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1291: Foundation of the Swiss Confederation

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1291: Foundation of the Swiss Confederation

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The legendary founding of Switzerland begins with the Federal Charter, signed by the three forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. This alliance formed the basis of what would become modern Switzerland, establishing principles of mutual defense and cooperation that still influence Swiss politics today.

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Swiss forces achieved a decisive victory against the Habsburg army, demonstrating the effectiveness of Swiss military tactics and solidifying the confederation's independence. This battle became a symbol of Swiss resistance against foreign domination and helped establish the reputation of Swiss warriors.

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1499: Treaty of Basel - Independence from Holy Roman Empire

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1499: Treaty of Basel - Independence from Holy Roman Empire

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Following the Swabian War, the Treaty of Basel effectively granted Switzerland independence from the Holy Roman Empire. This marked Switzerland's emergence as a truly sovereign nation and set the stage for its future neutrality policy.

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This devastating defeat of Swiss forces by the French marked the end of Swiss expansion and military dominance in Europe. The heavy losses led Switzerland to adopt a policy of neutrality, fundamentally shaping its future role in European politics.

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1648: Peace of Westphalia - Formal Recognition of Neutrality

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1648: Peace of Westphalia - Formal Recognition of Neutrality

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The Peace of Westphalia formally recognized Swiss neutrality and independence from the Holy Roman Empire. This international recognition established Switzerland's unique position in European politics and laid the foundation for its modern neutral status.

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Napoleon's invasion transformed Switzerland into the centralized Helvetic Republic, introducing French revolutionary ideals and modern administrative systems. Though short-lived, this period modernized Swiss institutions and influenced the later federal constitution.

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1815: Congress of Vienna - Perpetual Neutrality

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1815: Congress of Vienna - Perpetual Neutrality

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The Congress of Vienna formally guaranteed Swiss neutrality and established the principle of 'perpetual neutrality' that remains central to Swiss foreign policy today. Switzerland's borders were also finalized, including the addition of Geneva and Valais.

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Following a brief civil war (Sonderbund War), Switzerland adopted its modern federal constitution, creating a stable democratic system that balances cantonal autonomy with federal unity. This constitution established many of the political institutions that govern Switzerland today.

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1863: Foundation of the International Red Cross

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1863: Foundation of the International Red Cross

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Henri Dunant's experience at the Battle of Solferino led to the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva. This humanitarian organization embodies Swiss values of neutrality and care for human welfare, making Geneva a center of international humanitarian law.

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Switzerland became one of the last Western democracies to grant women the right to vote at the federal level. This milestone reflected the country's conservative traditions but also marked an important step toward gender equality in Swiss society.