# data[].attributes.body
Title: Jade Cong

Artist: Unknown

Date: 2500 BCE

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Title: Detail of Hall of Bulls

Artist: Unknown

Date: 16,000-14,000 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Royal Standard of Ur

Artist: Unknown

Date: 2600 BCE

creation of wheel and plow

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Flute Player

Artist: Unknown

Date: 2500-1700 BCE

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Title: Krater Vase, from the Dipylon Cemetery,

Artist: Unknown

Date: 750-700 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Sarcophagus, from Cerveteri

Artist: Unknown

Date: 520 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Augustus of Primaporta

Artist: Unknown

Date: 20 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Sarcophagus, Santa Maria Antiqua

Artist: Unknown

Date: 270 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Good Shepherd

Artist: Unknown

Date: 450 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Mihrab dome

Artist: Unknown

Date: 786 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: St. Matthew

Artist: from the Lindisfarne Gospels

Date: 700 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: St. Lintel of west portal, church of Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines

Artist: Unknown

Date: 1020 C

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière

Artist: Unknown

Date: 1170 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: St. Francis Preaching to the Birds

Artist: Unknown

Date: 1290 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Buxheim St. Christopher

Artist: Unknown

Date: 1423 CE

# data[].attributes.body
1. Hall of the Bulls, Lascaux Cave, Dordogne, France. ca. 15,000–13,000 BCE
2. Chinese Horse, Lascaux Cave, Dordogne, France. ca. 15,000–13,000 BCE
3. Rhinoceros, Wounded Man, and Bison, Lascaux Cave, ca15,000–13,000
BCE
4. Wounded Bison. Altamira, Spain. ca. 15,000–10,000 BCE
5. Bear, Recess of the Bears, Chauvet Cave, ca. 30,000–28,000 BCE
6. Hybrid figure with human body and feline head, Germany. ca 30,000 BCE
7. Two Bison, Le Tuc d’Audoubert Cave, Ariège, France. ca. 13,000 BCE
8. Woman of Willendorf. ca. 28,000–25,000 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Megalith: mega stone monument

Cromlechs: Megalith arranged in circles

Post: vertical stone

Lintel: horizontal stone

Mortis: recess joint construction

Tennon: stud joint construction

Menhir: tall upright stone

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Sumerian: ca. 3000 BC

Akkadian: ca. 2000 BC
Babylonian: ca. 1700 BC
Assyrian: ca. 700 BC
Late Babylonian: ca. 600 BC
Persian: ca. 500 BC

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Chinese Horse, Lascaux Cave, Dordogne, France. ca. 15,000–13,000 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
9. Neolithic Plastered skull, from Jericho, Jordan, c. 7000 BCE
10. Dwellings and paintings at Catal Huyuk, c. 6000 BCE
11. Figures from Cernavoda, Romania. ca. 3500 BCE
12. Jade Cong and Bi, c. 2500 B.C.E., 49 cm high, China
13. Stonehenge (aerial view), Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England. ca. 2100
BCE

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Cuneiform: wedge shaped script
Mud bricks: made of clay and straw formed in molds
Cylinder seal: small round engraved cylinders,
typically about one inch in width, used in ancient
times to roll an impression onto wet clay to seal
documents
Heraldic pose: a symmetrical
composition where two
figures are positioned as
mirror images flanking a
central object or figure
Registers: a horizontal band within a composition used to organize
and separate different scenes
Composite view: a way of representing a figure where different parts
of the body are shown from different viewpoints within the same image
Hieratic scale/Hierarchical scale: making important powerful people bigger
Ziggurat: a massive, stepped pyramidal structure built in ancient Mesopotamia, primarily used as a temple to a deity, with a shrine at the top
Stele: vertical stone monument
Lamassu: a protective Mesopotamian sculpture, typically appearing as a winged hybrid creature with the human head of a bearded man and the powerful body of a bull or a lion
Orthostat: upright stone slab on the wall
Column: an upright post, typically round in section, used to support beams
or roofs
Capital: the decorative, crowning member of a column

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Rhinoceros, Wounded Man, and Bison, Lascaux Cave, ca15,000–13,000

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Neolithic Plastered skull, from Jericho, Jordan, c. 7000 BCE

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-Statues from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq ca. 2700-2500 BCE
-Goat in Thicket (Ram and tree), Royal Cemetery of Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq. Ca. 2600 BCE
-Royal Standard of Ur. ca. 2600 BCE
-Bull Lyre, from the tomb of Queen Pu-abi, Ur (Muqaiyir, Iraq, c. 2600 BCE
-Head of an Akkadian Ruler, from Nineveh (Kuyunjik), Iraq. ca. 2250–2200BCE
-Stele of Naram-Sin. r. 2254–2218 BCE
-Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq. ca. 2100 BCE
-Stele inscribed with the Law Code of Hammurabi. ca. 1700 BCE
-Gate of the citadel of Sargon II, Iraq. 742–706 BCE (and lamassu)
-Lion Hunt relief, from the Palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh. ca. 645 BCE
-Neo-Babylonian: Ishtar Gate (restored), from Babylon, Iraq. ca. 600 BCE
-Painted Beaker, from Susa. ca. 4000 BCE
-Bull capital, from Persepolis, c. 500 BCE
-Darius and Xerxes Giving Audience, ca. 490 BCE

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Wounded Bison. Altamira, Spain. ca. 15,000–10,000 BCE

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Dwellings and paintings at Catal Huyuk, c. 6000 BCE

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Statues from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq ca. 2700-2500 BCE

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Prayerful pose

shells for eyes, always watching, always praying

apotropaic device: ward off evil spirits

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Bear, Recess of the Bears, Chauvet Cave, ca. 30,000–28,000 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Figures from Cernavoda, Romania. ca. 3500 BCE

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Goat in Thicket (Ram and tree), Royal Cemetery of Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq. Ca. 2600 BCE

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Hybrid figure with human body and feline head, Germany. ca 30,000 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Stonehenge (aerial view), Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England. ca. 2100
BCE

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Bull Lyre, from the tomb of Queen Pu-abi, Ur (Muqaiyir, Iraq, c. 2600 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Two Bison, Le Tuc d’Audoubert Cave, Ariège, France. ca. 13,000 BCE

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Head of an Akkadian Ruler, from Nineveh (Kuyunjik), Iraq. ca. 2250–2200BCE

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Once had shell eyes

made of bronze

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Woman of Willendorf. ca. 28,000–25,000 BCE

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Limestone

stele: stone marker or monument

depicts Naram-Sin having led a victorious battle on a mountain

he is depicted larger and wears a crown of gods

composite perspective

two suns represent gods

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Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq. ca. 2100 BCE

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Stele inscribed with the Law Code of Hammurabi. ca. 1700 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
-bottom has cuneiform inscriptions on it, Hammurabi's code earliest written law

-made from volcanic stone

-left Hammurabi, right Shamash sun god and god of law

-Shamash has flames a throne is larger represents power

-depicts Shamash giving Hammurabi a ring and scepter, power and divine laws

-composite view

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Gate of the citadel of Sargon II, Iraq. 742–706 BCE (and lamassu)

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-Bull body eagle wings human head

-Intimidate and guard the gate

-legs look stationary from front walking from side

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Lion Hunt relief, from the Palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh. ca. 645 BCE

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Orthostates

-Ba relief or shallow relief

-were once painted

-Only king could hunt lions, showed his power

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Neo-Babylonian: Ishtar Gate (restored), from Babylon, Iraq. ca. 600 BCE

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restored by Nebuchadnezzar II

made of brick and copper for the blue

Lions goddess protection

Bulls god of thunder nature

Dragons god marda patron god of Babylon

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Bull capital, from Persepolis, c. 500 BCE

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Made to be very high up and intimidating, looming

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Darius and Xerxes Giving Audience, ca. 490 BCE

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-Depicts visitors bringing gifts ton the king,

international communication and power

-carved entirely in profile except eyes

-uses hierarchal scale

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Title: Relief Panel of Hesy-ra

Artist: Unknown

Date: 2660 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Predynastic: c. 3000 BC
Old Kingdom: c. 2500 BC
Middle Kingdom: c. 2000 BC
New Kingdom: c. 1500 BC
Amarna Style: c. 1350 BC

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Step Pyramid: terraced pyramid big steps or layers
Canon: A mathematical standard of proportions for representing the human figure in art
Ka: spirit or soul

Mastaba: an ancient Egyptian tomb rectangular in shape with sloping sides and a flat roof

Jewelry words
Cloisonne: “Fenced in” (enamel paste fired inside raised metal strips)
Cartouche: an oval shape used to frame a name

Hypostyle hall: A room with many columns
Sunken relief: a technique in relief sculpture where the image is set within a recessed area
Altar Stele: a small stone shrine for a home or garden
Book of the Dead:

wax perfume cones: the little eggs on people in wall paintings

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Predynastic Period:
Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis. ca. 3150–3125 BCE
Old Kingdom:
Imhotep. Step pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara. ca. 2681–2662 BCE
The pyramids of Menkaure, ca. 2533–2515 BCE, Khafra, ca. 2570–2544 BCE, Khufu, ca. 2601–2528 BCE, Giza, and Khafra, from Giza. ca. 2500 BCE
Menkaure and His Wife, Khamerernebty II, from Giza. Ca. 2515 BCE. Slate
Scribe, from Saqqara. ca. 2400 BCE
Middle Kingdom:
Feeding the Oryxes. Wall painting in tomb of Khnum-hotep, Beni Hasan, ca. 1928-1895 BCE
New Kingdom:
Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1478–1458 BCE
Kneeling Figure of King Hatshepsut, from Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1473-1458
Temple of Ramesses II, Abu Simbel. 19th Dynasty. ca. 1279–1213 BCE
Cover of the coffin of Tutankhamun. 18th
The Weighing of the Heart and Judgment by Osiris, from The Book of the Dead of Hunefer. 1285 BCE
Amarna Period:
Akhenaten and His Family. ca. 1355 BCE
Queen Nefertiti. ca. 1348–1336/35 BCE

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Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis. ca. 3150–3125 BCE

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Palette used for mixing cosmetics this one is ceremonial

central figure(Narmer), larger, composite view, hat hat, beard, tail

-depicts lower Egypt conquering upper Egypt

-back shows decapitation of enemies, leopards form circle indent, bull nocking down city

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Imhotep. Step pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara. ca. 2681–2662 BCE

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-necropolis structure, made of cut stone

-pyramid symbols closer to God, sun

-column symbols death an rebirth

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-death rebirth, pharos become gods after death

-made of cut stone

-small ones for wife and priests

-in order close to far Menkaure, Khafra, Khufu

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Menkaure and His Wife, Khamerernebty II, from Giza. Ca. 2515 BCE. Slate

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Feeding the Oryxes. Wall painting in tomb of Khnum-hotep, Beni Hasan, ca. 1928-1895 BCE

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-Oryxes were caught and kept as pets

-depicts servants (since they are in profile) feeding oryxes

-part of a tomb wall painting

-focused on linework and outline rather than shading or color

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Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1478–1458 BCE

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-connected to the journey of life to death

-mortuary temple more than a tomb

-ramps for carrying barge once a year representing journey of dead

-vertical column walls match the cliffs behind temple

-Hatshepsut was a female king

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Kneeling Figure of King Hatshepsut, from Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1473-1458

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-red granite

-female figure shown with breast, king like shown by beard and head dress

-jars are ma-hat representing order

-kneeling before the gods

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Temple of Ramesses II, Abu Simbel. 19th Dynasty. ca. 1279–1213 BCE

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-Ramesses was the most prolific temple and statue builder

-all 4 seated statues are Ramesses

-little amen Ra god in the middle

-wives are statues at his feet

-inside there are additional column statues of Ramesses

-whole temple and statues were moved in the 1960s

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Cover of the coffin of Tutankhamun. 18th

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-three nested coffins this was the inner most

-solid gold with colored stones like lapiz

-

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The Weighing of the Heart and Judgment by Osiris, from The Book of the Dead of Hunefer. 1285 BCE

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-guy in white (Hunifer) shown traveling to eternal life

-heart is weighed by thoth

-horis take him to anubis the final underworld judge

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-alter stele

-sun rays represent sun god and eternal life

-

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Tuthmosis, Queen Nefertiti. ca. 1348–1336/35 BCE 

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-model reference missing an eye not high resolution model

-made of stone core with plaster layer then painted

-very angular low poly count slice triangles

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fresco: mural painting on freshly laid, wet lime plaster
megaron: big room
rhyton: A ceremonial drinking vessel
Cyclopean masonry: massive, irregular stones fitted closely together without mortar
casemate: hall to hold weapons
corbel arch: an arch-like construction formed by layering stones or bricks that progressively extend inward from each side of the opening until they meet at the top, makes a kind of hallway
corbel vault: an arched, vault-like structure for a roof or ceiling formed by progressively overlapping horizontal layers of masonry or stone, with each course projecting slightly further out than the one below it, until the opposing walls meet at the apex
corbel dome: an architectural structure that resembles a dome but is formed by horizontally layering stones or bricks, with each successive layer extending slightly inward beyond the one below it

Ashlar masonry: stonework composed of precisely cut, rectangular blocks, often used to create smooth, even surfaces in construction

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Amphora
Krater
Volute Krater
Kylix
Column
Capital
Drum
Fluting
Entasis
Triglyphs and Metopes
Frieze
Pediment
Contrapposto
Lost-Wax Bronze Casting
Agora
Acropolis

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Cycladic
Figure, from the Cyclades. ca. 2500 BCE
Harpist, from Amorgos, Cyclades. Latter part of the 3rd millennium BCE
Minoan
Staircase, east wing, “palace” complex, Knossos, Crete
The “Queen’s Megaron,” from Knossos, Crete. ca. 1700–1300 BCE
Spring Fresco, from Akrotiri, Thera. ca. 1600–1500 BCE
Octopus Vase, from Palaikastro, Crete. ca. 1500 BCE
Toreador Fresco, from the palace complex, Knossos, Crete. ca. 1550–1450 BCE
Mycenaean
The Lioness Gate, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1250 BCE
“Treasury of Atreus,” Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1300–1250 BCE
Mask of Agamemnon, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1600–1500 BCE

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-come in different sizes always same proportion and women

-made of marble used to be painted

-found in graves

-purpose unknown, for holding spirit, representing slaves or fertility

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Harpist, from Amorgos, Cyclades. Latter part of the 3rd millennium BCE

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Staircase, east wing, “palace” complex, Knossos, Crete The “Queen’s Megaron,” from Knossos, Crete. ca. 1700–1300 BCE

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-fresco reconstructed to be on the wall

-next to biggest room with partial plumbing

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Spring Fresco, from Akrotiri, Thera. ca. 1600–1500 BCE

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“What resonates deeply with me about the Spring Fresco
is its celebration of nature's rejuvenating power. The
depiction of blooming flora and fauna amidst a rocky
terrain suggests resilience and the triumph of life over
adversity. It's a visual ode to the arrival of spring,
symbolizing hope, growth, and the promise of new
beginnings. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, this fresco
communicates a timeless message of harmony between
humanity and the natural world. The Minoans, through
their art, seem to express a profound reverence for the
cycles of nature, intertwining their lives with the changing
seasons."
Ruby Kormos, Fall 2023

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Octopus Vase, from Palaikastro, Crete. ca. 1500 BCE

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-made in 2 parts and assembled after, circle on face as result

-very good at pottery pieces found in different culture evidence of trade

-this pot has lots of circles

-style called marine style

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Toreador Fresco, from the palace complex, Knossos, Crete. ca. 1550–1450 BCE

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-reconstructed, dark parts are original

-possible spectator sport involving acrobatics on a bull

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The Lioness Gate, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1250 BCE

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-heads missing, used to be attached by dowels

-Minoan columns

-looks like an alter type construction

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“Treasury of Atreus,” Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1300–1250 BCE

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-named from trojan war story, in attempt to prove the stories

-thought to be a tomb

-example of corbel dome, earliest dome architecture

-made with ashlar masonry fitted smooth stones

-

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Mask of Agamemnon, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1600–1500 BCE

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-found in tomb as a death mask

-possibly tampered with, its the only one with facial hair

-definitely not actually Agamemnon

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Geometric Period:
Dipylon Vase, from the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens. ca. 750 BCE
Archaic Period:
Kore (Maiden). ca. 630 BCE
New York Kouros (Youth). ca. 600–590 BCE
Exekias. Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice. Black-figure amphora. ca. 540 BCE
Classical Period
Kritios Boy. ca. 480 BCE
Zeus. ca. 460–450 BCE
Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), copy of an original by Polykleitos. ca. 450-440 BCE
Diskobolos (Discus Thrower, copy of an original by Myron. ca. 450 BCE
Iktinos and Kallikrates. The Parthenon. Akropolis, Athens. 447–432 BCE (plus relief sculptures
from east pediment, metopes from south side, north and east friezes)
Temple of Athena Nike. 427–424 BCE (view from east). Akropolis, Athens
Nike, from balustrade of Temple of Athena Nike. ca. 410–407 BCE
The Erechtheion. 421-405 BCE Akropolis, Athens
Apoxyonmenos (Scraper). Copy of an original by Lysippos, ca. 330 BCE
Hellenistic Period
Apollonius, Boxer at Rest, c. 100-50 BCE
Dying Trumpeter. ca. 230–220 BCE, from Pergamon, Turkey
Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon (restored)
Pythokritos of Rhodes (?). Nike of Samothrace. ca. 190 BCE
Drunken Old Woman. Roman copy of an original of the late 3rd or 2nd cent BCE Laocoön, 1st
century CE

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Dipylon Vase, from the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens. ca. 750 BCE

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Dipylon Vase, from the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens. ca. 750 BCE

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-depicts funeral scene and lots of zigzagging lines

-used as a grave marker

-coloration made by painting, firing in oxygen starved oven then oxidizing baking a soot layer into the paint