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The puritans and the toleration act 1689

The Puritans were English Protestants who sought to “purify” the Church of England from Catholic practices. They migrated to Massachusetts in 1630 to establish a theocratic society based on strict religious values, deeply influencing early American religious life.

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Passed in England, this act granted freedom of worship to most Protestant dissenters but not to Catholics or non-Christians. It influenced colonial attitudes toward religious pluralism and was a step toward broader religious tolerance in America.

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witch trials

A series of trials and executions in Massachusetts fueled by Puritan fears of witchcraft and moral corruption. These events reflected the dangers of religious extremism and had a lasting impact on American views of due process and religious fanaticism.

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A religious revival that swept through the colonies, emphasizing personal faith, emotional preaching, and a direct relationship with God. It challenged traditional church authority and laid the groundwork for American evangelicalism.

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1703-1753 Jonathan Edwards - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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1703-1753 Jonathan Edwards - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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A key sermon of the First Great Awakening, Edwards warned of divine wrath and the need for personal repentance, helping to ignite widespread religious fervor.

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A charismatic preacher who traveled widely during the First Great Awakening, uniting diverse colonies through his powerful sermons and emphasizing salvation through faith.

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Established by New Light Presbyterians during the Great Awakening, Princeton became a center for training clergy and reflected the merging of religious and educational goals in early America.

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a religious revival -

Another major revival movement that emphasized individual salvation, social reform (like abolitionism), and increased religious participation among women and African Americans.

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While primarily economic, it led to a religious “crisis of faith” as science and technology questioned traditional beliefs. It also inspired some religious movements to respond to social and moral changes.

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Thomas Jefferson was a Deist who supported religious freedom and the separation of church and state. He famously said he didn’t care whether someone believed in one god or twenty, emphasizing liberty of conscience.

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These nativist riots were driven by anti-Catholic sentiment, highlighting tensions between Protestant Americans and Catholic immigrants, especially the Irish.

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A political movement opposed to Catholic and immigrant influence, reflecting fears that Catholicism threatened American democratic and Protestant values.

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unratified federal treaties of 1851-1852

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unratified federal treaties of 1851-1852

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Treaties made with Native tribes that were never ratified reflect the U.S. government’s betrayal of Native peoples, often tied to religious justifications for westward expansion.

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immigration rises from 35,000 to 110,000, leading to the building of temples like the Kwan Tai Temple in Mendocino around 1852.

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Gentlemen’s Agreement between the U.S. and Japan limits Japanese immigration but allows "picture brides" to join their husbands in America.

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The Ku Klux Klan reemerged with a focus on white Protestant supremacy, promoting hatred against Catholics, Jews, and immigrants, all under the guise of protecting “Christian America.” opposition to Catholic and Jewish immigrants.

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early 1920s - Universal Negro Improvement Association 

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early 1920s - Universal Negro Improvement Association 

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Founded by Marcus Garvey, this Black nationalist group incorporated spiritual and Christian themes, promoting pride and self-reliance among African Americans.

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Universal Negro Improvement Association. In the early 1920s

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The war raised religious questions about morality, justice, and divine purpose, strengthening American civil religion and the connection between patriotism and faith.

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1929born - 1968 passed

A Baptist minister who led the civil rights movement with Christian nonviolence and justice at its core, making religion central to the fight for racial equality.

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This war created deep moral and spiritual dilemmas, leading to religious opposition and the rise of faith-based peace movements.

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Kennedy’s election as the first Catholic president marked a turning point in American religious tolerance, challenging anti-Catholic prejudice in politics

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founder rCharles H. Mason

Founded by Charles H. Mason, this Pentecostal denomination emphasized holiness, spiritual gifts, and was one of the largest Black churches in America.

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1983- 1986 Bishops' Letter on the Economy and Bishops' Letter on Nuclear War 

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1983- 1986 Bishops' Letter on the Economy and Bishops' Letter on Nuclear War 

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Catholic bishops issued strong moral statements on economic justice and nuclear disarmament, showing how religion remained influential in public policy debates.

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Public debate over teaching evolution in schools, highlighting tensions between fundamentalists and modernists.

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1965 – Passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act

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1965 – Passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act

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Passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which helped diversify American society and opened doors to new religious influences.

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1967 – The "Summer of Love" in San Francisco

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1967 – The "Summer of Love" in San Francisco

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A major event where counterculture, music, and new religious ideas came together.

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1967 – The "Summer of Love" in San Francisco

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 1950s–1978 The Peoples Temple & Jonestown 

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 1950s–1978 The Peoples Temple & Jonestown 

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Founded by Jim Jones, Christian socialist church preaching racial equality. Over time, Jones grew increasingly authoritarian over 900 people died in a mass murder-suicide, making it one of the most devastating cult events in U.S. history.

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2005 – Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

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2005 – Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

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Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, Court ruled that Intelligent Design cannot be taught in public schools as science.

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January 6, 2021 – Capitol Riot and Christian Nationalism

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January 6, 2021 – Capitol Riot and Christian Nationalism

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On January 6th, 2021, a violent mob stormed the U.S. Capitol to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election. This event highlighted the growing influence of Christian nationalism.