# data[].attributes.headline
General Concepts and STS Historical Developments

# data[].attributes.subject
General Concepts and STS Historical Developments

# data[].attributes.body
Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology
a. In the World: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages
b. In the Philippines

Philosophy of Science

https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/01-Readings-1.pdf

https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/philosophy-science#3

Scientific Progress
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-progress/#SciPro

Scientific Revolution
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/physics/science-general/scientific-revolutions#3

History of Science and Technology of the Philippines
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/01-Readings-4.pdf

Stephen Colbert's interview with Neil deGrasse Tyson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ers2SPaTFTg

World's Greatest Inventions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS1sn77cuyk

Philippine Greatest Inventions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSD2KypedvM

More is Different
https://cse-robotics.engr.tamu.edu/dshell/cs689/papers/anderson72more_is_different.pdf

Scientific Reductionism
https://explorable.com/scientific-reductionism

What is a Paradigm?
https://explorable.com/what-is-a-paradigm

Mankind: The Story of All of Us
https://watchdocumentaries.com/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/

Structure of Scientific Revolution
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/01-Readings-2.pdf

Time/Hyperhistory
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/01-Readings-3.pdf

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Stephen Colbert Interviews Neil deGrasse Tyson at Montclair Kimberley Academy - January 29th 2010

# data[].attributes.headline
Mga Proseso, Prinsipyo at Etika ng Komunikasyon

# data[].attributes.subject
Mga Proseso, Prinsipyo at Etika ng Komunikasyon

# data[].attributes.body
Effective Communication
https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5a-understanding-itd/effective-communication

Effective Communication Skills
http://promeng.eu/downloads/training-materials/ebooks/soft-skills/effective-communication-skills.pdf

Purposive Communication
https://pubhtml5.com/bhqn/bdji/PURPOSIVE_COMMUNICATION_MODULE/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This section covers:

Principles, theories and methods of effective communication
Definition
The Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as "the imparting, conveying, or exchange of ideas, knowledge and information'. This can apply to words or body language.
Effective Communication
Lasswell introduced an important model of five levels of communication identified from his experiences in the second world war, elements of which survive in more developed modern models:

1. Who: the source

2. Says What: the message

3. In Which Channel: through what channel or medium

4. To Whom: the audience

5. To What Effect: the desired effect??

The Five Ws
Lasswell's (1948) model has been further developed and modernised and is now referred to as the 'Five Ws' and this model has been widely used, particularly when managing change. However, addressing the 'Five Ws' is an essential element of all communication, getting this right is the first step in the process and is dependent upon what is required to be communicated at the time. This is particularly important when managing change in an organisation.

1. Who should be told?

Everyone who needs to be told about something should be told. It is advisable to relate the communication to all as soon as possible. Openness is the key to making everyone feel involved (although there will always be some things which are not disseminated as widely as others). Where appropriate, communicate widely so that individuals are given the opportunity to influence the process and local ownership is gained. Barriers can also be identified and overcome.

2. When should they be told?

The time to communicate with relevant people should be carefully considered. It might be within a set meeting or a one-off arrangement. If the communication covers a wide range of people where possible it is desirable that discussions take place at the same time to avoid confusion, spread of rumours or misunderstandings. If internal and external stakeholders are involved, internal staff should be communicated with prior to external stakeholders; this is to prevent staff hearing from other sources, including the media.

Key communications should be made as soon as possible following a significant event or decision.

3. What should they be told?

Clear messages, related to the subject or problem. In complex situations it is advisable to create a shared meaning and understanding, this can be done by:

checking back with the recipients through an iterative process

let them ask questions

asking for clarification of what they have understood being clear that words, behaviours and symbols are not misunderstood or misinterpreted.

4. Where should the message be conveyed?

Choose the most effective medium to get your message across, this could be in meetings, seminars, press releases etc. Make time to communicate properly, do not do it in the corridor, in the toilet or the car park. This leads to gabbled and garbled messages and can contribute to the 'grape vine'.

5. Who should control the communications process?

The most appropriate person depending on the subject. If it involves external agencies include the Press Officer.
The Message
William McGuire (1981) adds a further dimension to communication. Instead of having only an X axis with Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver which he calls "input factors", he adds a Y axis comprised of Attention, Liking, Comprehension, Yielding, Remembering, and Action, which he calls "output factors."

Since McGuire combines the traditional S-M-C-R uni-dimensional model with factors on the Y axis, we have a more sophisticated way of thinking about and analysing communication. In fact his two dimensional matrix is useful for analysing the effectiveness of persuasive communication both before and after the fact.

In addition to McGuire's dimensions there are also three other elements that are vital for all social or business interaction through communication:

1. Use of language: the understanding of what people hear can be changed by loudness, intonation, clarity, use of jargon, aggressive words, and colloquialisms.

2. Behaviour: in face to face meetings body language can affect the whole meaning of communication, for example frowning, arms folded and legs apart, pointing fingers, looking bored versus animated voice and eyes, smiling face and positive arm movements. Charles Brower summed this up in this quote...
"A new idea is delicate. It can be killed by a sneer or a yawn. It can be stabbed to death by a quip and worried to death by a frown on the right man's brow."

3. Other symbols, for example hand-outs, presentations, stage props, examples of work etc.

Getting over the right message is complex as the meaning of the message may be:
Delivering the 'right' message
Careful thought on how the message is delivered is required, taking into account:

What are we trying to convey?

What are we inadvertently conveying?

Confucius wrote..
'If language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant. If what is said is not what is meant, then what ought to be done remains undone'.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence (1935), whilst written to support people making persuasive speeches, is a useful reminder of the key as they are the same for all communication and action.
Attention Step

Get the attention or your audience. This can be done with a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quote, etc. This is part or your introduction (in addition to stating your thesis, giving a preview of your main points, mentioning your credibility, and telling your audience why the topic is of concern to them).
Need Step

Show the problem exists, that it is a significant problem, and that it won't go away by itself. Document your statements with statistics, examples, etc.

Offer a clear concise statement of the need.

This is the central idea.

Tell them what you are going to tell them.

Establish expectation.

Illustration

Present one or more illustrations and/or specific instances to give audience idea of nature and scope of the problem.
Ramification

Use supporting materials, statistics, testimony, etc. to drive point home.
Pointing

Point out how issue or problem affects audience's health, security, etc.
Satisfaction

Offer solutions for the problem you have shown exists in the Need Step. These are solutions that the government or society as a whole can implement. You must satisfy the need.

Includes:

Initial Summary
o State in advance what your main ideas are.

Detailed Information
o Discuss in order the information for each of the main ideas.

Final Summary
o Tell them what you said.
Visualisation Step

Tell us what will happen if we don't do something about the problem. Be graphic.

Primary strategy is to project audience into future and accepting or denying your proposals.

In informative speeches this step may be used to suggest the pleasure that may be gained from this knowledge.

Action Step
Required when action is an essential output.

Offer alternatives to your audience that they can do personally to help solve the problem you have shown exists. Again, be very specific and very realistic.

Motivate staff to get out and do something! Wrap up loose ends by giving a review of points and restating your thesis, and then conclude the speech.

Models of Communication

time for the individual

the individual has the opportunity to voice clear opinions without the influence of others

the manager is likely to have more of a voice

open to manipulation

only the leader gets the overall picture

time consuming

can reach more staff

makes middle managers feel involved

the message becomes diluted, incorrect or forgotten

some people will not hear the message at all

One to one
endorsement
within a group

the team has more control over the content of the decision and can therefore ensure that the rationale remains intact

there are fewer hidden agendas to second guess and negotiate

it is easier to achieve individual commitment and with each endorsement, to build a sense of a collective bandwagon beginning to roll

people respond in a private capacity. Is this enough if the going gets rough? Will they change their mind?

The evidence itself is subject to rather less discussion than it would receive in a larger group

Round table
management
led consensus

Ensures that the message is heard the same by everyone

Everyone hears the opinions of others

Open communication channels

might not be candid about the obstacles and opportunities

less likely to feel the need to defend their own corner

professionals often feel obliged to disagree then then come up with consensus

difficulty in getting everyone together at the same time.

Round table
consensus for a
group decision

Ensures that the message is heard the same by everyone

Everyone hears the opinions of others

Open communication channel

no leader to keep the communication focussed

no control over the group's activities

potentially no outcomes

Lasswell, H. (1948). "The Structure and Function of Communication in Society." In Lyman Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas. Harper and Row

McGuire, W. (1981). "Theoretical Foundations of Campaigns." In Ronald Rice and William Paisley (eds.), Public Communication Campaigns, Sage.

Monroe, A.H. (1935). Motivation Sequence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe's_motivated_sequence
© K Enock 2006, N Leigh-Hunt 2016

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Principles, theories and methods of effective communication (written and oral) in general, and in a management context

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This section covers: Principles, theories and methods of effective communication Definition The Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as "the imparting, conveying, or exchange of ideas, knowledge and information'. This can apply to words or body language.

# data[].attributes.body
Communicating in a Multicultural Society and World
https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-assets/121759_book_item_121759.pdf

The Flight from Conversation
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/opinion/sunday/the-flight-from-conversation.html

Connected but Alone
https://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_connected_but_alone?language=en

How Social Media Can Make History
https://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_social_media_can_make_history?language=en

Wiring a Web for Global Good
https://www.ted.com/talks/gordon_brown_wiring_a_web_for_global_good?language=en

# data[].attributes.headline
Komunikasyong Lokal at Global sa Multikultural na Setting

# data[].attributes.subject
Komunikasyong Lokal at Global sa Multikultural na Setting

# data[].attributes.body
Lost in Translation
https://www.bilibili.tv/ms/video/2006922470

Pop Culture in the Arab World
https://www.ted.com/talks/shereen_el_feki_pop_culture_in_the_arab_world?language=en

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
that time i got reincarnated as a slime (musim ke-2)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
mushoku tensei: isekai ittara honki dasu

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Komuniti anime, komik dan permainan (ACG) terkemuka di Asia Tenggara di mana orang ramai boleh mencipta, menonton dan berkongsi video yang menarik.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mga Varayti at Register ng Wikang Pasalita at Pasulat

# data[].attributes.subject
Mga Varayti at Register ng Wikang Pasalita at Pasulat

# data[].attributes.body
It ain't right, innit? - About Language Register in English
https://celsalangues.wordpress.com/2015/01/29/it-aint-right-innit-about-language-register-in-english/

Language Register - Formal, Informal and Neutral
https://www.really-learn-english.com/language-register.html

Studying Varieties of English
https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/index.html

Varieties of English
https://icaltefl.com/category/varieties-of-english/

Which variety of English should you speak?
https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/which-variety-english-should-you-speak

# data[].attributes.headline
Ebalwasyon sa mga Mensahe at/o mga Imahen sa iba’t ibang uri ng Teksto na nagpapagkita ng iba’t ibang Kultura

# data[].attributes.subject
Ebalwasyon sa mga Mensahe at/o mga Imahen sa iba’t ibang uri ng Teksto na nagpapagkita ng iba’t ibang Kultura

# data[].attributes.body
Cross Cultural
https://mindspaceintuition.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/cross-cultural.jpg

9 Racist Ads, Commercials That Promote Negative Images of Black People
https://atlantablackstar.com/2013/11/19/9-racist-ads-commercials-that-promote-negative-images-of-black-people/

# data[].attributes.headline
Mga Pantulong at Estratehiya sa Komunikasyon gamit ang Teknolohiya

# data[].attributes.subject
Mga Pantulong at Estratehiya sa Komunikasyon gamit ang Teknolohiya

# data[].attributes.body
Creating Modal Texts
https://creatingmultimodaltexts.com/

The World's Worst Research Presentation
https://youtu.be/nSGqp4-bZQY

# data[].attributes.body
Communicating Effectively
http://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/nfporgs/factshts.htm

Effective Communication

https://www.gocivilairpatrol.com/media/cms/P_12_1_Oct_2021_E4A84FC1A6F2B.pdf

https://www.gocivilairpatrol.com/media/cms/L2L_Mod2_Ch8_Effective_Communicatio_63AFCA8970D43.pdf

Professional Communication
https://bmedesign.engr.wisc.edu/course/topics/communication/professional_communication

Professional Communication (in Social Work)
https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/2/0/5/0205524214.pdf

The Most Important Thing Cannot be Said
https://youtu.be/vvsziU1cVHw

# data[].attributes.body
Giving Presentations Worth Listening To
https://youtu.be/NUXkThfQx6A

Workplace Communication
https://dspace.lib.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10790/2998/guo.k-2011-0021.pdf

Mastering Soft Skills for Workplace Success
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/odep/topics/youth/softskills/communication.pdf

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
TEDxEMU - Gordon Kangas - Giving Presentations Worth Listening To

# data[].attributes.body
The Norton Field Guide to Writing
https://whynotcomicbooks.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/039393439xwriting.pdf

Academic Presentations
https://www4.stat.ncsu.edu/~reich/st810A/oral.pdf

How To Give An Academic Talk
https://pne.people.si.umich.edu/PDF/howtotalk.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
1. General Education Complete Reviewer

2. Purposive Communication in English

3. Malayuning Komunikasyon sa Wikang Filipino

4. Science and Technology

5. Mathematics in the Modern World

6. Readings in Philippine History and Society

7. The Life and Works of Rizal

8. Ethics

9. The Contemporary World

10. Art Appreciation

11. Understanding the Self

# data[].attributes.body
https://cnx.org/contents/XeVIW7Iw@4.6:HTaWDr-4@4/Preface

# data[].attributes.headline
Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics

# data[].attributes.subject
Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics

# data[].attributes.body
Effective Communication
https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5a-understanding-itd/effective-communication

Effective Communication Skills
http://promeng.eu/downloads/training-materials/ebooks/soft-skills/effective-communication-skills.pdf

Purposive Communication
https://pubhtml5.com/bhqn/bdji/PURPOSIVE_COMMUNICATION_MODULE/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This section covers:

Principles, theories and methods of effective communication
Definition
The Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as "the imparting, conveying, or exchange of ideas, knowledge and information'. This can apply to words or body language.
Effective Communication
Lasswell introduced an important model of five levels of communication identified from his experiences in the second world war, elements of which survive in more developed modern models:

1. Who: the source

2. Says What: the message

3. In Which Channel: through what channel or medium

4. To Whom: the audience

5. To What Effect: the desired effect??

The Five Ws
Lasswell's (1948) model has been further developed and modernised and is now referred to as the 'Five Ws' and this model has been widely used, particularly when managing change. However, addressing the 'Five Ws' is an essential element of all communication, getting this right is the first step in the process and is dependent upon what is required to be communicated at the time. This is particularly important when managing change in an organisation.

1. Who should be told?

Everyone who needs to be told about something should be told. It is advisable to relate the communication to all as soon as possible. Openness is the key to making everyone feel involved (although there will always be some things which are not disseminated as widely as others). Where appropriate, communicate widely so that individuals are given the opportunity to influence the process and local ownership is gained. Barriers can also be identified and overcome.

2. When should they be told?

The time to communicate with relevant people should be carefully considered. It might be within a set meeting or a one-off arrangement. If the communication covers a wide range of people where possible it is desirable that discussions take place at the same time to avoid confusion, spread of rumours or misunderstandings. If internal and external stakeholders are involved, internal staff should be communicated with prior to external stakeholders; this is to prevent staff hearing from other sources, including the media.

Key communications should be made as soon as possible following a significant event or decision.

3. What should they be told?

Clear messages, related to the subject or problem. In complex situations it is advisable to create a shared meaning and understanding, this can be done by:

checking back with the recipients through an iterative process

let them ask questions

asking for clarification of what they have understood being clear that words, behaviours and symbols are not misunderstood or misinterpreted.

4. Where should the message be conveyed?

Choose the most effective medium to get your message across, this could be in meetings, seminars, press releases etc. Make time to communicate properly, do not do it in the corridor, in the toilet or the car park. This leads to gabbled and garbled messages and can contribute to the 'grape vine'.

5. Who should control the communications process?

The most appropriate person depending on the subject. If it involves external agencies include the Press Officer.
The Message
William McGuire (1981) adds a further dimension to communication. Instead of having only an X axis with Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver which he calls "input factors", he adds a Y axis comprised of Attention, Liking, Comprehension, Yielding, Remembering, and Action, which he calls "output factors."

Since McGuire combines the traditional S-M-C-R uni-dimensional model with factors on the Y axis, we have a more sophisticated way of thinking about and analysing communication. In fact his two dimensional matrix is useful for analysing the effectiveness of persuasive communication both before and after the fact.

In addition to McGuire's dimensions there are also three other elements that are vital for all social or business interaction through communication:

1. Use of language: the understanding of what people hear can be changed by loudness, intonation, clarity, use of jargon, aggressive words, and colloquialisms.

2. Behaviour: in face to face meetings body language can affect the whole meaning of communication, for example frowning, arms folded and legs apart, pointing fingers, looking bored versus animated voice and eyes, smiling face and positive arm movements. Charles Brower summed this up in this quote...
"A new idea is delicate. It can be killed by a sneer or a yawn. It can be stabbed to death by a quip and worried to death by a frown on the right man's brow."

3. Other symbols, for example hand-outs, presentations, stage props, examples of work etc.

Getting over the right message is complex as the meaning of the message may be:
Delivering the 'right' message
Careful thought on how the message is delivered is required, taking into account:

What are we trying to convey?

What are we inadvertently conveying?

Confucius wrote..
'If language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant. If what is said is not what is meant, then what ought to be done remains undone'.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence (1935), whilst written to support people making persuasive speeches, is a useful reminder of the key as they are the same for all communication and action.
Attention Step

Get the attention or your audience. This can be done with a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quote, etc. This is part or your introduction (in addition to stating your thesis, giving a preview of your main points, mentioning your credibility, and telling your audience why the topic is of concern to them).
Need Step

Show the problem exists, that it is a significant problem, and that it won't go away by itself. Document your statements with statistics, examples, etc.

Offer a clear concise statement of the need.

This is the central idea.

Tell them what you are going to tell them.

Establish expectation.

Illustration

Present one or more illustrations and/or specific instances to give audience idea of nature and scope of the problem.
Ramification

Use supporting materials, statistics, testimony, etc. to drive point home.
Pointing

Point out how issue or problem affects audience's health, security, etc.
Satisfaction

Offer solutions for the problem you have shown exists in the Need Step. These are solutions that the government or society as a whole can implement. You must satisfy the need.

Includes:

Initial Summary
o State in advance what your main ideas are.

Detailed Information
o Discuss in order the information for each of the main ideas.

Final Summary
o Tell them what you said.
Visualisation Step

Tell us what will happen if we don't do something about the problem. Be graphic.

Primary strategy is to project audience into future and accepting or denying your proposals.

In informative speeches this step may be used to suggest the pleasure that may be gained from this knowledge.

Action Step
Required when action is an essential output.

Offer alternatives to your audience that they can do personally to help solve the problem you have shown exists. Again, be very specific and very realistic.

Motivate staff to get out and do something! Wrap up loose ends by giving a review of points and restating your thesis, and then conclude the speech.

Models of Communication

time for the individual

the individual has the opportunity to voice clear opinions without the influence of others

the manager is likely to have more of a voice

open to manipulation

only the leader gets the overall picture

time consuming

can reach more staff

makes middle managers feel involved

the message becomes diluted, incorrect or forgotten

some people will not hear the message at all

One to one
endorsement
within a group

the team has more control over the content of the decision and can therefore ensure that the rationale remains intact

there are fewer hidden agendas to second guess and negotiate

it is easier to achieve individual commitment and with each endorsement, to build a sense of a collective bandwagon beginning to roll

people respond in a private capacity. Is this enough if the going gets rough? Will they change their mind?

The evidence itself is subject to rather less discussion than it would receive in a larger group

Round table
management
led consensus

Ensures that the message is heard the same by everyone

Everyone hears the opinions of others

Open communication channels

might not be candid about the obstacles and opportunities

less likely to feel the need to defend their own corner

professionals often feel obliged to disagree then then come up with consensus

difficulty in getting everyone together at the same time.

Round table
consensus for a
group decision

Ensures that the message is heard the same by everyone

Everyone hears the opinions of others

Open communication channel

no leader to keep the communication focussed

no control over the group's activities

potentially no outcomes

Lasswell, H. (1948). "The Structure and Function of Communication in Society." In Lyman Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas. Harper and Row

McGuire, W. (1981). "Theoretical Foundations of Campaigns." In Ronald Rice and William Paisley (eds.), Public Communication Campaigns, Sage.

Monroe, A.H. (1935). Motivation Sequence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe's_motivated_sequence
© K Enock 2006, N Leigh-Hunt 2016

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Principles, theories and methods of effective communication (written and oral) in general, and in a management context

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This section covers: Principles, theories and methods of effective communication Definition The Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as "the imparting, conveying, or exchange of ideas, knowledge and information'. This can apply to words or body language.

# data[].attributes.body
Communicating in a Multicultural Society and World
https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-assets/121759_book_item_121759.pdf

The Flight from Conversation
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/opinion/sunday/the-flight-from-conversation.html

Connected but Alone
https://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_connected_but_alone?language=en

How Social Media Can Make History
https://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_social_media_can_make_history?language=en

Wiring a Web for Global Good
https://www.ted.com/talks/gordon_brown_wiring_a_web_for_global_good?language=en

# data[].attributes.headline
Local & Global Communication in Multicultural Settings

# data[].attributes.subject
Local & Global Communication in Multicultural Settings

# data[].attributes.body
Lost in Translation
https://www.bilibili.tv/ms/video/2006922470

Pop Culture in the Arab World
https://www.ted.com/talks/shereen_el_feki_pop_culture_in_the_arab_world?language=en

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
that time i got reincarnated as a slime (musim ke-2)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
mushoku tensei: isekai ittara honki dasu

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Komuniti anime, komik dan permainan (ACG) terkemuka di Asia Tenggara di mana orang ramai boleh mencipta, menonton dan berkongsi video yang menarik.

# data[].attributes.headline
Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written English

# data[].attributes.subject
Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written English

# data[].attributes.body
It ain't right, innit? - About Language Register in English
https://celsalangues.wordpress.com/2015/01/29/it-aint-right-innit-about-language-register-in-english/

Language Register - Formal, Informal and Neutral
https://www.really-learn-english.com/language-register.html

Studying Varieties of English
https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/index.html

Varieties of English
https://icaltefl.com/category/varieties-of-english/

Which variety of English should you speak?
https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/which-variety-english-should-you-speak

# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Types of Texts Reflecting Different Cultures

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Types of Texts Reflecting Different Cultures

# data[].attributes.body
Cross Cultural
https://mindspaceintuition.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/cross-cultural.jpg

9 Racist Ads, Commercials That Promote Negative Images of Black People
https://atlantablackstar.com/2013/11/19/9-racist-ads-commercials-that-promote-negative-images-of-black-people/

# data[].attributes.headline
Communication Aids and Strategies using Tools of Technology

# data[].attributes.subject
Communication Aids and Strategies using Tools of Technology

# data[].attributes.body
Creating Modal Texts
https://creatingmultimodaltexts.com/

The World's Worst Research Presentation
https://youtu.be/nSGqp4-bZQY

# data[].attributes.body
Communicating Effectively
http://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/nfporgs/factshts.htm

Effective Communication

https://www.gocivilairpatrol.com/media/cms/P_12_1_Oct_2021_E4A84FC1A6F2B.pdf

https://www.gocivilairpatrol.com/media/cms/L2L_Mod2_Ch8_Effective_Communicatio_63AFCA8970D43.pdf

Professional Communication
https://bmedesign.engr.wisc.edu/course/topics/communication/professional_communication

Professional Communication (in Social Work)
https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/2/0/5/0205524214.pdf

The Most Important Thing Cannot be Said
https://youtu.be/vvsziU1cVHw

# data[].attributes.body
Giving Presentations Worth Listening To
https://youtu.be/NUXkThfQx6A

Workplace Communication
https://dspace.lib.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10790/2998/guo.k-2011-0021.pdf

Mastering Soft Skills for Workplace Success
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/odep/topics/youth/softskills/communication.pdf

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
TEDxEMU - Gordon Kangas - Giving Presentations Worth Listening To

# data[].attributes.body
The Norton Field Guide to Writing
https://whynotcomicbooks.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/039393439xwriting.pdf

Academic Presentations
https://www4.stat.ncsu.edu/~reich/st810A/oral.pdf

How To Give An Academic Talk
https://pne.people.si.umich.edu/PDF/howtotalk.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Intellectual revolutions that defined society
a. Copernican
b. Darwinian
c. Freudian
d. Information
e. MesoAmerican
f. Asian
g. Middle East
h. African

The Age of Enlightenment
https://www.flowofhistory.com/units/west/15/

Flow of History
a. Urban Revival in Italy
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/02-Readings-1.pdf
b. The Agricultural Revolution in Medieval Europe
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/02-Readings-2.pdf
c. The Rise of Towns in Western Europe
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/02-Readings-3.pdf
d. Leagues and Guilds in Western Europe
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/02-Readings-4.pdf
e. Rise of the Medieval Papacy
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/02-Readings-5.pdf

The Scientific Revolution: Science & Society from the Renaissance to the Early Enlightenment: Lesson Plans
https://hti.osu.edu/scientificrevolution/lesson_plans

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Scientific Revolution resulted from a monumental series of discoveries, especially those in astronomy and related fields, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The impact of these discoveries went far beyond the walls of the laboratory-it created a genuine revolution in the way Western people thought about the world. Participants in this institute will study how the revolution in science and technology was directly linked to revolutions in religion, politics, and society. They will read selections from Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, and see examples of the books they published to spread their ideas.

Here you will find a variety of lesson plans using primary sources. Many of these lessons reference documents, images, and items you can find on the Historical Resources page of this website. They were all created by classroom teachers.

Here are some resources to help your students to analyze primary sources:

The

Here is a (and here as a Word document: )
Here is a Image Analysis Worksheet (and again as a Word Document you can edit).
Here is an
Click on the link to download a PowerPoint Overview of the Scientific Revolution.

This project was made possible by a generous grant from the Ohio Humanities Council.
Additional Credits.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Scientific Revolution: Science & Society from the Renaissance to the Early Enlightenment: Lesson Plans

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Scientific Revolution resulted from a monumental series of discoveries, especially those in astronomy and related fields, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The impact of these discoveries went far beyond the walls of the laboratory-it created a genuine revolution in the way Western people thought about the world.

# data[].attributes.headline
Science and Technology and Nation Building

# data[].attributes.subject
Science and Technology and Nation Building

# data[].attributes.body
a. The Philippine Government S&T Agenda
b. Major development programs and personalities in S&T in the Philippines
c. Science Education in the Philippines
d. Selected indigenous science and technologies

NEDA - National Development Agenda; Regional Agenda
https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAA/GAA2015/GAA%202015%20Volume%20I/NEDA/NEDA.pdf

Science and Technology and Nation Building
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/03-Instructors-Guide-1_2.pdf

Duterte reassures support to science, R&D
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/03-Readings-1.pdf

Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 Overall Framework
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/03-Readings-2.pdf

5 Filipinos break into top 100 Asian scientists list
https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Science-Technology-and-Society.pdf

Lady scientist leads pioneering method to revive Marinduque’s mining wastelands
https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Science-Technology-and-Society.pdf

# data[].attributes.headline
The Human Person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology

# data[].attributes.subject
The Human Person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology

# data[].attributes.body
The Question Concerning Technology
https://www2.hawaii.edu/~freeman/courses/phil394/The%20Question%20Concerning%20Technology.pdf

https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/04-Readings-2.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
A Return to the Beginning
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/04-Readings-1.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
The Magician’s Twin: CS Lewis and the Case against Scientism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPeyJvXU68k

Akiro Kurosawa’s Village of the Watermills
https://vimeo.com/31359086

Forget 'developing' poor countries, it's time to 'de-develop' rich countries
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-develop-rich-countries-sdgs

https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/04-Readings-3.pdf

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Magician's Twin: C.S. Lewis and the Case against Scientism

# data[].attributes.body
Book VI and Book X: Nichomachean Ethics of Aristotle
https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadhKYRxCtVWSWCS4_UFeL4AQSY-Tj27w0VDvstw8X_uSKP83Ac2dgkG8HJQVNcaLw5Lr2YFoGBNV9oZU6ELDHQjldiPOk3HZLQOVxaSvCcJl1N0i_2cNNkVqFCsQeNBEjII4QUDfUIjvWp2W-xmGn6PIBc2WIxaHlr5XxnIudcpUswSt3yZYeKj-YropG1oGh3C8J-kl3hjh-_FD5d_HWb85tHCKevGt6K4mMgD4nYFtJuefVl752ZBOfx61EV3_alTV6isJYkbkRRaSb8IGG6z4rxUpA

What is and What should be the Role of Scientific Culture in Modern Society
https://archive.org/details/pleasureoffindin00rich

The Concepts of the Public Good: A View from the Filipino Philosopher
https://ejournals.ph/function/reader1/read/web/viewer.php?id=uploads%2Farchive%2FPIJP%2FVol.+36+No.+2+%282007%29%2FArticles%2F02_Gripaldo.pdf&di=4340#page=2&zoom=auto,-12,792

That Sugar Film
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xQ4y1Y7mM/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3892434/, 视频播放量 1042、弹幕量 0、点赞数 17、投硬币枚数 4、收藏人数 42、转发人数 25, 视频作者 Jinroh47, 作者简介 ，相关视频：一部关于糖的电影【纪录片】，大号的我2-超鸡【中英高清】Super.Size.Me.2.Holy.Chicken.2017【中英高清】，中英cc字幕🍬 糖的危害-纪录片💚 The Dangers of Sugar Documentary - Is Sugar the New Fat，中文版 儿童记录片《小小人类星球》05，【纪录片/BBC】把我们变胖的人-The Men Who Made Us Fat （2012），纪录片-《我们为什么会胖》，【货币战争】顶级纪录片 全5讲，5分钟看懂BBC纪录片《碳水化合物的真相》上，拒绝摆烂！看完会"搞钱上瘾"的8部纪录片，白糖是卖给孩子的酒精 | 糖：苦楚的真相 | Sugar: The Bitter Truth

# data[].attributes.body
The Ethical Dilemmas of Robotics
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6432307.stm

Is Google Making Us Stupid?
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If the idea of robot ethics sounds like something out of science fiction, think again, writes Dylan Evans.
Scientists are already beginning to think seriously about the new ethical problems posed by current developments in robotics.

This week, experts in South Korea said they were drawing up an ethical code to prevent humans abusing robots, and vice versa. And, a group of leading roboticists called the European Robotics Network (Euron) has even started lobbying governments for legislation.

At the top of their list of concerns is safety. Robots were once confined to specialist applications in industry and the military, where users received extensive training on their use, but they are increasingly being used by ordinary people.

Robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers are already in many homes, and robotic toys are increasingly popular with children.

As these robots become more intelligent, it will become harder to decide who is responsible if they injure someone. Is the designer to blame, or the user, or the robot itself?

Decisions

Software robots - basically, just complicated computer programmes - already make important financial decisions. Whose fault is it if they make a bad investment?

Robots have become a lot more intelligent over the decades

Isaac Asimov was already thinking about these problems back in the 1940s, when he developed his famous "three laws of robotics".
He argued that intelligent robots should all be programmed to obey the following three laws:
These three laws might seem like a good way to keep robots from harming people. But to a roboticist they pose more problems than they solve. In fact, programming a real robot to follow the three laws would itself be very difficult.
For a start, the robot would need to be able to tell humans apart from similar-looking things such as chimpanzees, statues and humanoid robots.

This may be easy for us humans, but it is a very hard problem for robots, as anyone working in machine vision will tell you.

Robot 'rights'

Similar problems arise with rule two, as the robot would have to be capable of telling an order apart from a casual request, which would involve more research in the field of natural language processing.

Nasa's Robotnaut is designed to work on Mars

Asimov's three laws only address the problem of making robots safe, so even if we could find a way to program robots to follow them, other problems could arise if robots became sentient.
If robots can feel pain, should they be granted certain rights? If robots develop emotions, as some experts think they will, should they be allowed to marry humans? Should they be allowed to own property?

These questions might sound far-fetched, but debates over animal rights would have seemed equally far-fetched to many people just a few decades ago. Now, however, such questions are part of mainstream public debate.

And the technology is progressing so fast that it is probably wise to start addressing the issues now.

One area of robotics that raises some difficult ethical questions, and which is already developing rapidly, is the field of emotional robotics.
This is the attempt to endow robots with the ability to recognise human expressions of emotion, and to engage in behaviour that humans readily perceive as emotional. Humanoid heads with expressive features have become alarmingly lifelike.
David Hanson, an American scientist who once worked for Disney, has developed a novel form of artificial skin that bunches and wrinkles just like human skin, and the robot heads he covers in this can smile, frown, and grimace in very human-like ways.

These robots are specifically designed to encourage human beings to form emotional attachments to them. From a commercial point of view, this is a perfectly legitimate way of increasing sales. But the ethics of robot-human interaction are more murky.

David Hanson's K bot can mimic human expressions

Jaron Lanier, an internet pioneer, has warned of the dangers such technology poses to our sense of our own humanity. If we see machines as increasingly human-like, will we come to see ourselves as more machine-like?

Lanier talks of the dangers of "widening the moral circle" too much.

If we grant rights to more and more entities besides ourselves, will we dilute our sense of our own specialness?

This kind of speculation may miss the point, however. More pressing moral questions are already being raised by the increasing use of robots in the military.

The US military plans to have a fifth of its combat units fully automated by the year 2020. Asimov's laws don't apply to machines which are designed to harm people. When an army can strike at an enemy with no risk to lives on its own side, it may be less scrupulous in using force.

If we are to provide intelligent answers to the moral and legal questions raised by the developments in robotics, lawyers and ethicists will have to work closely alongside the engineers and scientists developing the technology. And that, of course, will be a challenge in itself.

Dylan Evans is an independent scientist and writer
Add your comments on this story, using the form below.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
BBC NEWS | Technology | The ethical dilemmas of robotics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If the idea of robot ethics sounds like something out of science fiction, think again, writes Dylan Evans. Scientists are already beginning to think seriously about the new ethical problems posed by current developments in robotics. This week, experts in South Korea said they were drawing up an ethical code to prevent humans abusing robots, and vice versa.

# data[].attributes.body
Why the future doesn't need us?
https://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/nano/documents/Joy%20-%20Why%20the%20Future%20Doesn't%20Need%20Us.pdf

A.I. Artificial Intelligence
https://www.bilibili.tv/en/video/2047334638

Asimov, Isaac: I, Robot
https://archive.org/details/irobotnovel/page/n3/mode/2up

# data[].attributes.headline
The Information Age (Gutenberg to Social Media) 

# data[].attributes.subject
The Information Age (Gutenberg to Social Media) 

# data[].attributes.body
Alan Turing: The Enigma
https://archive.org/details/alanturing00andr/mode/2up

https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/07-Readings-1.pdf

Why the world needs Wikileaks?
https://www.ted.com/talks/julian_assange_why_the_world_needs_wikileaks?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare

How we decide?
https://archive.org/details/howwedecide00lehr_0

https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/07-Readings-2.pdf

Information: The New Language of Science
https://archive.org/details/informationnewla00vonb

Germ Catcher
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/07-Readings-3.pdf

Physics of the Future: How science will shape human destiny and our daily lives by the year 2100
http://www.brautech.co.za/info/FuturePhysics.pdf

https://xn--webducation-dbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Physics-of-the-Future.pdf

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Your Donation Will Be Matched 2-to-1! Can You Chip In?

Please don't scroll past this-the Internet Archive is growing rapidly, and we need your help. As an independent nonprofit, we build and maintain all our own systems, but we don't charge for access, sell user information, or run ads. Instead, we're powered by donations averaging $25.51. We'd be deeply grateful if you'd join the one in a thousand users that support us financially.

Right now, we have a 2-to-1 Matching Gift Campaign, tripling the impact of every donation. We understand that not everyone can donate right now, but if you can afford to contribute, we promise it will be put to good use. Access to knowledge is more important than ever-so if you find all these bits and bytes useful, please pitch in.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Alan Turing : the enigma : Hodges, Andrew : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Your Donation Will Be Matched 2-to-1! Can You Chip In? Please don't scroll past this-the Internet Archive is growing rapidly, and we need your help. As an independent nonprofit, we build and maintain all our own systems, but we don't charge for access, sell user information, or run ads.

# data[].attributes.body
The Politics of Golden Rice
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/21645698.2014.967570

Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging Countries: The Golden Rice Case
https://parezar.org/uploads/pdf/parezar-1628369175.pdf

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

Genetic knowledge applicable to crop improvement has erupted over the past 60 years, and the techniques of introducing genes from one organism to another have enabled new varieties of crops not achievable by previously available methodologies of crop breeding. Research and particularly development of these GMO-crops to a point where they are useful for growers and consumers in most countries is subject to complex national and international rules arising out of the UN's Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, with 167 country signatories. (The USA and Canada are not signatories.) The Protocol was developed based on concerns initially expressed in the 1970's that such technology presented unusual risks to man and the environment. Those ideas have comprehensively and authoritatively been proven to be wrong. The Protocol has nevertheless spawned significant regulatory obstacles to the development of GMO-crop technology at great cost to global society and in conflict with many other UN objectives. The suspicion induced by the Protocol is also widely used, overtly or covertly, for political purposes. These points are illustrated by reference to the not-for-profit Golden Rice project.

Introduction

In 2014 their vision has still not been realized. Undoubtedly the most significant factor in the delay is that the nutritional trait in Golden Rice, as rice varieties containing it are known, was initially created using genetic engineering techniques. In synonymous parlance, Golden Rice is a GMO-crop, where GMO means genetically modified organism, and particularly an organism where a gene from another species has been added to the genome. It is unclear how many years would have been saved if Golden Rice had been created without genetic engineering but the speed of introduction of an agronomically useful non-gmo trait is illustrative. The trait imparting submergence tolerance to rice was first described in 2006. An established Indian rice variety, Swarna, including the trait was by 2011 already the fifth and by 2012 the third of the 10 most demanded breeder seed in India for the monsoon planting season (AK Singh, pers com quoting draft Proceedings 46 th and 47 th Annual Rice Research Group Meeting, AICRIP, DRR, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.)

Regulation of GMO crops includes - usually on a nation by nation basis-review by that nation's government appointed officials of data about that crop including molecular structure of the altered genome, any allergenicity potential by comparison with databases of know allergens, and its comparison with established standard data for the genomes of the same crop, and any other data the officials think necessary to establish that the crop poses no risks to the environment or human health if it were to be cultivated and consumed on a large scale. Comparison of the data for the GMO-crop with the non-gmo version is designed to demonstrate only the intended effect of the transformation for which the novel genes were introduced to that genome. Such comparison is challenging as the standard data set for any crop is usually very limited 'spot data' without a range of values, although crop plants exist in many varieties and life stages, all of which may have very different values for all the analytic variables. Only when regulatory clearance has been applied for by an applicant, and the regulators have judged it safe, will the GMO-crop be cleared for planting by farmers, and consumption by consumers, in that country.

Obtaining regulatory clearance (called deregulation in the US) is undoubtedly time consuming and expensive, but regulation is but one aspect of what may be better described as 'societal suspicion' of genetic engineering of crop plants. The sum of all the societal suspicion, and its effects, relating to Golden Rice can be regarded as the 'Politics of Golden Rice.'

United Nations: The Convention on Biodiversity and its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

The Cartagena Protocol was subsequently reinforced by the UN Environmental Programme spending more than $100 million on training developing countries on risk assessment associated with "transboundary movement of living modified organisms" e.g. GMO-crops. Nothing was spent on benefits assessment of GMO-crops.

GMO-crops have been found by numerous independent scientific authorities globally to be no more hazardous to man or the environment than crops produced by other methods. With almost the same access to scientific experience as the authors of the Cartagena Protocol all independent scientific authorities in the world, starting in 1999 have concluded that GMO-crops are safe (Table 1).¹⁵

And this is now based on actual empirical evidence of almost 2 decades of commercial usage of gmo crops, and multiple evaluations, rather than theoretical concerns of the 1970's, upon which the CBD and the Cartagena Protocol are based.

The Cartagena Protocol Foundations of the Opposition to GMO-Crops, Initially Considered Rock, Are Actually Sand

Understanding the fundamental reasons for opposition to genetically engineered crops is difficult as each time evidence based logic prevails in favor of the anti-GMO-crop position; another often unrelated objection is raised.

Underpinning most if not all of the arguments against genetic engineering of crops are the suspicions raised by the CBD and especially the Cartagena Protocol. The Cartagena Protocol's foundations initially considered rock, are actually sand. The public consciousness 'knows' that there is 'no smoke without fire': why would these crops justify such onerous oversight if there was no need for it? And these suspicions have been harnessed, and emphasized by different interest groups to support their particular positions.

House #1 (built on the sand foundations)

Initially, when the first GMO-crops became commercially available in 1996, not all scientists were convinced by the reassurances of their peers, nor the regulatory decisions of their governments. Some set up experiments to investigate potential environmental or other hazard. For a public sensitized by a series of food scares in Europe, including BSE and salmonella in eggs where reassurance from politicians had proved to be false, the press found it interesting to highlight the published results of Ewen and Pusztai²³ on potatoes and Losey et al.²⁴ on Monarch butterflies. Both groups concluded there were adverse effects of genetic modification. However, in both cases the experimental design did not support the conclusions reached by the authors, nor did it allow the research to be repeated by others. The quality of the science in both cases was discredited, and found to be of no validity for practically relevant understanding.25,26,27,28

House #2 (built on the sand foundations)

Food safety, playing God, anti-capitalist, anti-globalisation, a romantic view of small scale agriculture, anti-government and in the case of Europe anti-America, were commonly held views of many, and GMO-crops and the business model supporting their commercialisation were both a useful single issue proxy for opposition to all of them.

Activist organisations try a variety of tactics, usually in the same order, in each country where they are active:

1. Address the population through the media and media stunts

2. Attempt to intimidate government by appeals to "popular support," and especially involve "environmental concerns" and intimidate Ministers into action

3. Write papers in "peer reviewed" journals, which are sham science, and where the "peer reviewers" share their ideology

4. Utilize legal challenges to due process - especially regulatory process-of research or use. Science matters less to most courts, than process.

The phrase 'Frankenstein foods' first use is credited to a letter in the New York Times on June 16 1992. Subsequently the British newspaper 'The Daily Mail' used the same phrase in a headline in February 1998,³³ and thereafter extensively used the shortened form 'Frankenfoods.' Governments in Europe were taken by surprise by the use of the label, and the vehemence of the opposition to GMO-crops. Without a consistent, science based set of principles, and mindful of short electoral cycles, European governments had soon boxed themselves into a position where they increasingly knew that the science did not support any technology-specific opposition to GMO-crops, but were unable to publicly voice any support for them. Already published in 2005 Lord Taverne wrote a book entitled "The March of Unreason."³⁴ The lack of scientific justification for effectively European political rejection of GMO-crops was endorsed by the 2008 World Trade Organization decision in support of the US contention that it was no more than an illegal trade impediment.³⁵

By 2011 despite all representatives of the respective European Community governments privately admitting that there was no scientific justification for opposition to GMO-crops many did not vote positively for them (Figure 1).³⁶

House #3 (built on the sand foundations)

The scientific evidence that GMO-crops were as safe (some said safer) to man than crops produced by other methods continued to mount so that no rational individual or organization with even a slight scientific understanding could morally ignore it.

But House #3 became occupied by those which, despite understanding the above, cynically ignored the facts and continued to fuel the fears for commercial, or other, gain. Who are these occupiers? Some of them are the same NGO's who started living in House #2, but found it convenient to move because the fundraising campaign strategy of 'anti-gmo' was so powerfully useful. Friends of the Earth is prominent, and others, but the most trenchantly opposed to GMO-crops for many years has been Greenpeace. In his book "Confessions of a Greenpeace Dropout - the making of a sensible environmentalist" Greenpeace co-founder Patrick Moore writes:

With respect to biofortified Golden Rice as the technology is in the seed, no manufacturing, packaging, distribution or change of cultural practice is required for populations to improve their nutritional status, and to be able to take advantage of opportunities available to them. The agronomy and cooking qualities and taste will be identical to the variety into which the nutritional trait is introduced. And each grain is labeled naturally, by its golden color , allowing choice. Fortification and supplementation do not offer these advantages for addressing micronutrient deficiencies and are therefore not sustainable for poor populations.

It is becoming clear that the organic food industry is also occupying House #3. To try and justify the higher prices required by lower productivity the organic industry want consumers to believe that 'organic food' is more nutritious (it isn't⁴⁰), tastes better (it doesn't), is better for the environment (it isn't⁴¹ eg p.180) and safer (it isn't¹⁶) than food produced by conventional agriculture. In terms of hazards, "organically grown crops," put people in hospital regularly and kill them sometimes.⁴² If people want to grow, buy and consume organic crops why shouldn't they?

How has the suspicion of GMO-crops delayed the development of Golden Rice?

As has been explained, in most countries, for a genetically engineered crop to be registered as safe to be made available to growers and consumed, details of the genetic structure of the specific transformation event have to be understood and described, and preferably certain general parameters applicable to site of insertion of the DNA allow the smoothest passage through the regulatory process.

Regulation is based, in most jurisdictions, on a single transformation event, that is a single genetic insertion into, in the Golden Rice case, the genome of rice. All subsequent steps are through conventional breeding. It is also preferable, to minimise any future problems of presence of the trait in crop imports to other countries, (known as 'low level presence' or 'adventitious presence') for only one lead transformation event to be introgressed into all varieties of the target crop, in each country where the specific variety is agronomically adapted to the target region, and preferred by the consumers or processors in that region. In the case of Golden Rice the lead transformation event was created once in about 2004, in UK. No genetic modification has occurred of Golden Rice anywhere else, including Asia, since then.

As each insertion of genetic material is random and each transformation event is unique, a selection of the specific transformation event to take forward has to be made from all those available, after understanding how the phenotype behaves agronomically-ultimately in open fields-and in other respects, for example how much micronutrient is accumulated and retained after harvest. Although technologies are developing all the time to make this data collection faster and cheaper to allow selection of the 'lead event', the generation of a sufficient pool of transformation events to select from - usually a minimum of 300 and maybe several thousand - takes skill and a combination of science and experience, as well as time and money. Experience with Golden Rice in the early years of the millennium demonstrated that the public sector did not, at that stage, have the capability to generate a pool of transformation events to choose from.

Selectable markers are required in the genetic engineering process to allow identification of cells which have incorporated the new genetic material from which to grow, and then select useful new gmo-plants. The European Union advises scientists and institutions generating genetically-engineered crops to avoid the use of antibiotic selectable markers. They acknowledge that there is no scientific reason for this but they recognize public opinion may be less concerned about gmo crops if they do not contain such markers. However, historically there have been few alternative selectable marker systems, and arguably such preferences gives too much power to those that have the alternatives.

The politics of Golden Rice

A major problem with both cost and severe delay implications is the insistence in most parts of the world which are signatories to the Cartagena Protocol that growing GMO-crops has to proceed through a sequence of controlled environments. First in glass houses with filtered air and water and access restricted to specific individuals, then in screen houses and finally contained field trials. In each case all plant parts have to be autoclaved or burned onsite after harvest. Only after the results show no environmental untoward effects can regulatory clearance be given for commercial scale planting in open fields. In one country where Golden Rice was first grown from seed it was in an extremely expensive "Phytotron" facility with completely artificial environment in the growth chambers.

The problem with all of this is that it is unnecessarily complex, and plants do not develop their natural phenotype until they are grown in open fields with all the natural biotic and abiotic stresses involved. Plant breeders are unable to use their skills properly before the crop is grown in the open field. In these circumstances researchers are forced to use genetic markers which may not be proper proxy for the trait of interest. Experience with Golden Rice is that genetic markers alone are insufficient to optimally track the nutritional trait in breeding programmes.

It may be possible to anticipate, before any undesirable phenotype shows up in field trials, from genomic data that such undesirable effects may be expected. But this depends on precise knowledge of the genes and their function, which may not have been elucidated, and the vigilance of busy scientists to obtain and calmly interrogate all relevant data. This process is vulnerable to human error much more than field trials where, through plant breeder observation, individual plants with undesirable characteristics are literally weeded-out before breeding programmes continue with the plants exhibiting only the desirable traits.

Another adverse effect of the Cartagena Protocol is the suspicion engendered and increased bureaucracy involved with international shipment of gmo-seed between research collaborators _ "transboundary movement of living modified organisms." Firstly the institution in the country interested in importing the seed has to formally make a request to the institution in the exporting country. This has to be considered by a committee, who have to agree, and then seek an export license. The importing country has to create an import license too, before shipment can occur. This is in addition to any plant hygiene regulation procedures in place between many countries for international shipment of any plant materials to prevent spread of plant diseases, and in addition to any intellectual property licenses and material transfer agreements required to be put in place by the parties. In India, more than a year's delay occurred (and 30 politically inspired questions in the Indian Parliament) before the initial free Golden Rice license was signed, and a further year passed after their request before Indian scientists received Golden Rice seed. As an added complication of the very few, and at this early stage of research extremely costly to produce, Golden Rice seeds - less than 10 of each transformation event-initially available to be sent, India's phytosanitary service wanted to test to destruction, and also archive, a significant proportion of them.

The suspicions set up by the Cartagena Protocol provide the basis for strange influences even on legal systems. Can one believe in an impartial legal system when a higher court finds as follows in connection with the destruction of University field trials of a GMO-crop Bt aubergine (= bt talong in the Philippines) by anti-gmo political activists including Greenpeace and MASIPAG:

Are Scientific Institutions also Vulnerable to Suspicion of Anti-GMO-Crop Bias?

On August 8 th 2012 the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published online a paper by Tang et al.⁵² concerning research involving Chinese children and the bioconversion of beta carotene from a single serving of spinach, beta-carotene in oil or Golden Rice. The field research had been completed in 2008, 4 years previously. The data showed that a bowl of ∼100 to 150 g cooked Golden Rice (50 g dry weight) can provide ∼60% of the Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake of vitamin A for 6-8-y-old children and that bioconversion was better than from spinach, and equivalent to beta-carotene in oil. Twenty-two days later, on August 30 th 2012 Greenpeace issued a press release condemning use of a GMO-crop, Golden Rice, with Chinese children as 'guinea pigs of American researchers.' Actually, Dr Tang, and several of the other clinicians involved in the research were born and or are resident in China. Dr Tang, with 25 years' experience of similar research, and co-workers had previously conducted similar research with Golden Rice in USA with adults,⁵³ and with children in China with other, non GMO-crop sources of beta-carotene.⁵⁴ Only Tang's 2012 research with gmo Golden Rice was criticized by Greenpeace.

More than a decade earlier in 2001, Greenpeace had also issued a Press Release in which it was claimed that Golden Rice could not be effective as an intervention against vitamin deficiency as an adult would have to eat at least 12 times the normal intake of 300 grams (e.g. 3.6 kilograms) of rice to obtain the daily recommended amount of provitamin A. Clearly in 2012, in the light of Dr Tang results, Greenpeace were highly motivated to discredit her published results, but were unable to substantiate their 2012 allegations.

Nevertheless, prompted by public hysteria induced by those allegations, the Chinese authorities investigated also, and found different irregularities. They were particularly dismayed by initial denial of involvement in the research by some of the Chinese clinicians who were very intimidated by Greenpeace's allegations, the public hysteria and had also been physical intimidated in the middle of the night at home by police seeking confessions that they had cooked Golden Rice in their kitchens. (In fact it was imported already cooked and frozen into China, in full compliance with national and international law). As a result several of the clinicians were sanctioned by the Chinese authorities, who also accused Dr Tang of irregularities and pressured her institution, Tufts University, to take investigatory action.

The Tufts investigation took a long time. Eventually they issued a statement:
"TUFTS UNIVERSITY STATEMENT September 17, 2013 Tufts University has always been and remains deeply committed to the highest ethical and scientific standards in research. When questions were raised about whether a study published in the /American Journal of Clinical Nutrition/ adhered to requirements for human subjects research, the Tufts Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Tufts University launched both internal and external reviews of the study activities. The University also conducted a scientific review to determine whether the journal manuscript accurately reported the study research methods, measurements and findings. In undertaking these reviews, the IRB members and the external reviewers examined the study documentation and interviewed a number of research team members. These multiple reviews found no concerns related to the integrity of the study data, the accuracy of the research results or the safety of the research subjects. In fact, the study indicated that a single serving of the test product, Golden Rice, could provide greater than 50 percent of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in these children, which could significantly improve health outcomes if adopted as a dietary regimen. While the study data were validated and no health or safety concerns were identified, the research itself was found not to have been conducted in full compliance with IRB policy or federal regulations. Reviews found insufficient evidence of appropriate reviews and approvals in China. They also identified concerns with the informed consent process, including inadequate explanation of the genetically-modified nature of Golden Rice. The principal investigator also did not obtain IRB approval for some changes to study procedures before implementing the changes. Tufts has taken substantive corrective and preventive actions to address these findings. The principal investigator is unable to conduct human subjects research for two years, during which time she will be retrained on human subjects research regulations and policies. For the two years following, she will be eligible to conduct human subjects research as a co-investigator under the direct supervision of a principal investigator. The IRB has also revised its policies and procedures to ensure that in the future, research conducted outside the United States and/or in cultural contexts with which the IRB is not adequately familiar is reviewed more carefully. We have notified all relevant agencies in the United States and China of our findings, and the principal investigator has also notified the publishing journal. We regret that deviations from certain approved protocols and standards occurred. Tufts has strengthened our policies and procedures to prevent recurrence of such problems, and we remain committed to conducting research of the highest quality, with rigorous oversight."
None of Greenpeace's nor the Chinese authorities' different criticisms of the research were upheld by Tufts IRB, who did not visit China although all the allegations concerned conduct of the field portion of the research conducted in China.

The detailed reasoning for, design and methods of conduct of the research was agreed in advance with the Tufts IRB in a Protocol in 2003, and again in 2008. This included the detailed wording to be use in the Informed Consent Form to be used with subjects. That the subjects were children and one of the materials was produced by genetic engineering was clearly taken into account by the Principal Investigator and the Tufts IRB, and the agreed Protocol also complied with all then current legislation and guidance concerning such research. In China, unlike in USA, Protocols once agreed did not require renewal if the research is delayed. So the 2003 Protocol was used in China in 2008 when this research was conducted due to delays associated with producing the specific Golden Rice required by the sophisticated design. (Fungus and mites in 2 seasons consumed the small growth chamber's Golden Rice crop in southern USA.)

The Tufts Institutional Review Board (IRB):

Claimed that the inability of Dr Tang to produce the completed Informed Consent Form from China was indicatory of incomplete ethical clearances, despite the Tufts IRB approved Protocol stating that such records would be stored in China, and Tufts preventing Dr Tang from communicating with Chinese colleagues during the investigation to obtain the records.

Ignored clear photographic evidence of group meetings with research subjects, parents and teachers concerning informed consent for the research reported. And when faced with this photographic evidence, then demanded a transcript of what was said in these long and open meetings (held in Chinese language of course).

Following Dr Tang's "temporary suspension of research privileges at Tufts University until final corrective actions are decided and ratified by the convened IRB," then forbade her from discussing her research at a European science conference concerning "Hidden Hunger," in the view of one US legal expert infringing her academic freedom and also US First Amendment freedom of speech.

Ignored an NIH letter of 2009 robustly rebutting criticisms of the same research, based on 2003 clearance by the Department of State, made by the 'Keep Wales GM Free' activist group in 2009.¹

Found her guilty of not following rules which were only introduced after the field research was completed.

Ignored differences in procedure between the US and China during the period of the research. And ignored the fact that both Tufts IRB and the Chinese authorities changed their regulations governing such research after the investigation, thereby implying that former rules had not been transgressed.

Advised her to withdraw her application for promotion during the investigation, with no explanation. And subsequently withheld about 50% of her pay for 2 months, claiming 'budget difficulties.'

Made no reference in any of the official communications drafted by Tufts, in connection with communicating the results of their investigation, of the fact that the initial criticisms of the research were raised by a political campaigning group, Greenpeace.

Found unacceptable a letter to the editor of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN) personally drafted and sent by Dr Tang explaining the results of Tufts investigation of her conduct, as she personally was obligated to do by Tufts rules, and giving her comments on it. Tufts found the letter unacceptable and redrafted it. One Tufts official forged the signatures of the American authors of the paper on the Tufts redrafted form of the letter which purported to be from all the authors to AJCN. However, Dr Tang was the only author to have seen the Tufts version before it was sent, and Dr Tang only agreed that it be sent under extreme duress.

(As a result of this Tufts drafted letter AJCN on several occasions over an 8 month period from December 2013 requested that the authors of the paper voluntarily retract the paper, threatening, again several times, that otherwise the journal would unilaterally retract the paper, for 'ethical breaches' in conducting the research.)

Criticized and emphasized (including in the Tufts University statement of 17 September 2013 reproduced above) as a significant ethical violation that Dr Tang had used precisely the words agreed in the Tufts IRB approved Protocols ("Golden Rice is a new rice which makes beta-carotene, thus giving the rice a yellow (Golden) color") to describe Golden Rice in the Informed Consent Letters (notarized as translated accurately into Chinese language) with subjects and their parents: "Golden Rice is a new rice which makes beta-carotene, thus giving the rice a yellow (Golden) color."

The Tufts IRB approving the Protocol were well aware of the fact that Golden Rice was genetically engineered: "Recently, scientists have genetically engineered "golden rice" that contains 1.6 μg ß-C in a gram of dry rice" is a quote from the agreed Protocol.

It is difficult, in the light of all these criticisms, especially the last, to avoid the supposition that some individuals of the Tufts University IRB, and/or their external advisory committee, in 2013 believed that by their nature genetically engineered crops such as Golden Rice are intrinsically dangerous. Such beliefs, despite all scientific evidence to the contrary, would cause what would otherwise be viewed as minor issues as having serious ethically questionable dimensions.

With such secretive organisations as Greenpeace - membership lists are not published, and nor have been the names of the Tufts committees involved-and similar anti-gmo political activist organisations, such apparent bias could be due to members of the review boards sharing that organisations beliefs and objectives.

Even the suspicion of anti-science bias in an academic institution is of deep concern especially as, as explained by the President of Tufts University: "IRBs are created by federal law as independent bodies that review, approve and oversee human subjects research................. The federal laws that create IRBs and govern their procedures do not provide for appeal of final IRB findings..."

As a result of all the criticisms of Dr Tang and the professional sanctions against her by Tufts she has closed her world class laboratory and retired after a quarter of a century during which she has become a global expert on carotenoids and worked assiduously to assist those who suffer from vitamin A deficiency. She is a highly ethical person, and takes her responsibilities extremely seriously. (In 2009, she excluded from a set illustrating the research, photos which included the Chinese children, to protect their identity pursuant to her Protocol obligations to maintain the confidentiality of the individuals.)

The Cartagena Protocol Itself Poses a Greater Risk to the Environment and Human Health than GMO-Crops

The premise on which the Cartagena Protocol is constructed is false. There are no risks to the environment and human health from biotechnology, including GMO-crops, any greater than there have been from any crop breeding technology for the last 60, or 70 or 10,000 years. The Cartagena Protocol itself poses a greater risk to the environment and human health than GMO-crops.

In fact it does the opposite. It restricts scientific collaboration and openness, it encourages monopolistic behavior and it reinforces the arguments of a series of politically inspired fear mongers whose campaigning activities are at the expense, at the least, of anxiety among innocent members of society. It encourages extensification of agriculture, further decreasing the wild lands available for biodiversity. It reduces the ability of agriculture to adapt to climate change, and it increases the dependency of the poor on established food production systems, rather than allowing their own scientists to adapt their own crops to local conditions for the basic right and dignity of self-sufficiency in food.

The stifling of scientific progress it causes is also an insidious risk to the environment and human health. The United Nations must address the Cartagena Protocols inappropriateness for GMO-crop plants in the light of decades of relevant scientific evidence. Its over-cautiousness is not warranted and several UN goals have been negatively affected by it.

"If the river is too high, raise the bridge"

The Cartagena Protocol was produced by the UN 30 years after the concerns based on lack of experience of recombinant DNA technology applied to crop plants discussed in the 1970's, and without any reflection of the experience and knowledge gained in the intervening 3 decades. Even though the Cartagena Protocol only came into effect in 2003, the suspicion the Protocol has bred has been promulgated for the whole of the decade and a half since its publication in 2000. It is unwise to expect any rapid relaxation, let alone cessation of its unfortunate grip soon. Those most likely to have impact on cessation are those with vested self-interests in maintaining the status quo.

What can be achieved, in the meantime, to attempt to mitigate the risks which the Cartagena Protocol represents?

Firstly, nations should not appoint ministers responsible only for "The Environment." Countries could usefully follow the example of the UK where the relevant Government department is called "The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs." This encourages a holistic perspective balancing relevant factors: "The environment" does not exist in a vacuum.

Secondly, as the Cartagena Protocol relates to the "transboundary movement of any living modified organism resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effect on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity" countries which are neighbors, or share an agro-ecological zone may wish, between themselves, as is their sovereign right recognized by the Convention on Biological Diversity, to define the relevant boundary for the purposes of the Cartagena Protocol as the edges of that zone, rather than national boundaries. This would allow for much easier research collaboration between them. They could also perhaps decide in the light of the copious evidence available since the Cartagena Protocol was drafted, that there actually is no evidence "of any adverse effect on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity" from GMO-crops and so the Convention does not apply to them.

Thirdly, countries may, between themselves, want to redefine modern biotechnology so that every crop developed since the 1940's is included, or perhaps exclude all crops utilizing biotechnology which is no longer considered "modern" because its processes have been extensively used for crops cultivated already on millions of acres. Either interpretation would have the impact of reducing the stifling bureaucracy applied to GMO-crops.

Of course it would assist the speed of cancellation of the Cartagena Protocol if country Parties started to formally withdraw from it. In place it would be sensible for them to apply, for example, the regulatory system used by Canada for modern crops, which does not concentrate on the technology used to produce a crop, but what the crop is, and what its properties are.

Canada, the USA and UK have all withdrawn some or all of the "charitable" tax free status of Greenpeace as they are a political campaigning group. And India has recently banned foreign funding of local campaign groups, including Greenpeace, as they are a "significant threat to national economic security."³¹ To further reduce the emotional agitation of populations and trade caused by those political lobbying groups which leverage the suspicion caused as a result of the misplaced concerns of the CBD and Cartagena Protocol, governments should do 2 things. Stop direct funding support of the activists lobbying activities, please European countries take note:60,61 "The European Commission website reveals that a staggering 150 million euros (£119 million)[US$201m] was paid to the top 9 green NGOs from 2007-13.⁶² And secondly, cease the charitable, tax exempt treatment of the activists - which is actually indirect support with taxpayers money, which many taxpayers would not agree to if they reflected on it.⁶³

Conclusion

Sixty-one years since Watson and Crick described DNA in the journal Nature is but a glimpse of time in the 10,000 years during which man has been applying human intellect to improving crop production by selecting genetically different variants. Yet more has happened in biology in that time than in all the decades preceding it.

It is sad that current global society has to incur the pain, environmental damage and death due to delays to advancement in agricultural science. All caused by the regulations, developed by national governments which are signatories to the UN's Convention on Biodiversity and its Cartagena Protocol. The ideas and concerns upon which the Cartagena Protocol is based were initially debated 50 years ago, and by now have been proved to have no merit. Nevertheless, apart from the direct costs, they feed suspicion of a useful and benign crop breeding development.

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

1. On 30 Apr 2009, at 14.37, NIDDK Inquires (NIH/NIDDK) wrote:Dear Dr. John:Thank you for writing to Dr. Raynard S. Kington, acting director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), concerning your formal protest of the use of golden rice in an NIH-supported project, Retinol Equivalence of Plant Carotenoids in Children, led by Dr. Guangwen Tang, at Tufts University in Boston. Your email was forwarded to my office for reply. As mentioned in our previous communication, while vitamin A deficiency is a rather rare condition in the United States., it is a significant problem in China and in much of the developing world. Because vitamin A deficiency can lead to serious problems such as blindness and death, clinical research such as Dr. Tang's is important to further define the functions of vitamin A and its metabolites and to identify the levels required to improve health and alleviate disease. The collaborative project Dr. Tang led was designed by Chinese and U.S. investigators to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in children. Many safeguards were built-in to ensure that the study was carefully planned and monitored to protect the children who participated. The application was first reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Boards (IRB) at both Tufts University and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine. Ensuring that adequate safeguards were in place for children who would be involved in the project, the reviews from both IRBs included human subject safety. Furthermore, while the approval of U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture was not required to conduct the study, project investigators welcomed and received advice and counsel on safety, nutritional, and regulatory issues from both agencies. Dr. Tang's detailed application for NIH funding was also evaluated in a two-step peer review process required by law to ensure high scientific standards among funded projects. The application was first peer-reviewed by the Nutrition Study Section in the NIH Center for Scientific Review and approved with high enthusiasm. NIDDK's Advisory Council, whose members are non-government scientific experts and public representatives, then conducted a second review of the project and approved it for funding. The proposed project was then sent by NIH's Fogarty International Center to the Department of State for secondary review to identify any potentially negative foreign policy implications, including human safety concerns. The Department of State cleared the proposed research on January 16, 2003. Throughout the entire project, NIDDK scientists reviewed required progress reports from Dr. Tang. Under an NIH-approved Data Safety Monitoring Plan, an independent, institutional safety officer monitored interim study data for any potential problems and reviewed participants' translated, informed consent statements. Lastly, while some research indicates that genetically modified foods show promise for correcting or preventing nutritional deficiencies, further research is needed on the availability of vitamin A in different plant foods, including genetically modified foods such as golden rice. It should also be noted that Dr. Tang's project focused not only on golden rice, but also on other food sources of vitamin A, including spinach and pure Beta-carotene (B-C) in oil. Evidence-based peer-reviewed information about genetically modified foods is available at: http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v23/n4/abs/nbt1082.html. Consumer-based information about genetically modified foods is available at: www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/sep02/rice0902.pdf We hope this information is helpful. Leslie Curtis US Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Office of Communications and Public Liaison

References

Potrykus I . The private sectors role for public sector genetically engineered crop projects. Pontif Acad Sci 2010; 27

Potrykus I . "Golden Rice," a GMO-product for public good, and the consequences of GE-regulation. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 21:68-75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-012-0130-5 , [Crossref], [Google Scholar] [Web of Science ®]

Potrykus I . Unjustified regulation prevents use of GMO technology for public good. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31(131-3); PMID:23273413 , [PubMed], [Google Scholar] [Web of Science ®]

Panjabi RKL . The Earth Summit at Rio: Politics, economics, and the environment. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997.

United Nations. Report Of The United Nations Conference On Environment And Development. I 1992; 1-5.

United Nations. Convention on Biological Diversity. 1992. Available from: https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf

United Nations. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2000. Available from: https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cartagena-protocol-en.pdf

Taverne D . The real GM food scandal. Prospect Mag 2007; 24-27. Available from: http://www.prospectmagazine.co.ukfeaturestherealgmfoodscandal

Ammann K . Genomic misconception: A fresh look at the biosafety of transgenic and conventional crops. A plea for a process agnostic regulation. N. Biotechnol 2014; 31:1-17; PMID:23684919

Miller HI , Kershen DL . Wealthy activist Vandana Shiva is a poor advocate for the poor. Forbes 2014; 1-5. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2014/07/16/a-wealthy-activist-is-a-poor-advocate-for-the-poor

Nelson Dean. India targets Prince Charles' aide in war on Greenpeace. British Greenpeace activists are a threat to India's economic development, according to an intelligence report. The Daily Telegraph. 24 June 2014. Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10917731/India-targets-Prince-Charles-aide-in-war-on-Greenpeace.html

Taverne D . The march of unreason. Science, democracy and the new fundamentalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Moore P . Confessions of a Greenpeace dropout: The making of a sensible environmentalist. Beatty Street Publishing, 2010

Chassy B , Tribe D , Brookes MA , Kershen JD. Organic Marketing Report. 32 (2014). Available from: http://academicsreview.org/2014/04/why-consumers-pay-more-for-organic-foods-fear-sells-and-marketers-know-it

Popoff M , Moore P , October RW . Organics versus GMO: Why the debate? Available from: www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2013/10/15/organics-versus-gmo-why-the-debate/#.Ul7SpFAwr2p

Kryder R , Kowalski SP , Krattiger AF . The Intellectual and Technical Property Components of pro-Vitamin A Rice (GoldenRice TM): A Preliminary Freedom-To-Operate Review. 20-200; 2000. Available from: http://isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/20/download/isaaa-brief-20-2000.pdf

Krattiger A , Potrykus I . Golden Rice: A product-development partnership in agricultural biotechnology and humanitarian licensing. Oxford: MIHR and Davis: PIPRA; 2007. Available from: www.ipHandbook.org

Enserink M. Researcher sues to block retraction of golden rice paper. Science 2014; 80:1-4. Available from: http://news.sciencemag.org/asiapacific/2014/07/researcher-sues-block-retraction-golden-rice-paper

Akst J. GM rice researcher fights retraction. The Scientist Magazine 2014; 1-2. Available from: http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40529/title/GM-Rice-Researcher-Fights-Retraction

Oshaug A , Jervell J . Nutrition on the world map. The UN International Conference on Nutrition [Article in Norwegian]. 1993. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8101396

UK Government. Why a modern understanding of genomes demonstrates the need for a new regulatory system for GMOs. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/239852/genomes-and-gm-regulation.pdf

Wesseler J , Kaplan S , Zilberman D . The cost of delaying approval of golden rice. Agric Resour Econ Found Agric Econ 2014; 17:1-3. Available from: http://giannini.ucop.edu/media/are-update/files/articles/V17N3_1.pdf

6-17 October 2014 - Pyeongchang, R. of K. Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available from: http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-12

EuropaBio. Approvals of GMOs in the European Union. 2011 October. Available from: http://www.europabio.org/approvals-gmos-european-union

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Abstract Genetic knowledge applicable to crop improvement has erupted over the past 60 years, and the techniques of introducing genes from one organism to another have enabled new varieties of crops not achievable by previously available methodologies of crop breeding.

# data[].attributes.headline
Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health and Politics 

# data[].attributes.subject
Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health and Politics 

# data[].attributes.body
Agroecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is this the future of farming?
https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/14629IIED.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
How Technology Will Transform Us
https://archive.org/details/RayKurzweil_2005

Nanoethics: The ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology
https://archive.org/details/nanoethicsethica0000unse

Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and Its Products
https://www.studocu.com/ph/u/33841068?sid=01672065653

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Your Donation Will Be Matched 2-to-1! Can You Chip In?

Please don't scroll past this-the Internet Archive is growing rapidly, and we need your help. As an independent nonprofit, we build and maintain all our own systems, but we don't charge for access, sell user information, or run ads. Instead, we're powered by donations averaging $25.51. We'd be deeply grateful if you'd join the one in a thousand users that support us financially.

Right now, we have a 2-to-1 Matching Gift Campaign, tripling the impact of every donation. We understand that not everyone can donate right now, but if you can afford to contribute, we promise it will be put to good use. Access to knowledge is more important than ever-so if you find all these bits and bytes useful, please pitch in.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ray Kurzweil on how technology will transform us : TED.com : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Your Donation Will Be Matched 2-to-1! Can You Chip In? Please don't scroll past this-the Internet Archive is growing rapidly, and we need your help. As an independent nonprofit, we build and maintain all our own systems, but we don't charge for access, sell user information, or run ads.

# data[].attributes.body
Science Friction: Stem Cell Research
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPy7NFkJ-TQ

Transplant Cells Not Organs
https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_lim_transplant_cells_not_organs?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare

The Next Species of Human
https://www.ted.com/talks/juan_enriquez_the_next_species_of_human?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare

# data[].attributes.body
An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It
https://www.bilibili.tv/en/video/2044528311

The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change
https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812992946

Changing the Atmosphere: Anthropology and Climate Change

BUHOS: A Climate Change Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESW_S8ZHS80

The Tragedy of the Commons
https://www.hendrix.edu/uploadedFiles/Admission/GarrettHardinArticle.pdf

Scientists tackle mystery of thunderstorms that strike at night
https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=135046

Reigning in the Weather

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
that time i got reincarnated as a slime (2nd season)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
mushoku tensei: isekai ittara honki dasu

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An Inconvenient Truth is a 2006 American documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim about former United States Vice President Al Gore's campaign to educate people about global warming. The film features a slide show that, by Gore's own estimate, he has presented over 1,000 times to audiences worldwide.