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What is high culture?

What is an icon, index and symbol?

What is Richard Hoggards view on popular culture?

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Define sub culture?

Who is Mathew Arnold?

What is self esteem?

Who created the cannon?

What is the concentric circle?

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What is self esteem?

Who created the concentric circle theory?

What is a subculture?

What is meant by non verbal communication

What is the johari window theory?

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Q1) define a sub-culture?

Q2) who supported the idea that hight culture could have civilising effect on people?

Q3 who theorists discussed self maintances and strategies?

Q4) who believe, educated people have a taste of high culture?

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Who is Mathew Arnald?

What theorist said i speak through my clothes?

Who created the cannon?

Define sub culture

Define high culture activities

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which theorist said "I speak through my clothes?"

what is the definition of your ideal self?

Who was Mathew Arnold?

Which theorists suggested, that we respond more to negative feedback?

Define sub cultural groups

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1. Who said that high culture is the best that is thought and known?

2. How many stages are there in Laswell's Model?

3. Who explained the theory that people use popular culture for escapism?

4. Who created a hierarchy of needs?

5. Which theorists explored the types of behaviour that confirm or reject the image we have of ourselves

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1. Who is Mathew Arnold?

2. Who created the literary canon?

3. what was Blumler and katz theory?

4. what are the 4 parts of the johari window?

5. what is a convention?

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Who said that ''culture is ordinary''?

What is self concept and which three elements does it consist of?

Who suggested that there are four stages in the life a work of groups?

What is it called when paradigms are combined with other units?

What is a system of beliefs held by society?

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Who created the canon?

Define anchorage.

Define self concept.

Define sub culture.

Define high culture, and what theorist can you link to this?

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http://www.theguardian.com/education/mortarboard/2013/oct/03/why-wear-school-uniform

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http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/may/30/girls-aged-five-worried-about-body-image

Girls from the age of five worry about their body image. They see pictures of celebrities in the media looking ‘perfect’ making them want to be like them. This has caused many girls to develop eating disorders, becoming anorexic. This is very dangerous as it can lead to infertility and potentially to deaths.

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http://uk-foods.co.uk/history-of-the-english-sunday-roast/

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People have tattoos for all sorts of reasons. Such as to show part of their identity and make them stand out, maybe to show something or someone they value and it can also make them apart of a sub culture.

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Have you ever looked at someone with a huge pin-up on their shoulder and wondered, what are the reasons people get tattooed?

Tattoos have their share of misunderstanding. From being banned in many work environments, to being deemed socially unacceptable in many parts of the world, their history and purpose vary based on the wearer. They are truly an individual piece of art. Take a look at the many different reasons people get tattooed and it may change your opinion on them.

Most people get tattooed to mark a significant aspect of themselves or their life. This can be done with a simple yet symbolic zodiac tattoo symbol, or a more detailed design based on a favorite movie or character or any other significant piece. If you're going the route of having a tattoo with meaning, you'll want to put some time into tattoo design ideas long before getting one. Look at repeated things that you are drawn to or relate to and start there for inspiration.

On the darker side of the tattoo world, there are prison tattoos and designs used amongst gang members to affiliate themselves with one another on the street. The history of prison tattoos are being brought back into discussion with the upcoming release of Tattoo Nation , which documents the history of black and grey portrait tattooing from the streets of Los Angeles, and their start in the Chicano based tattoo shop, Tattooland.

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Getting Tattooed (Top Reasons People Do It)

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Have you ever looked at someone with a huge pin-up on their shoulder and wondered, what are the reasons people get tattooed? Tattoos have their share of misunderstanding. From being banned in many work environments, to being deemed socially unacceptable in many parts of the world, their history and purpose vary based on the wearer.

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http://www.demotix.com/news/1406579/manene-ritual-cleaning-tanah-toraja-mummy#media-1406572

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2193132/Mummies-dug-change-wardrobe.html

families re-dress dead relatives every three years

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Laima / Tattoos within mainstream society

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Laima / Tattoos within mainstream society

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25330947

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http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/29/nhs-criticised-sales-access-postnatal-wards

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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429992/Han-Qiaoni-102-woman-bound-feet-toes-broken-just-2.html

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An article about teenagers relationship with technology. To what extent do you identify with the points in the article.

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"I'd rather," deadpans Philippa Grogan, 16, "give up, like, a kidney than my phone. How did you manage before? Carrier pigeons? Letters? Going round each others' houses on BIKES?" Cameron Kirk, 14, reckons he spends "an hour, hour-and-a-half on school days" hanging out with his 450-odd Facebook friends; maybe twice that at weekends. "It's actually very practical if you forget what that day's homework is. Unfortunately, one of my best friends doesn't have Facebook. But it's OK; we talk on our PlayStations."

Emily Hooley, 16, recalls a Very Dark Moment: "We went to Wales for a week at half term to revise. There was no mobile, no TV, no broadband. We had to drive into town just to get a signal. It was really hard, knowing people were texting you, writing on your Wall, and you couldn't respond. Loads of my friends said they'd just never do that."

Teens, eh? Not how they were when I was young. Nor the way they talk to each other. Let's frighten ourselves, first: for a decade, the Pew Internet & American Life Project has been the world's largest and most authoritative provider of data on the internet's impact on the lives of 21st-century citizens. Since 2007, it has been chronicling the use teenagers make of the net, in particular their mass adoption of social networking sites. It has been studying the way teens use mobile phones, including text messages, since 2006.

This is what the Project says about the way US teens (and, by extension, teenagers in much of western Europe: the exact figures may sometimes differ by a percentage point or two, but the patterns are the same) communicate in an age of Facebook Chat, instant messaging and unlimited texts. Ready?

First, 75% of all teenagers (and 58% of 12-year-olds) now have a mobile phone. Almost 90% of phone-owning teens send and receive texts, most of them daily. Half send 50 or more texts a day; one in three send 100. In fact, in barely four years, texting has established itself as comfortably "the preferred channel of basic communication between teens and their friends".

But phones do more than simply text, of course. More than 80% of phone-owning teens also use them to take pictures (and 64% to share those pictures with others). Sixty per cent listen to music on them, 46% play games, 32% swap videos and 23% access social networking sites. The mobile phone, in short, is now "the favoured communication hub for the majority of teens".

As if texting, swapping, hanging and generally spending their waking hours welded to their phones wasn't enough, 73% use social networking sites, mostly Facebook - 50% more than three years ago. Digital communication is not just prevalent in teenagers' lives. It IS teenagers' lives.

There's a very straightforward reason, says Amanda Lenhart, a Pew senior research specialist. "Simply, these technologies meet teens' developmental needs," she says. "Mobile phones and social networking sites make the things teens have always done - defining their own identity, establishing themselves as independent of their parents, looking cool, impressing members of the opposite sex - a whole lot easier."

Flirting, boasting, gossiping, teasing, hanging out, confessing: all that classic teen stuff has always happened, Lenhart says. It's just that it used to happen behind the bike sheds, or via tightly folded notes pressed urgently into sweating hands in the corridor between lessons. Social networking sites and mobile phones have simply facilitated the whole business, a gadzillion times over.

For Professor Patti Valkenburg, of the University of Amsterdam's internationally respected Centre for Research on Children, Adolescents and the Media, "contemporary communications tools" help resolve one of the fundamental conflicts that rages within every adolescent. Adolescence, she says, is characterised by "an enhanced need for self-presentation, or communicating your identity to others, and also self-disclosure - discussing intimate topics. Both are essential in developing teenagers' identities, allowing them to validate their opinions and determine the appropriateness of their attitudes and behaviours."

But, as we all recall, adolescence is also a period of excruciating shyness and aching self-consciousness - which can make all that self-presentation and self-disclosure something of a perilous, not to say agonising, business. So the big plus of texting, instant messaging and social networking is that it allows the crucial identity-establishing behaviour, without the accompanying embarrassment. "These technologies give their users a sense of increased controllability," Valkenburg says. "That, in turn, allows them to feel secure about their communication, and thus freer in their interpersonal relations."

"Controllability", she explains, is about three things: being able to say what you want without fear of the message not getting through because of that humungous spot on your chin or your tendency to blush; having the power to reflect on and change what you write before you send it (in contrast to face-to-face communication); and being able to stay in touch with untold hordes of friends at times, and in places, where your predecessors were essentially incommunicado.

But what do teenagers make of this newfound freedom to communicate? Philippa reckons she sends "probably about 30" text messages every day, and receives as many. "They're about meeting up - where are you, see you in 10, that kind of thing," she says. "There's an awful lot of flirting goes on, of course. Or it's, 'OMG, what's biology homework?'. And, 'I'm babysitting and I'm SOOOO bored.'" (Boredom appears to be the key factor in the initiation of many teen communications.)

Like most of her peers, Philippa wouldn't dream of using her phone to actually phone anyone, except perhaps her parents - to placate them if she's not where she should be, or ask them to come and pick her up if she is. Calls are expensive, and you can't make them in class (you shouldn't text in class either, but "lots of people do").

Philippa also has 639 Facebook friends, and claims to know "the vast majority" (though some, she admits, are "quite far down the food chain"). "I don't want to be big-headed or anything, but I am quite popular," she says. "Only because I don't have a social life outside my bedroom, though." When I call her, 129 of her friends are online.

Facebook rush-hour is straight after school, and around nine or 10 in the evening. "You can have about 10 chats open at a time, then it gets a bit slow and you have to start deleting people," Philippa says. The topics? "General banter, light-hearted abuse. Lots of talk about parties and about photos of parties." Cred-wise, it's important to have a good, active Facebook profile: lots of updates, lots of photos of you tagged.

Sometimes, though, it ends in tears. Everyone has witnessed cyber-bullying, but the worst thing that happened to Philippa was when someone posted "a really dreadful picture of me, with an awful double chin", then refused to take it down. "She kept saying, 'No way, it's upped my profile views 400%,'" says Philippa. It's quite easy, she thinks, for people to feel "belittled, isolated" on Facebook.

There are other downsides. Following huge recent publicity, teens are increasingly aware of the dangers of online predators. "Privacy's a real issue," says Emily. "I get 'friend' requests from people I don't know and have never heard of; I ignore them. I have a private profile. I'm very careful about that."

A 2009 survey found up to 45% of US companies are now checking job applicants' activity on social networking sites, and 35% reported rejecting people because of what they found. Universities and colleges, similarly, are starting to look online. "You need to be careful," says Cameron Kirk, astute and aware even at 14. "Stuff can very easily get misunderstood." Emily agrees, but adds: "Personally, I love the idea that it's up there for ever. It'll be lovely to go back, later, and see all those emotions and relations."

Pew's Lenhart says research [by Danah Boyd of Microsoft Research] has revealed a class distinction in many teens' attitudes to online privacy. "Teens from college-focused, upper-middle-class familes tend to be much more aware of their online profiles, what they say about them, future consequences for jobs and education," she says. "With others, there's a tendency to share as much as they can, because that's their chance for fame, their possibility of a ticket out."

The question that concerns most parents, though, is whether such an unprecedented, near-immeasurable surge in non face-to-face communication is somehow changing our teenagers - diminishing their ability to conduct more traditional relationships, turning them into screen-enslaved, socially challenged adults. Yet teens, on the whole, seem pretty sensible about this. Callum O'Connor, 16, says there's a big difference between chatting online and face to face. "Face to face is so much clearer," he says. "Facebook and instant messaging are such detached forms of communication. It's so easy to be misinterpreted, or to misinterpret what someone says. It's terribly easy to say really horrible things. I'm permanently worrying - will this seem heartless, how many kisses should I add, can I say that?"

He's certain that what goes on online "isn't completely real. Some people clearly think it is, but I feel the difference. It's really not the same." Emily agrees: "It's weird. If I have a massive fight on Facebook, it's always, like, the next day, did it actually matter? Was it important? I always go up to the person afterwards and talk to them face to face, to see their emotions and their expressions. Otherwise you never know. It's complicated."

Emily is fairly confident that social networking and texting aren't changing who she is. "I'm the same online and in person. All this is an extension to real life, not a replacement." Olivia Stamp, 16 and equally self-aware, says she thinks social networking actually helps her to be more herself. "I think of myself as quite a shy person," she says. "So it's actually easier to be myself on Facebook because you can edit what you want to say, take your time; you don't feel awkward. I definitely feel more confident online - more like the self I know I really am, beneath the shyness."

These new communications technologies, Olivia says, are "an enhancement, an enrichment actually. They bring people even closer, in fact, without replacing anything. We're not socially abnormal. Look at us!" And the experts seem to back that up. Valkenburg says: "Our research gives no reason at present for concern about the social consequences of online communication - but it's early days. What if the constant self-confirmation teens experience online turns into excessive self-esteem, or narcissism? We don't know yet."

Lenhart puts it another way. "Our research shows face-to-face time between teenagers hasn't changed over the past five years. Technology has simply added another layer on top. Yes, you can find studies that suggest online networking can be bad for you. But there are just as many that show the opposite."

We should, she suggests, "Step back. The telephone, the car, the television - they all, in their time, changed the way teens relate to each other, and to other people, quite radically. And how did their parents respond? With the same kind of wailing and gnashing of teeth we're doing now. These technologies change lives, absolutely. But it's a generational thing."

* This article was amended on 27 July 2010 to make clear the origin of research findings about class distinctions in teenage attitudes to online privacy.
* Teenagers: how addicted to Facebook are you? How much do you use technology and what for? Post below or email g2feedback@theguardian.com Topics

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Teenagers and technology: 'I'd rather give up my kidney than my phone'

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"I'd rather," deadpans Philippa Grogan, 16, "give up, like, a kidney than my phone. How did you manage before? Carrier pigeons? Letters? Going round each others' houses on BIKES?" Cameron Kirk, 14, reckons he spends "an hour, hour-and-a-half on school days" hanging out with his 450-odd Facebook friends; maybe twice that at weekends.

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http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/fashion-blog/2011/sep/07/skin-bleaching-whitening-vybz-kartel

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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2402180/Notting-Hill-Carnival-second-day-dancers-hit-streets-West-London.html

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This article discusses the relationship between clothes and our identity

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Posted in Baghdad in 1980, my great uncle was present during a terrorist raid on the British Embassy. Shots were fired through the window, but my uncle escaped unharmed. His wardrobe was not so lucky. One bullet passed through his jacket. He was left with clothes that bore the scars of the event: a bullet hole that would always remind him of how lucky he was.

After an event like this, clothes can adopt a new function as evidence in a personal archaeology. Many of us keep clothes for similar reasons. Clothing is evidence of our personal development. If we were to gather all of the clothes we have ever owned, we could paint a picture of ourselves and how we have become who we are now. The garments would speak about weight loss or gain, changes to our cultural attitudes or wealth. We would also see key moments in our lives marked by the outfits we bought for special occasions. Damage to these clothes may say even more. A rip may be a permanent reminder of an accident; a bloodstain may be evidence of a brawl.

We have garments that remind us of our most formative experiences, good and bad. Many women keep their wedding dresses, even though we will never wear them again. Some people keep school ties or sports uniforms. They are reminders of former lives and lessons learned [1].

Many women keep a few pieces from their maternity wardrobe. These clothes represent their journey towards motherhood, and are particularly poignant once the child has grown and moved away. Some used maternity-wear might display physical evidence of an increasing baby-bump, with stretched areas of fabric. This serves to reinforce the personal connection to the garment, and to memories of meaningful experiences.
Sometimes we buy clothes with the explicit intention of creating memories. Souvenir clothes - the gaudy T-shirt with "St. Lucia" scrawled on the front, or the rainbow-coloured sombrero - will likely never be worn, but preserve the memory of a holiday in the same way as snapshots or other souvenirs.

Whether our memories are good or bad, sentimentality forces us to hang on to these garments. Clothes that are reminders of "past feelings" are "a means of maintaining identity" [2]. A record of past experiences is a record of who we are. They are part of our personal history, and so to discard them would be an erosion of self.

Once we have such a close connection to a possession, it becomes inalienable. It is so symbolically linked to our personal history that, even if we were to sell it, it would still be tied to us. These objects are no longer just clothes; they are artefacts of the lives we have lived.

This bond between the garment, the wearer, and the event, is so strong that museum collections feature clothes with personal histories attached. The V&A collection of bustle pads includes a piece created for Queen Victoria's Jubilee, designed to play music whenever she sat down. This object is remarkable not only in its design, but because of the historical picture it paints. It provides a tangible connection to a Queen and a moment in her life. Victoria's wedding dress is one of many thousands in the Royal Ceremonial Dress Collection, a collection of clothes that will always be connected to their royal wearers and the events at which they were worn. For audiences, knowledge of the ownership of these dresses creates a sense of intimacy with someone they will never meet.

In museum displays, and in our own sentimental collections, the function of clothes has changed. Their primary purpose is not to clothe the body; it is to tell a story. As storytellers, clothes can speak louder than words. The position of the bullet hole in my great uncle's jacket illustrates a dramatic moment in his life. Whether we have eventful lives or not, our clothes have tales to tell.

References:
[1] Hertz, Carrie, Costuming Potential: Accommodating Unworn Clothes, Museum Anthropology Review, Vol. 5, Nos 1-2 (2011), 17.
[2] Bye, Elizabeth Bye and McKinney, Ellen, Sizing up the Wardrobe - Why We Keep Clothes That Do Not Fit,' Fashion Theory, Vol. 11, Issue 4 (2007), 486.
Topics

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Every T-shirt tells a story: how clothes remind us who we are

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Posted in Baghdad in 1980, my great uncle was present during a terrorist raid on the British Embassy. Shots were fired through the window, but my uncle escaped unharmed. His wardrobe was not so lucky. One bullet passed through his jacket.

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http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/18/women-forced-marriage-abuses

Many young girls from India and Pakistan are forced into marriage. This is a cultural practise for them however many of the girls don't want to get married to these older men. This article discusses the negativity behind the cultural practise.

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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7992845.stm

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I think it'd be interesting to look at what this logo means to different people. Now, when someone says 'apple'. people are more likely to think of the company than the fruit, but why?