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Push factor:

Rural areas have lesser schools , meaning that they will have lesser chances to attend school and their education level will also be very low and cannot persue higher education. The schools there have poor infrastructure and run down schools and they have cannot persue higher education and they have limited course options. They will have no choice to move.

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In the rural area there is little opportunity for education, students who want to have a good education does not have the opportunity to do so as there is limited resources such as textbooks, lack of teachers and knowledge. This is one of a push factor which lead to many students not wanting to live in the rural area.

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Min Xuan, Scarlett, Sera - Facilitates and Amenities 

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Min Xuan, Scarlett, Sera - Facilitates and Amenities 

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The poor healthcare system is not sufficient repels the person from staying in the Rural area. There is a lack of medication and treatments available especially for serious medical issues which specialised treatment.

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rural areas have less facilities available and they might be very inconvenient to access. this is a push factor that may repel people from staying in the urban area.

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Min Xuan, Scarlett, Sera - Facilities and Amenities 

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Min Xuan, Scarlett, Sera - Facilities and Amenities 

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There is a good healthcare system with easily accessible medication and treatments available. There is also a wide range of entertainment such as shopping malls and cinemas. These facilities and amenities attract people to go the urban areas.

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In the urban area, there are so many schools available. They have schools that specialise in specific subjects and topics that can widen knowledge and share them with their family members. They could use that knowledge to upgrade their farming methods and houses. In the urban area, you can also get degrees in certain subjects. Thus widening job opportunities as well.

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In the rural area, a lot of time is spent working, doing either farming or harvesting plants or looking after the animals. The job is tiring and there is not enough time to do other things after working for the whole day.

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pull factors for job salary

the urban area has jobs that offer a much higher salary than jobs in the rural area.

the urban area has fixed salaries, so they can feel more secure in what they earn.

the urban area offers many job markets, which gives them diverse options of what they can do to earn money.

jobs in the urban area can give promotions to the worker if they do a job well enough

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urban areas have more facilities that are better maintained and are much more convenient to access. this is a pull factor regarding the amenities and facilities that will attract more people to move to the urban area

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Chloe, Sophia, XinYu, Harmony - Jobs: Salaries

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Chloe, Sophia, XinYu, Harmony - Jobs: Salaries

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Push Factor: In rural area the salary is very low as rural areas have fewer large companies, factories or high paying industries. Rural areas instead have more traditional jobs, like agriculture or mining, that are not high paying and provides a small salary.

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Rural: People living in rural areas live slow-paced lifestyles, causing days to go by slowly— resulting in boredom and a hunger for a faster-paced life.

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In the urban area, there are much more opportunities for education than in the rural areas. The schools there have good amenities such as whiteboard and visualiser for students to have a good education where they can learn properly. They have higher education from more skilful and knowledgeable teachers which can allow them to have a good job when they are older. There are also many schools for them to choose from which can meet their education. These pull factors can attract more students to live in the urban area for and ideal education opportunity.

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The people living in rural areas have to work very hard just to earn a living with very little freedom to do what they want. They spend most of their time working, farming, harvesting or mining things which are all very tiring jobs leading to very little time spent with family as well.

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push factor: people living in the rural area spend their days planting, farming, harvesting and taking care of livestock. this lifestyle is very slow paced and repetitive, which can be too tiring. there are limited leisure and entertainment options and

very limited access to modern technology.

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Sarah Pon - Push factors from the source (Education) 

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Sarah Pon - Push factors from the source (Education) 

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When in a rural area, the education there is very limited. The number of schools, education supplies like textbooks, that they have are only limited. The students only have opportunities to study at most primary and secondary school. Without having any further studies, the students are limited to pursue their further studies that would affect their future. They want to study at a higher level, work, and pursue their goals. However, it’s not possible in the rural area.

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Jiayi, Angel, Tiffany, Caitlyn

Urban areas offer many different kinds of jobs that are not usually found in the countryside. There are factories, offices, shops, and restaurants where a young person can learn new skills. They can work in schools, hospitals, banks, or technology companies

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Push factor:

In rural areas, there is a very low level of education available for people pursue, due to a lack of schools, resources and professional teachers. Only by moving to urban areas, then they can pursue a higher level of education, like college, specialised courses and university.

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In rural areas, the residents usually work manual jobs such as farming and fishing to provide, however, these jobs are physically demanding and hence some will want to move out to work in areas where the jobs do not require the person to do a lot of labour. In addition, residents in rural areas usually live a slower paced life that is considered simple. Hence, many young people want to move to urban areas where it’s more fast paced as they consider rural areas to be boring.

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In the rural area, there is no more things to learn. The students are already smarter than the teachers and no one in town can teach the students on the topics they are passionate about learning. There are lesser schools, lower education and not enough knowledge to be taught. The students are not able to use the things they have learnt in school since it is mere basic knowledge.

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Pull factors:

In urban areas, there are more schools especially those teaching higher education. Since they are very smart, they can persue higher education. The schools there have better teachers and also better amenities like well equipped library.

Furthermore there is a better educational opportunities like a wider range of courses and they have access to the top schools in that urban area.

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Urban areas offer a faster-paced lifestyle, with a better social life, and the thrill of bright city lights create excitement, along with late-night shops. The urban areas have more to offer in terms of entertainment and more people to meet and socialise with. With a fast-paced lifestyle such as this, there will be more sense of productivity amidst busy days.

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In rural areas, jobs are mostly in primary and secondary industries like farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. These jobs are often physically demanding, with limited variety. This leads to higher competition for a small number of job types. People who are unable to do hard physical work—for example, those with health issues—may struggle to find suitable employment. As a result, job opportunities in rural areas are more limited and less accessible to everyone.

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In rural areas, there are often limited job opportunities available. This leads to higher competition for a small number of occupations, making it difficult for many people to secure stable employment. Many of the jobs offered involve physical labour, which can be unsuitable for those with health issues. As a result, the lack of diverse and accessible employment options pushes rural residents to move to urban areas in search of better work prospects.

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Examples (Charis, Pearl, Leyna, Ashley, Ella)

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Examples (Charis, Pearl, Leyna, Ashley, Ella)

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In the rural area, there are fewer job opportunities which require more manual labour. They need to work harder but do not earn as much money as compared to a corporate job in the urban area. The rural area also provides a lower salary despite harsh working conditions. The buildings are also further away from each other which requires more travel time and distance. The lack of access to healthcare also causes worsened medical treatment for sick people. The crime rate may also go up and cause the area to be more dangerous due to lack of manpower in law enforcement and slower response time.

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Pull factor:

In urban areas, they are very developed, providing facilities and resources such as schools, textbooks and qualified teachers to provide high levels of education, such as university. Many schools provide different focuses, allowing them to choose a school based on their interests and needs. By moving to urban areas, it would be easier to be able to pursue a higher level of education.

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pull factors: people living in rural areas are used to working everyday, but in the urban area, it offers an abundance of amenities for leisure and rest such as movie theatres and parks. the bustling city life offers energetic, lively, and crowded atmosphere of a city, characterised by constant movement, activity, and a high level of social interaction. It implies a vibrant environment where there is a lot happening at once, offering a sense of excitement and urgency.

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They can buy many things that is only available in the urban area, like handphones. They can go online and be more involved with using technology in today’s modern world. There are also more leisure activities that they can enjoy in their free time, like going to places and meeting up with friends, and they can meet more people here as well, so they feel more connected.

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Many people move to urban areas because there are more types of jobs available. In cities, people can work in offices, shops, hospitals, schools, factories, and even in technology or media. There are jobs for different skills, not just hard physical work like in the countryside. This means people have more choices and a better chance to find a job they like or are good at. Urban jobs also often pay better and offer chances to learn new things or get promoted.

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in the rural areas, there are only primary and secondary industries. This increases the competition between the people in the rural areas as their jobs are mainly fishing, and farming. Additionally, if people have disabilities, they may not be able to do such physical labour, and will be unemployed. Whereas in urban areas there is a wide variety of jobs available, so they will be able to find the jobs that suit them best.

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In the urban area, they provide students with higher, specialised education that the rural are does not. The urban area has many more schools, education supplies, that would help the students to further study their interests. They have more education paths and courses that the students can select from based on their interests. This shows that the urban area cares more about what the students want when it comes to education unlike the rural areas where they just give limited education choices. In addition, the education system allows students to increase their chances of pursuing a better career with all these doors open for their further studies and future.

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Urban areas offer a wider range of job opportunities across various industries. There is generally less competition for each position because there are more roles available. Many urban jobs do not require physical labour, making them more suitable for people of different ages and abilities. This variety and accessibility of work attract people from rural areas to move to the city for better employment prospects.

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Examples (Ashley, Ella, Pearl, Leyna, Charis)

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Examples (Ashley, Ella, Pearl, Leyna, Charis)

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Job opportunities:

There is a large variety of jobs compared to the rural area. This allows the person moving to have a lot of choices and allows them to be able to do the work they want to do. The jobs in urban areas also have provide a higher salary and are more stable.

Amenities:

Many amenities are close to each other so it is very convenient. There is also a lot more healthcare that is available so it is easier to access