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Technique for manufacturing protective excuses ahead of time to prevent possible failure in the future

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one of the effects of stereotypes. refers to an expectation that causes people to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

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women in maths, This study demonstrates that even when participants have the same ability in maths, gender stereotypes can negatively affect performance.

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participants were placed in a situation where they could be found to conform to a stereotype. Black participants scored worse when told it was a test of intellectual ability.

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when stereotyped this effect causes emotional distress and pressure that may undermine performance. Students under the stereotype threat often under-perform and this can naturally limit their educational prospects

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It refers to the idea that people are sometimes either at risk or feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes about themselves. So, a man may not communicate his feelings well if he's aware of the stereotype that men are bad at being in touch with and communicating their emotions.

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the idea that humans have a tendency to create a relationship between two unrelated variables, like ethnicity and academic ability or gender and careers, and form a stereotype through gatekeepers, grain of truth, schemas and many other reasons.

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Social cognitive theory suggests that stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination are learned through the observation and imitation of role models such as parents and teachers. (bandora bobo doll research) Bandura's social cognitive theory gives a more precise explanation of social learning, so it can be understood that if discrimination by a role model is observed. But stereotypes are not always imitated and individuals always have some level of choice.

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Stereotypes have a wide range of influences on human behaviour. They can lead to biases, distortion and generalisations, and they can unconsciously affect judgement and memory (which in turn affect behaviour).

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Prejudice: preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

Bias: cause to feel or show inclination or prejudice for or against someone or something

Effect on a social aspect:
Influences actions and decisions based on how we perceive an individual leading to how we interact with them and categorize them.

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Investigated the illusory correlation causing the distinct image of minorities. Throughout the study there was no correlation between group memories however the minority group received more negative attributes due to the fact that both factors are distinct causing them to stick out from the rest.

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Stereotype is formed from an element of truth based on experience which is then used to form a stereotype.  E.g. the idea that stereotypes are an exaggeration of a ‘grain of truth’. Related to the Illusory correlation.

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Is a study that tested the categorisation of social groups and how that affects how one perceives others. The participants already had a preconception of the individuals and created questions that emphasized their grouping of the individual. This represents how we make in-groups and out-groups by categorizating individuals.

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This suggests that an individuals behaviour depends on the group context, individuals tend to behave in similar ways to others in their in-group

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The process in which we categorize ourselves and others into certain groups.

effect: By categorizing it simplifies our thinking and how we perceive our society by creating groups and structure to individuals in our society.

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what are stereotypes?

Stereotypes is a fixed generalization about a specific group of people

Effects: This causes the idea that a whole group of people have the same characteristics and leads to bias and prejudice in our cognition.

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When we use stereotypes to define groups and their members, and these stereotypes become part of the norm, through culture - perpetuated through the media, family, or community. E.g. British are reserved.