (T-shirts are knitted, not woven. They're made from something that looks like thread but is called yarn.) Eventually, Jockey agreed to sell us T-shirts - and, more important, to let us follow the creation of those shirts.

The Planet Money T-shirts are made of fabric that Jockey's textile experts developed. They're based on a design pattern Jockey uses for its own T-shirt line. Jockey introduced us to its suppliers in Bangladesh and Colombia, and those suppliers agreed to assemble our shirts. And Jockey designers helped us pick out the colors for our shirts.

Credits

EXECUTIVE PRODUCER: Alex Blumberg

PROJECT ADVISER: Pietra Rivoli/McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University

MANAGING PRODUCERS: Kainaz Amaria, Brian Boyer and Joshua Davis

PLANET MONEY: Quoctrung Bui, Zoe Chace, Jacob Goldstein, Jess Jiang, Caitlin Kenney, David Kestenbaum, Marianne McCune and Robert Smith

VIDEO DIRECTOR: Joshua Davis

MULTIMEDIA PRODUCERS: Kainaz Amaria, Joshua Davis, and Claire O'Neill

PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO: Kainaz Amaria, Nacho Corbella, Joshua Davis, David Gilkey, Eric Helton, James Jensen, Soren Jensen, Katie Hayes Luke and David Nevala

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: Jeremy Bowers, Danny DeBelius, Alyson Hurt and Wes Lindamood ( Source code on GitHub)

WRITER: Jacob Goldstein

COPY EDITING: Janey Adams, Stephanie Federico, Avie Schneider and Susan Vavrick

ADDITIONAL PRODUCTION: Phia Bennin, Anirvan Ghosh, Frank Hernandez, Seth Maxon, Melissa Melvin-Rodriguez, Molly Messick, Eileen Mignoni, Urmila Ramakrishnan, Tiffany Salone and Alejandra Vengoechea

MOTION GRAPHICS: Suzanne Batmanghelichi and Adam Cole

SOUND EDITING: Drew Kennedy

LEGAL: Ashley Messenger and Brian Rideout

T-SHIRT ILLUSTRATOR: Bob Bianchini

ARCHIVAL VIDEO: AP Archive, U.S. Department of Agriculture ( via archive.org)

MUSIC:
"The Journey," "Goldengrove v2," "Wallflower" (Keith Kenniff/Unseen Music)
"Fire Ignorance," "Anthem" (Tyler Strickland)
"Club Coolada" (Cream Dream/Crash Symbols)
"Shade of Music" (Elias Music Library/Getty Music Library)
"B&G's" (Bela R. Balogh and Gabe Leavitt/3 Leg Torso)
"Stay Golden" (Au Revoir Simone/Moshi Moshi Records)
"Mirrors" (Crocodiles/Fat Possum Records)

SPECIAL THANKS: Coburn Dukehart; Jeffrey Silberman/Fashion Institute of Technology
Published December 2, 2013
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The world behind a simple shirt, in five chapters.

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Tech has evolved to the point where it can perform multiple tasks such as tell the time and weather, has a map and a compass, and provides entertainment services such as movie streaming, access social media, and play games. In my day to day life I use my phone to tell the time and the weather so I can tell what I should wear for the day depending on the temperature, I can also access a map that will lead me to a location I am going to and tell me the traffic of the area.

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Culture is important and matters because it shaped who we are and what we believe in and values. A person's identity or identity factors may come from their culture and their beliefs because everybody has a different culture and identity. For example, since I was born in Serbia I speak Serbian and am a Christian because of where I was born and raised.

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Different cultures or different religions may have different celebrations and may celebrate national holidays differently. For example, In Serbia on christmas January 7th, we would roast a pig over an open fire and have all kinds of meat such as pork, steak, sausages, cevapi, and all kinds of breads, salads, and drinks. Also, for easter on April 16, we would pain eggs in different kinds of colors and then hit them against each other to see which one cracks first.