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The main cause of climate change is human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) for energy and transportation. This releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

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- The Arctic is losing sea ice each year.
- Australia’s bushfires are becoming more severe.
- The Great Barrier Reef is threatened by bleaching.

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Climate change refers to significant, long-term changes in the global climate. It mainly involves increasing temperatures (global warming) but also includes changes in rainfall, wind patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events.

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- Rise in global average temperatures
- Melting glaciers and polar ice
- More extreme weather (storms, droughts)
- Rising sea levels
- Changes in wildlife and ecosystems

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Besides human influence, some natural factors also affect the climate, such as volcanic eruptions and solar radiation. However, recent rapid changes are mainly due to human action.

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Climate change causes more intense and frequent extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall, floods, hurricanes, and droughts.

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Global warming causes polar ice to melt and the sea level to rise, threatening coastal regions and islands worldwide.

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In Hungary, climate change is leading to hotter summers, more frequent droughts, unpredictable rainfall, and threats to agriculture.

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Climate change impacts every country and region. It requires cooperation from all nations to address the issue. International agreements like the Paris Agreement aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Rising sea levels and extreme weather push some populations to move to safer areas. These climate refugees are an increasing concern globally.

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- Use renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro)
- Drive less or use public transport
- Save energy at home
- Recycle and reduce waste
- Support climate-friendly policies

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Countries must work together to set emissions targets, share technology, and support vulnerable regions. Global organizations coordinate these efforts.

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If we do not act, climate change will worsen. However, with immediate action, we can limit its impact and adapt to new challenges. The future depends on collective efforts!

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Every person can help! Turn off unused lights, eat less meat, cycle or walk, and raise awareness about climate change.

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🌍 General Climate Change Phrases

1. Tackle climate change – to deal with the problem of climate change.
Example: Governments must work together to tackle climate change.

2. Combat global warming – to fight against rising temperatures.
Example: Planting more trees helps combat global warming.

3. A global challenge – a difficult problem the whole world faces.
Example: Climate change is a global challenge requiring cooperation.

4. A pressing issue – an urgent and important problem.
Example: Climate change is the most pressing issue of our time.

5. Raise awareness of climate change – help people understand the problem better.
Example: Schools raise awareness of climate change through projects.

🔥 Causes & Human Impact

6. Burn fossil fuels – use coal, oil, or gas for energy.
Example: Burning fossil fuels releases harmful greenhouse gases.

7. Cut carbon emissions – reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced.
Example: Countries are trying to cut carbon emissions by 50%.

8. Dependence on oil – relying heavily on oil for energy.
Example: Reducing dependence on oil is essential for a cleaner future.

9. Release greenhouse gases – let gases like CO₂ into the atmosphere.
Example: Factories release greenhouse gases every day.

10. Human activity contributes to climate change – people’s actions make the problem worse.
Example: Scientists agree that human activity contributes to climate change.

🌱 Solutions & Action

11. Switch to renewable energy – change from fossil fuels to green energy sources.
Example: More countries are switching to renewable energy.

12. Promote sustainable development – encourage growth that does not harm the planet.
Example: The UN promotes sustainable development goals.

13. Protect natural resources – keep water, forests, and land safe.
Example: We must protect natural resources for future generations.

14. Take urgent action – do something quickly and seriously.
Example: We need to take urgent action to stop rising sea levels.

15. Go green – make environmentally friendly choices.
Example: Many companies are trying to go green by reducing waste.

🌊 Environmental Effects

16. Rising sea levels – when oceans become higher.
Example: Rising sea levels threaten coastal cities.

17. Extreme weather events – very strong or unusual weather like hurricanes, floods, or droughts.
Example: Extreme weather events are becoming more common.

18. Loss of biodiversity – fewer types of animals and plants surviving.
Example: Deforestation leads to a loss of biodiversity.

19. Melting ice caps – the ice at the poles is disappearing.
Example: Melting ice caps cause sea levels to rise.

20. Food and water shortages – not enough food or clean water.
Example: Climate change could lead to food and water shortages.

🌐 Policy & Global Cooperation

21. Reach an agreement – countries decide together on a plan.
Example: World leaders must reach an agreement on carbon cuts.

22. Meet international targets – achieve the goals set by climate treaties.
Example: Some countries struggle to meet international targets.

23. Set strict regulations – make tough laws about pollution.
Example: The government set strict regulations on factory waste.

24. Environmental protection laws – rules to keep nature safe.
Example: Environmental protection laws must be enforced strictly.

25. Global cooperation is essential – countries must work together.
Example: Global cooperation is essential to solve the climate crisis.

🌟 Everyday Actions

26. Reduce, reuse, recycle – the 3 Rs for protecting the environment.
Example: Children learn to reduce, reuse, and recycle at school.

27. Cut down on waste – produce less rubbish.
Example: We can cut down on waste by avoiding plastic bags.

28. Use public transport – take buses and trains instead of cars.
Example: Using public transport helps lower emissions.

29. Save energy at home – use less electricity and gas.
Example: You can save energy at home by turning off lights.

30. Adopt an eco-friendly lifestyle – live in a way that helps the planet.
Example: Many young people adopt an eco-friendly lifestyle.

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🌍 Causes of Climate Change (B2 Vocabulary List)

🔥 Human Activities

1. Burning fossil fuels – using coal, oil, or gas for energy.
Example: Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide.

2. Industrial emissions – gases released from factories.
Example: Industrial emissions are a major cause of global warming.

3. Deforestation – cutting down trees.
Example: Deforestation reduces the Earth’s ability to absorb CO₂.

4. Agricultural practices – farming methods that produce pollution.
Example: Some agricultural practices release methane into the air.

5. Livestock farming – raising cows, sheep, and other animals that produce methane.
Example: Livestock farming is responsible for a lot of greenhouse gas emissions.

6. Overconsumption of resources – using more natural resources than we need.
Example: Overconsumption of resources puts pressure on the environment.

7. Overpopulation – too many people using land, water, and energy.
Example: Overpopulation increases the demand for fossil fuels.

8. Transportation emissions – pollution from cars, planes, and ships.
Example: Transportation emissions add large amounts of CO₂ to the atmosphere.

9. Waste production – creating too much rubbish.
Example: Waste production adds to methane emissions in landfills.

10. Energy demand – the world’s need for electricity and fuel.
Example: Growing energy demand leads to higher emissions.

🌍 Environmental Factors

11. Soil degradation – damage to soil from farming and chemicals.
Example: Soil degradation reduces the land’s ability to store carbon.

12. Loss of forests – fewer trees to absorb carbon dioxide.
Example: The loss of forests makes climate change worse.

13. Ocean pollution – harmful waste in the sea.
Example: Ocean pollution affects marine ecosystems and reduces their ability to capture CO₂.

14. Mining activities – digging for coal, oil, and minerals.
Example: Mining activities release dust and greenhouse gases.

15. Urbanization – the growth of cities and towns.
Example: Urbanization increases energy use and pollution.

🏭 Greenhouse Gases

16. Carbon dioxide emissions – CO₂ from burning fuels and other activities.
Example: Carbon dioxide emissions are the main cause of global warming.

17. Methane emissions – gas from farming, waste, and industry.
Example: Methane emissions are strong greenhouse gases.

18. Nitrous oxide emissions – gas from fertilizers and industry.
Example: Nitrous oxide emissions also trap heat in the atmosphere.

19. Air pollution – dirty air from smoke, dust, and chemicals.
Example: Air pollution damages health and adds to climate problems.

20. Greenhouse effect – the trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere.
Example: The greenhouse effect is natural, but humans make it stronger.

⚡ Lifestyle & Consumption

21. High energy consumption – using a lot of electricity or fuel.
Example: High energy consumption at home adds to emissions.

22. Single-use plastics – plastics used once and thrown away.
Example: Single-use plastics create waste and pollution.

23. Food waste – throwing away food that could have been eaten.
Example: Food waste increases methane emissions in landfills.

24. Fast fashion industry – cheap clothes made quickly, often polluting.
Example: The fast fashion industry uses a lot of water and energy.

25. Overfishing – catching too many fish, damaging ecosystems.
Example: Overfishing disrupts the balance of ocean ecosystems.

🌐 Systemic & Global Causes

26. Weak environmental laws – not enough rules to protect nature.
Example: Weak environmental laws allow companies to pollute.

27. Lack of renewable energy investment – not enough money for clean energy.
Example: A lack of renewable energy investment slows progress.

28. Global trade and transport – moving goods around the world with ships and planes.
Example: Global trade and transport create large carbon footprints.

29. Dependence on oil and gas – relying heavily on fossil fuels.
Example: Dependence on oil and gas makes it hard to cut emissions.

30. Unsustainable development – growth that damages the environment.
Example: Unsustainable development destroys forests and ecosystems.

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🌍 Consequences of Climate Change (B2 Vocabulary List)

🌡️ Environmental Consequences

1. Rising global temperatures – the Earth becomes hotter over time.
Example: Rising global temperatures are melting glaciers.

2. Melting ice caps – the large areas of ice at the poles are disappearing.
Example: Melting ice caps cause sea levels to rise.

3. Glacier retreat – glaciers get smaller and shrink.
Example: Glacier retreat threatens mountain ecosystems.

4. Sea level rise – the ocean becomes higher and floods land.
Example: Sea level rise puts small islands in danger.

5. Ocean acidification – the sea becomes more acidic from CO₂.
Example: Ocean acidification harms coral reefs.

6. Loss of biodiversity – fewer species of plants and animals survive.
Example: Climate change causes a loss of biodiversity in rainforests.

7. Habitat destruction – animals lose their homes.
Example: Polar bears face habitat destruction due to melting ice.

8. Desertification – land becomes desert because of less rain.
Example: Desertification makes farming difficult in some regions.

9. Soil erosion – soil is washed or blown away.
Example: Heavy rainfall increases soil erosion.

10. Forest fires (wildfires) – large, uncontrolled fires in forests.
Example: Hotter summers lead to more wildfires.

🌊 Weather & Natural Disasters

11. Extreme weather events – very strong or unusual weather conditions.
Example: Extreme weather events are happening more often.

12. Heatwaves – long periods of very hot weather.
Example: Heatwaves put older people’s health at risk.

13. Droughts – long periods without enough rain.
Example: Droughts destroy crops and cause hunger.

14. Flooding – too much water covers land.
Example: Flooding damages homes and roads.

15. Stronger hurricanes – more powerful storms at sea.
Example: Climate change makes hurricanes stronger.

16. Heavy rainfall – very strong and frequent rain.
Example: Heavy rainfall increases the risk of floods.

17. Storm surges – huge waves caused by storms and rising seas.
Example: Storm surges hit coastal cities more often now.

18. Unpredictable seasons – weather patterns change unexpectedly.
Example: Farmers struggle with unpredictable seasons.

19. Changing rainfall patterns – rain falls in new or unusual ways.
Example: Changing rainfall patterns affect water supplies.

20. Longer fire seasons – more months with wildfire risks.
Example: Some countries now face longer fire seasons every year.

👩‍👩‍👧‍👦 Human & Social Consequences

21. Health problems – more diseases and illnesses.
Example: Air pollution causes serious health problems.

22. Food shortages – not enough food for people.
Example: Droughts can lead to food shortages.

23. Water scarcity – not enough clean water.
Example: Millions of people face water scarcity.

24. Climate refugees – people forced to leave their homes because of climate change.
Example: Rising seas create more climate refugees.

25. Economic losses – losing money because of disasters.
Example: Flooding causes huge economic losses every year.

26. Damage to infrastructure – harm to roads, bridges, and buildings.
Example: Storms cause serious damage to infrastructure.

27. Energy shortages – not enough electricity or fuel.
Example: Heatwaves can cause energy shortages due to high demand.

28. Conflicts over resources – fights about water, land, or food.
Example: Conflicts over resources may increase with climate change.

29. Displacement of people – moving because homes are unsafe.
Example: Floods caused the displacement of thousands of families.

30. Threats to tourism – popular places become less attractive or safe.
Example: Rising sea levels are threats to tourism in coastal areas.

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🌱 Measures to Tackle Climate Change (B2 Vocabulary List)

⚡ Energy & Technology

1. Switch to renewable energy – use wind, solar, and water instead of fossil fuels.
Example: More countries should switch to renewable energy.

2. Invest in green technology – spend money on eco-friendly inventions.
Example: Governments are investing in green technology to cut emissions.

3. Improve energy efficiency – use less energy for the same work.
Example: Modern appliances improve energy efficiency at home.

4. Build smart cities – design cities that use energy and resources wisely.
Example: Smart cities reduce waste and pollution.

5. Develop public transport – create better bus and train systems.
Example: Developing public transport reduces traffic emissions.

🌍 Government & Policy

6. Introduce carbon taxes – make companies pay for their carbon emissions.
Example: Some countries have introduced carbon taxes on big polluters.

7. Set emission targets – decide on limits for greenhouse gases.
Example: The EU set strict emission targets for 2030.

8. Ban single-use plastics – stop using disposable plastic bags and bottles.
Example: Many countries banned single-use plastics.

9. Support international agreements – work together with other nations.
Example: Leaders must support international agreements like the Paris Accord.

10. Protect endangered species – create laws to save animals and plants.
Example: New laws protect endangered species from extinction.

🌱 Environmental Protection

11. Plant more trees – increase forests to absorb CO₂.
Example: Communities plant more trees to fight climate change.

12. Stop deforestation – protect forests from being cut down.
Example: Governments must act to stop deforestation.

13. Protect natural habitats – keep animal and plant homes safe.
Example: Protecting natural habitats helps preserve biodiversity.

14. Create nature reserves – special areas where wildlife is safe.
Example: Many countries create nature reserves to protect ecosystems.

15. Restore damaged ecosystems – fix forests, wetlands, and oceans.
Example: Projects are restoring damaged ecosystems worldwide.

🏡 Individual & Community Actions

16. Reduce, reuse, recycle – produce less waste and recycle materials.
Example: Families should reduce, reuse, and recycle every day.

17. Cut down on car use – drive less to reduce pollution.
Example: People cut down on car use by cycling or walking.

18. Save energy at home – turn off lights, use efficient appliances.
Example: Saving energy at home reduces bills and emissions.

19. Eat less meat – lower meat consumption to cut methane.
Example: Eating less meat helps reduce greenhouse gases.

20. Support local products – buy food and goods from nearby.
Example: Supporting local products lowers transport emissions.

🌐 Education & Awareness

21. Raise public awareness – teach people about climate change.
Example: Schools raise public awareness through campaigns.

22. Promote environmental education – include eco-topics in learning.
Example: Promoting environmental education helps young people care for the planet.

23. Encourage eco-friendly lifestyles – motivate people to live sustainably.
Example: Media encourages eco-friendly lifestyles through programs.

24. Share knowledge and technology – countries work together to spread solutions.
Example: Nations must share knowledge and technology to tackle climate change.

25. Promote sustainable consumption – buy only what is needed and waste less.
Example: Promoting sustainable consumption reduces pressure on nature.

🏭 Business & Innovation

26. Develop clean industries – make factories that produce less pollution.
Example: Clean industries provide jobs and protect the environment.

27. Encourage corporate responsibility – companies must act responsibly.
Example: Many businesses encourage corporate responsibility in climate action.

28. Support eco-friendly products – buy goods made with less harm to the planet.
Example: Consumers support eco-friendly products more than before.

29. Invest in sustainable farming – use methods that protect soil and water.
Example: Farmers invest in sustainable farming to protect crops.

30. Adopt green building standards – design houses that save energy.
Example: Green building standards reduce heating and cooling costs.

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Anna: Ugh, it’s so hot today! I feel like I’m living inside an oven.
Ben: Well, that’s global warming for you. Soon we’ll be frying eggs on the pavement.

Anna: Don’t joke! Climate change is serious. We need to take urgent action.
Ben: You’re right. But what can we, two normal people, really do?

Anna: Plenty! For example, we can cut down on car use. Why don’t you cycle to work?
Ben: Cycle? My office is 15 kilometers away. By the time I get there, I’ll look like a roasted chicken.

Anna: Okay, fair point. Then use public transport.
Ben: Hmm, the bus is always late. By the time it arrives, the climate will have already changed.

Anna: Fine! But at least you can reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Ben: I do! I reduce my money, reuse my excuses, and recycle my bad jokes.

Anna: Very funny. No, I mean recycling plastic and paper. And you could save energy at home — like turning off the lights.
Ben: True. My electricity bill is scarier than climate change.

Anna: And maybe try to eat less meat. Livestock farming produces methane.
Ben: Wait — are you saying my burger is destroying the planet?
Anna: Exactly. Your burger has a bigger carbon footprint than your car!

Ben: Wow. Okay, fine, I’ll eat one less burger per week. Baby steps, right?
Anna: Yes! Every action counts. If everyone adopts an eco-friendly lifestyle, we can tackle climate change together.
Ben: Deal. But I’m still keeping pizza. Climate change can’t take that from me.

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Tom: Hey, why are you carrying that strange-looking bag?
Lina: It’s a reusable bag. I’m trying to be more green-minded.

Tom: Green-minded? What’s that, like turning into the Hulk?
Lina: No! It means caring about the environment and making eco-friendly choices.

Tom: Oh, like recycling bottles?
Lina: Exactly! We should all reduce, reuse, and recycle.

Tom: I recycle… sometimes. Mostly pizza boxes.
Lina: Nice try, but greasy pizza boxes can’t be recycled!

Tom: Oops. Okay, what else do green-minded people do?
Lina: They save energy at home by switching off lights, cut down on waste, and use public transport.

Tom: Hah! If I turn off my PlayStation, will that save the planet?
Lina: Maybe not the whole planet, but it will reduce your carbon footprint.

Tom: Hmm, sounds painful. Does it hurt?
Lina: No, silly. A carbon footprint is how much pollution your lifestyle creates.

Tom: Got it. So if I start cycling, use less plastic, and maybe eat less meat, I’ll be green-minded too?
Lina: Yes! You’ll be a superhero for the Earth.
Tom: Can I get a cape?
Lina: Only if it’s made from sustainable materials.