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The Scientific Revolution was a time when people started to discover new ways in the world and how nature works.

The Scientific Revolution encouraged doctors to study the human body; dissect bodies and record results.

https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-Revolution

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John Locke believed people have natural rights- life, liberty, and property. The government must protect these rights or people have the right to replace it.

John Locke influenced people to use reason and observation. This idea led to a more scientific approach to medicine.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Locke/Association-with-Shaftesbury

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Isaac Newton discovered the laws of motion and gravity and explained how planets move.

Isaac Newton helped scientists study the human body. His work on the theory of light improved microscopes, which advanced medicine and public health.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton

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Cotton Mather supported the first Smallpox vaccination in the early 1700s.

Cotton Mather helped promote Smallpox Inoculations which helped people survive the disease. He laid the foundation of modern vaccination.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cotton-Mather

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The Enlightenment was a movement of the 17th and 18th century in which Enlightenment Thinkers began to understand the universe.

The Enlightenment established concerns of the roles and benefits of medicine. Enlightenment Thinkers believed that health was natural to the human body which could be protected.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Enlightenment-European-history

https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/medicine-in-society/medicine-in-the-age-of-enlightenment/3EB0105A9093F298A4237FF227441DC9

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Montesquieu was a french philosopher best down for his views on separation of powers.

Montesquieu worked on the theory of physics and anatomy, conducting early anatomical studies.

https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/baron-de-montesquieu/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18348488/#:~:text=Abstract,public%20health%20and%20professional%20diseases.

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Voltaire was a writer, philosopher, poet who played a role in defining the movement called the Enlightenment.

Voltaire was one of the first to experiment with smallpox. He influenced other Enlightenment philosophers to promote smallpox inoculations.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voltaire/

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09677720211010461#:~:text=the%2020th%20century.-,Conclusions,his%20political%20notion%20of%20liberty.

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Benjamin Franklin is known as a Founding Father of the United States who altered the course of American History.

Benjamin Franklin was a medical activist and inventor who mastered smallpox inoculations. He established the first public hospital in the American colonies.

https://benjaminfranklin.yale.edu/about-us/about-benjamin-franklin

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1299336/#:~:text=He%20was%20also%20a%20medical,inventing%20devices%20like%20bifocal%20glasses.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an important Enlightenment thinker who contributed to political philosophy and moral psychology and on his influence on later thinkers.

Rousseau contributed to medicine and public health by his passion with the idea of natural living and hygiene. His ideas later influenced public health movements.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/

https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/sp/2019-sp05120/1067460ar/

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John Hunter was a surgeon and a pioneer of pathological anatomy and was one of the first to approach surgery and medicine.

Hunter transformed the field of surgery from a craft to an experimental science. His work led to a number of discoveries in anatomy and improved surgical and dental procedure for generations.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Hunter-British-surgeon

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-015-2852-x#:~:text=Conclusion,experimental%20surgery%2C%20and%20trigeminal%20neuralgia.

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During the 1700s, smallpox ravaged through the American Colonies and Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

Smallpox inoculations provided the first ever vaccines. This discovery created the foundation of the entire field of immunology.

https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/smallpox-inoculation-revolutionary-war.htm

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The Declaration of Independence was established by Congress and it announced the separation of the 13 colonies from Great Britain.

The Declaration of Independence helped pave the way for a new approach to health by embedding the concepts of human rights.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/declaration

https://www.cato.org/policy-report/march/april-2018/how-enlightenment-gave-us-peace-prosperity-progress#:~:text=The%20Enlightenment%20principle%20that%20we,the%20Enlightenment%20at%20our%20peril.

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The U.S. Constitution established laws, powers, and the structure of government.

The U.S. Constitution allows public health safety like sanitation, disease control, and medicine regulations.

https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm

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The Bill of Rights protects basic civil rights and freedoms like speech, press, and religion.

The Bill of Rights helped public health by protecting individual rights like safety, privacy, and access to adequate treatment.

https://bensguide.gpo.gov/bill-of-rights-1789-91

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The Boston Colonial Sanitation Laws were laws made to keep the city clean and prevent the spread of disease from trash, sewage, and waste.

These sanitation laws showed that cleanliness is important for health. This idea influenced modern medicine and public health.

https://blogs.umb.edu/pumpingstation/category/early-sanitation-in-boston/