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Name 3 types of farm machinery and provide an image of each.

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Name 3 types of farm machinery and provide an image of each.

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Insecticides are chemical substances used to kill or control insects

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This page includes an introduction to the insecticides module,lists of insecticides as candidate causes, ways to measure insecticides, simple and detailed conceptual diagrams for insecticides, and insecticide references and literature reviews.

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a chemical that usually kills unwanted plants in farming, such as weeds and invasive species.

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Herbicide, an agent, usually chemical, for killing or inhibiting the growth of unwanted plants- i.e., weeds. ( See weed.) In the past, sea salt, by-products of chemical industries, and various oils were used as weed killers. Late in the 19th century the selective control of broad-leaved weeds among cereal crops came into practice. The central development in modern weed control was the introduction in 1945 of so-called organic herbicides; they were revolutionary in that their high toxicity allowed for effective weed control at very low dosages-about 1-2 percent of the dosage rates of such earlier weed killers as carbon disulfide, borax, and arsenic trioxide.

herbicide© Buquet Christophe/Shutterstock.com

Modern weed killers are put in two categories: selective (affecting specific plant species) and nonselective (affecting plants generally). These, in turn, are classified as foliage-applied and soil herbicides. Contact herbicides ( e.g., sulfuric acid, diquat, paraquat) kill only the plant organs with which they are in contact. Translocated herbicides ( e.g., amitrole; picloram; 2,4-D) are effective against roots or other organs to which they are transported from aboveground treated surfaces ( i.e., soil). With respect to planting time, herbicides are also classified as preplant, preemergence, or postemergence weed killers. Preplant herbicides may be applied to the soil or to weeds before crop planting.

Certain herbicides ( e.g., sodium arsenite) are sometimes applied by the jar method, whereby the tops of weeds are bent over and immersed in jars of poisonous solution. The herbicide is drawn into the rest of the plant and into connecting plants, gradually killing the entire system. Wild morning glory, poison oak, and camel thorn are sometimes treated in this manner. Chlorinated benzene and certain aromatic solvents are used to control aquatic weeds by adding them directly to the watery medium. See also defoliant.

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Herbicide, an agent, usually chemical, for killing or inhibiting the growth of unwanted plants- i.e., weeds. ( See weed.) In the past, sea salt, by-products of chemical industries, and various oils were used as weed killers. Late in the 19th century the selective control of broad-leaved weeds among cereal crops came into practice.

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Synthetic substances added to soil to provide plants with essential nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium

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the practice of mating individuals with desired traits as a means of increasing the frequency of those traits in a population

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Learn about this topic in these articles:

Assorted References

use in

animal breeding

In

agricultural sciences: Animal sciences
...agricultural animals were subjected to selective breeding to some extent. Modifying livestock and poultry to meet consumer demands requires the application of scientific principles to the selection of superior breeding animals and planned matings. For example, consumers have come to prefer more lean tissue and less fat in meat, and...
Read More

In

animal breeding
Selective breeding involves using knowledge from several branches of science. These include genetics, statistics, reproductive physiology, computer science, and molecular genetics. This article discusses the basic principles of how populations of animals can be changed by application of these principles, and a brief discussion of...
Read More

goldfish
In

aquarium: Historical background
Their selective breeding of ornamental goldfish was later introduced to Japan, where the breeding of ornamental carp was perfected. The ancient Romans, who kept fish for food and entertainment, were the first known
Read More

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Other articles where selective breeding is discussed: zoology: Applied zoology: ...largely as a consequence of selective breeding and improved animal nutrition. The purpose of selective breeding is to develop livestock whose desirable traits have strong heritable components and can therefore be propagated.

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Why are chemical fertilisers used in agriculture?

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Why are chemical fertilisers used in agriculture?

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What are some examples of selective breeding in farming?

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What are some examples of selective breeding in farming?

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Why are herbicides used in agriculture? How do they increase yield?

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Why are herbicides used in agriculture? How do they increase yield?

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Herbicides are used in agriculture to kill any invasive species that compete with the crops, this means the crops have more nutrients and can grow more and faster, increasing the yeild in the same time frame

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Herbicide, an agent, usually chemical, for killing or inhibiting the growth of unwanted plants- i.e., weeds. ( See weed.) In the past, sea salt, by-products of chemical industries, and various oils were used as weed killers. Late in the 19th century the selective control of broad-leaved weeds among cereal crops came into practice. The central development in modern weed control was the introduction in 1945 of so-called organic herbicides; they were revolutionary in that their high toxicity allowed for effective weed control at very low dosages-about 1-2 percent of the dosage rates of such earlier weed killers as carbon disulfide, borax, and arsenic trioxide.

herbicide© Buquet Christophe/Shutterstock.com

Modern weed killers are put in two categories: selective (affecting specific plant species) and nonselective (affecting plants generally). These, in turn, are classified as foliage-applied and soil herbicides. Contact herbicides ( e.g., sulfuric acid, diquat, paraquat) kill only the plant organs with which they are in contact. Translocated herbicides ( e.g., amitrole; picloram; 2,4-D) are effective against roots or other organs to which they are transported from aboveground treated surfaces ( i.e., soil). With respect to planting time, herbicides are also classified as preplant, preemergence, or postemergence weed killers. Preplant herbicides may be applied to the soil or to weeds before crop planting.

Certain herbicides ( e.g., sodium arsenite) are sometimes applied by the jar method, whereby the tops of weeds are bent over and immersed in jars of poisonous solution. The herbicide is drawn into the rest of the plant and into connecting plants, gradually killing the entire system. Wild morning glory, poison oak, and camel thorn are sometimes treated in this manner. Chlorinated benzene and certain aromatic solvents are used to control aquatic weeds by adding them directly to the watery medium. See also defoliant.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Herbicide, an agent, usually chemical, for killing or inhibiting the growth of unwanted plants- i.e., weeds. ( See weed.) In the past, sea salt, by-products of chemical industries, and various oils were used as weed killers. Late in the 19th century the selective control of broad-leaved weeds among cereal crops came into practice.

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Fertilisers supplement natural nutrient cycles and enhance plant growth, increasing crop yields.

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humans began selectively breeding teosinte plants that had greater numbers of kernels, and this practice eventually gave rise to corn

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Learn about this topic in these articles:

Assorted References

use in

animal breeding

In

agricultural sciences: Animal sciences
...agricultural animals were subjected to selective breeding to some extent. Modifying livestock and poultry to meet consumer demands requires the application of scientific principles to the selection of superior breeding animals and planned matings. For example, consumers have come to prefer more lean tissue and less fat in meat, and...
Read More

In

animal breeding
Selective breeding involves using knowledge from several branches of science. These include genetics, statistics, reproductive physiology, computer science, and molecular genetics. This article discusses the basic principles of how populations of animals can be changed by application of these principles, and a brief discussion of...
Read More

goldfish
In

aquarium: Historical background
Their selective breeding of ornamental goldfish was later introduced to Japan, where the breeding of ornamental carp was perfected. The ancient Romans, who kept fish for food and entertainment, were the first known
Read More

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Other articles where selective breeding is discussed: zoology: Applied zoology: ...largely as a consequence of selective breeding and improved animal nutrition. The purpose of selective breeding is to develop livestock whose desirable traits have strong heritable components and can therefore be propagated.

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Machines are used for these farm jobs: preparing land, planting, tending to crops, harvesting, and transporting goods

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dairy farmers have used selective

breeding, nutrition, technology and constant care to

increase the amount of milk a cow can produce.

This has resulted in the U.S. dairy industry produc-

ing 50 percent more milk than in the 1940s, with 62

percent fewer cows

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owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example of a desired trait could be leaner meat or resistance to illness

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A young bull of the Blonde d'Aquitaine breed.

Japanese wagyu bull on a farm north of Kobe

Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk (production)). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef. In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production cycle of the animals starts at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers. While the principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.

Besides breeding to meet the demand for beef production, owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example of a desired trait could be leaner meat or resistance to illness. Breeds known as dual-purpose are also used for beef production. These breeds have been selected for two purposes at once, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beef and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of India such as Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose as well. The original Simmental/ Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime example. Not only are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, but in the past they were also used for draught. However, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into two groups through selective breeding.

Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a herd of cows approximately 55 days after the calving period, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If it was a cow's first time calving, she will take longer to re-breed by at least 10 days. However, beef cattle can also be bred through artificial insemination, depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer so that calving may occur the following spring. However, cattle breeding can occur at other times of year. Depending on the operation, calving may occur all year round. Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities.

Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low-stress environment for their herds, involving constant safety, health, comfort, nourishment and humane handling. According to the Canadian National Farm Animal Care Council, beef cattle must have access to shelter from extreme weather, safe handling and equipment, veterinary care and humane slaughter. If an animal is infected or suspected to have an illness, it is the responsibility of the owners to report it immediately to a practicing veterinarian for either treatment or euthanasia. Depending on a multitude of factors (season, type of production system, stocking density, etc.), illness and disease can spread quickly through the herd from animal to animal. Owners are expected to monitor their cattle's condition regularly for early detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and human health (known as zoonotic) as witnessed with Mad cow disease and Tuberculosis.

On average, cattle will consume 1.4 to 4% of their body weight daily. There is a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, has been through eight editions over at least 70 years ago. The 1996 seventh edition substituted the concept of metabolizable protein for the sixth edition's crude protein. In the 20th century, Canadian practice followed the American guidance. Already in 1970, the Food and Drug Administration was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such as hormones and prophylactic antibiotics.

Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore only experience fresh grass; these are typically cow-calf operations in more tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that contain more grain than the pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture, but the animals grow faster with the higher protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their diet, silage, hay and/or haylage are all viable feed options. Despite this, 3/4th of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle consume each day will be corn. Cattle weighing 1,000 lbs. will drink an average of 41 L a day, and approximately 82 L in hot weather. They need a constant supply of good quality feed and potable water according to the 5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare.

Most beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The first feedlots were constructed in the early 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew so large that they warranted a new designation, " Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Most American beef cattle spend the last half of their lives in a CAFO.

A steer that weighs 1,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg) once the blood, head, feet, skin, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is then hung in a cold room for between one and four weeks, during which time it loses some weight as water dries from the meat. It is then deboned and cut by a butcher or packing house, with the finished carcass resulting in approximately 430 lb (200 kg) of beef. Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, there is a scale of marbled meat used to determine the quality. Marbling is the fat that is within the muscle, not around it. The more marbled a cut is, the higher it will grade and be worth.

Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter handling, stunning, and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter handling: how the animal is treated before it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time can cause adverse effects on the meat, but water access and lower stocking densities have been allowed to minimize this. However, access to feed is restricted for 12-24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the animal is restrained in a chute so movement is limited. Once restrained the animal can be stunned in one of three methods: penetrating captive bolt, non-penetrating captive bolt, and gunshot. Most abattoirs use captive bolts instead of guns. Stunning ensures the animal feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animal's stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The final step is slaughtering. Typically the animal will be hung by its back leg and its throat will be slit to allow exsanguination. The hide will be removed for further processing at this point and the animal will be broken down with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24-48 hours prior to the meat being cut.

Cattle in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso

Cattle farming is one of the most emissive forms of food generation, and least effective uses of land and water as resources. Cattle emit large amounts of methane resulting from their digestive process, and the process of preparing and transporting beef results in a high output of carbon dioxide. Multiple global agencies and governments, including the United Nations, have cited beef production as a primary driver of climate change, and advise that a global reduction in meat consumption should be pursued.

Cattle farming has also been blamed as one of the primary reasons for rapid deforestation in countries such as Brazil and Indonesia, causing habitat loss when deforested land is used either as pasture or to grow feed crop.

A tropically adapted breed, developed from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns.

Australian Braford

Australia

Developed for resistance to ticks and for heat tolerance by crossing Brahmans and Herefords.

Australian Charbray

Australia

Developed by crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases.

Belmont Red

Australia

A composite breed using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn

Black Hereford

Great Britain

A crossbreed produced by crossing a Hereford bull with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beef offspring from dairy cows. Not maintained as a separate breed, although females may be used for further breeding with other beef bulls.

Large, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders.

Crioulo Lageano

Iberian Peninsula

400-year-old longhorn breed with around 700 individuals that live close to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Droughtmaster

Australia

Developed by crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, especially the Beef Shorthorn. Tolerant of heat and ticks.

Red, strong skin pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth rate of calves.

North Devon

Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England

Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns.

Red Sindhi cattle are the most popular of all zebu dairy breeds. In Pakistan, they are kept for beef production or dairy farming.

Shorthorn/Beef Shorthorn

Northern England

Red, red with white back and belly, or white.

Japan

Black Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beef such as Kobe and Matsuzaka.

1. ^ "Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada.

2. ^ Eadie, Jim (May 16, 2017). "Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle". Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020.

3. ^ "Code of practice for the care and handling of beef cattle: Review of scientific research on priority issues" (PDF). Agriculture Canada.

4. ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Eighth Revised Edition (2016)"

5. ^ uaex.edu: "Beef cattle nutrition series - Part 3: Nutrient Requirement Tables" Archived 2020-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture publication MP391

6. ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition: "Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"

7. ^ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef Cattle", p.2 of the 1991 edition

8. [^ https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. G (1970): "Beef cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service

9. ^ Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.

10. ^ "5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018.

11. ^ "The UN says we need to reduce our meat consumption to fight climate change and improve food security". World Economic Forum. 2019-08-09.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk (production)). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef. In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations.

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Describe 3 disadvantages of using chemical fertilisers.

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Describe 3 disadvantages of using chemical fertilisers.

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How has selective breeding improved food production?

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How has selective breeding improved food production?

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Describe 3 disadvantages of using herbicides in agriculture.

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Describe 3 disadvantages of using herbicides in agriculture.

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How do farm machines increase food production?

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How do farm machines increase food production?

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Machines increase efficiency because of time and consistency. Machines allow farmers to cultivate multiple crops per year. Precision agriculture enables precise application of insecticides and fertilisers, minimising waste and maximising yield.

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Describe 3 disadvantages of using agricultural machinery

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Describe 3 disadvantages of using agricultural machinery

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Why are insecticides used? How do they increase yield?

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Why are insecticides used? How do they increase yield?

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Increased unemployment - machines substitute human labour. High fuel and repair costs - machines are costly and require constant repair. Environmental pollution - some machines contribute to air pollution because of exhaust fumes and dust.

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Selective breeding has improved farming, as it has been able to provide more and better quality food, by investing the same amount of nutrients to the plants and food to the animals, it also allowed for larger production of food with half as many animals, as seen for the milk cows in the US

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Crop protection - protect crops from damage caused by insect pests that decrease yield. Maintain crop health - insect pests can spread plant diseases, so insecticides can help maintain overall crop health and prevent the spread of pathogens. Disease Prevention - used to control vectors like mosquitoes like malaria.

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This page includes an introduction to the insecticides module,lists of insecticides as candidate causes, ways to measure insecticides, simple and detailed conceptual diagrams for insecticides, and insecticide references and literature reviews.

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Pesticides, on the other hand, are chemicals used to kill or control pests that can damage crops. These pests include insects, weeds, fungi, and other organisms that feed on crops, reducing their yield. By killing or controlling these pests, pesticides protect crops from damage, thereby increasing their yield

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Raymond - University of Hong Kong: PhD in Molecular Biology

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How do fertilizers and pesticides affect crop yield? | TutorChase

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Need help understanding how fertilizers and pesticides impact crop yield? | TutorChase

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Insecticides help to increase yield as they protect plants from insect damage, which allows them to grow and develop more fully.

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FBN helps family farmers maximize their farm’s profit potential by leveraging technology to reduce the cost of production and maximize the value of crops.

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Describe 3 disadvantages of using insecticides.

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Describe 3 disadvantages of using insecticides.

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Herbicides can be:

expensive to apply

contaminate environment

kill no target organisms

can be toxic to humans

resistance can grow in weeds that are exposed

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Water pollution - fertilisers can run off into rivers causing excessive plant growth and oxygen depletion. Soil degradation - overuse can lead to soil compaction, nutrient imbalances, and soil acidification, increasing the risk of soil erosion. Chemical burn - applying to much leads to chemical burns, which cause yellowing or browning of leaves and root damage.

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A descriptive guide on Artificial Fertilisers, advantages, their harmful effects, as well as their risks.

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Disadvantages of using insecticides are:

can negatively impact environment

can be toxic for humans

insects can develop resistance to the insecticide

can be expensive

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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Pesticides For Pest Control | Dyno-Pest

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Understanding the role of pesticides in agriculture, public spaces, and homes. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this common practise?