# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The Wiener Werkstätte (first graphic design agency) – 1903

# data[].attributes.body
With more and more companies recognising the benefit of graphic design, it was just a matter of time before the first graphic design agency emerged. That honour belongs to Austria’s Wiener Werkstätte, an organisation that contributed to design style and business.

# data[].attributes.body
The Arts & Crafts movement was a response to the rose of the Industrial Revolution. The practitioners of this movement did not believe in machine use, but the connection with artwork should be through handcraft. Arts & Crafts movement involved Gothic typeface, medieval and “the importance of nature as inspiration”. One of the pioneers and the most famous artist of this movement was William Morris.

# data[].attributes.body
Bauhaus originated from Staatliches Bauhaus,  a German school of design established by architect Walter Gropius. Bauhaus was the hub for Europe’s most experimental creatives. The Bauhaus movement was a combination of the Arts & Crafts movement and modernism that honoured design functions.

# data[].attributes.body
Dada Art Movement

Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in Zurich in negative reaction to the horrors and folly of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature (Tate, 2021).

“Dada was also anti-bourgeois and had political affinities with the radical left (Tate, 2021).

The founder of dada was a writer, Hugo Ball (Tate, 2021)

# data[].attributes.body
The practitioners of this movement aimed for a better human experience. They tried to find the beauty and the liberation of the mind by the power of the unconscious and dreams. The features of Surrealism include bizarre and illogical objects placement and juxtaposition, dream-like scenes, and distorted figures and biomorphic shapes. René Magritte was the prominent artist of this movement.

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1920s New Typography movement brought graphics and information design to the forefront of the artistic avant-garde in Central Europe. The movement was organized around these principles asymmetric balance of elements, content designed by hierarchy, intentional white space utilization, and sans serif typography

New Typography Movement was a response to new printing technologies that allowed designers to break free from the confines of the tradition typecase.

Typographers and printers adapted this way of working for a huge range of printed matter, from business cards and brochures to magazines, books, and advertisements.

# data[].attributes.body
Art Deco movement manifested a wide range of visual arts: architecture, painting, and sculpture to the graphic and decorative arts. Similar to Art Nouveau, Art Deco’s artists tried to infuse design functions with artistic expression. Art Deco had symmetrical, geometric, streamlined, often simple, and pleasing to the eye features. Art Deco’s products involved a variety from luxury to mass-produced. A.M Cassandre was one of the famous artists of this movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Times New Roman was created and commissioned in 1931

Times New Roman new typeface. Released by the British newspaper The Times in 1931 and created by Stanley Morison and Victor Lardent

Because it was used in a daily newspaper, the new font quickly became popular among printers of the day.

Since then typesetting devices have evolved, but Times New Roman has always been one of the first fonts available for each new device

# data[].attributes.body
Paul Rand was considered one of the most excellent graphic designers of the 20th century. The book Thoughts on Design shaped graphic designs into their current form with modernism and post-modernism. The book explained Rand’s philosophy in creating layout- “an ideal balance between a logo looking good and communicating its points effectively.”

# data[].attributes.body
New York School / Abstract Expression Movement

A new vanguard emerged in the early 1940s, primarily in New York, where a small group of loosely affiliated artists created a stylistically diverse body of work that introduced radical new directions in art—and shifted the art world’s focus from Europe to New York, America.

In 1947, Pollock developed a radical new technique, pouring and dripping thinned paint onto raw canvas laid on the ground (instead of traditional methods of painting in which pigment is applied by brush to primed, stretched canvas positioned on an easel).

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Swiss Style emerged into America culture

# data[].attributes.body
The 1950s was the post-war era, so designers developed a sense of idealism. Solid and vibrant colours were used to convey satisfaction and wealth; There were no warnings on cigarette packs. Women loved to do household chores in pearls and heels. It was a period of “perkiness.” Swiss Style was a choice for many designers to rebuild and reconstruct, making things more open and democratic. Swiss Style (aka international typographic style) involves cleanliness, readability and objectivity. Helvetica was born during this time to respond to the need for rational typefaces that can be applied to all kinds of current information.

# data[].attributes.body
Pop Art Movement

Pop art started in the United Kingdom in the 1950s amidst a postwar socio-political climate where artists turned toward celebrating commonplace objects and elevating every day to the level of fine art (The Art Story, 2012). They looked at graphic design with Hollywood movies, advertising, product packaging, pop music and comic books for their imagery and this mainly attracted the youth (Tate, 2017).

# data[].attributes.body
An art style influenced by the usage of drugs, especially LSD, with typical designs featuring abstract swirls of intense colours with curvilinear calligraphy reminiscent of Art Nouveau. The psychedelic style influenced popular culture: music, fashion, art, literature and philosophy. A prominent graphic designer of this era could be Wes Wilson. He was known for inventing and popularising a psychedelic font around 1966 that made the letters look like they were moving or melting.

# data[].attributes.body
Artists for peace and against War (Vietnam War)

The 60’s explosion of posters, created the perfect preamble for a very different imagery: the political posters that flooded the different cities of the United States, mostly against the Vietnam War. Protests against the Vietnam War increased at the end of the 60’s and with them the amount of visual images. The graphics were more realistic, more aggressive and with direct, clear and concrete messages.

Poster 'Make Love Not War' 1967 Welsser; Tarrot Press (Los Angeles).

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Punk became the voice for the youth (1970s)

# data[].attributes.body
Punk first exploded in the 1970s, carrying the youthful, rebellious and anger of teenagers around that time towards “the tyranny of society and the disenfranchisement of youth.” Punk gave birth to the Do-it-yourself (DIY) ethos and used aggressive colours, collages, and experimental photography to become the punk movement's signature. Punk was also a part of Postmodernism- a reaction to the Modernism movement. Jamie Reid was the creator of “Ransom note.” By cutting the letters from magazines and newspapers, collaging them to be photographed.

# data[].attributes.body
Post modernism

Postmodernism is an eclectic, colourful style of architecture and the decorative arts that appeared from the late 1970s and continues in some form today. It emerged as a reaction to Modernism and the Modern Movement and the dogmas associated with it.

# data[].attributes.body
A movement born of the 1980s Acid House scene, the rave culture had a massive impact on the graphic design scene. Following the Punk movement’s footsteps, 90s Rave was all about anti-design. The cyberpunk and psychedelia surrealism visuals were what made up the movement. The type was brash and bold, colours a retina-burning neon, and imagery- like the sounds and samples pervading the scene- delinquently cut and pasted together. George Georgiou was the pioneer of the 90s Rave flier. He was commissioned by Shoom- the trendsetter of Acid House.

# data[].attributes.body
1984 Apple’s first generation Macintosh computer

Apple introduced first Macintosh -a user friendly computer based on MAC OS with graphical interface. This became the first computer that was greatly popular with common population. Most importantly this started a Digital Revolution - a climax change in graphic design. Computers since then became major tool in designing graphics.

# data[].attributes.body
Y2K (the year 2000 problem), also known as Kaybug, “referred to potential computer problems which might have resulted when dates used in computer systems moved from the year 1999 to the year 2000.”  Y2K movement involved 2D art for thick lines, bold minimalism, and heavy use of iconography and 3D art for shiny, chrome texture. Y2K is also famous for its typography. Y2k fonts featured bold outlines with bubble types.

# data[].attributes.body
Adobe Photoshop—first released in 1990
Even on its own changed the face of graphic design. Photo manipulation created a whole new subcategory of graphic design, blending together elements of photography, illustration, and CGI.

# data[].attributes.body
The Grunge movement was popularised during the 2000s with the inspiration of heavy rock metal. The rawness and edgy features were about grunge. There are no rules to the action, but standard features such as gritty textures, layered photography, torn edges, hand-drawn doodles, and distressed fonts were usually seen in Grunge. Jean- Michael Basquiat was one of the participants of the movement in painting. In graphic design, “Ray Gun” by David Carson was spoken out of Grunge. The alternative rock-n-roll magazine, with its visual directed by David Carson, was prominent during the 2000s.

# data[].attributes.body
Modern Graphic Design

From the year 2000 and to present, graphics has introduced advanced and complex applications. It also introduced ideas for creating mesmerising and cleverly thought of designs to promote businesses and events. This design approach presently has introduced the concepts of modern-day PhotoShop. The style compounds separate images to create unique masterpieces unique to a set business.

# data[].attributes.body
The 20th century was really all about the internet. Thus, the graphic design movement has adapted itself to the wave with flat design movement. Web designers showcase their skills with clean, minimalist and no dept illustrations and animations that attract a lot of attention. A flat design approach that emphasises usability. Clean, open space, crisp edges, bright colours and two-dimensional illustrations are common features of the Flat style. Adam Bosley is an illustrator who specialises in illustrating characters that inspire by 1950s cartoons.

# data[].attributes.body
3D Printing

3D printers have been around since the 1980’s but now days it has become very popular with designers because the prices of 3D printers have declined dramatically, making them more available to the general public. Along with the cheaper prices the quality and ease of printing also increased. You can design your own model and 3D print your design in your own home or pay for a service for it to be printer.